伴发与非伴发迟发性运动障碍的慢性精神分裂症患者认知状况比较分析

目的探讨伴发与非伴发迟发性运动障碍(TD)的慢性精神分裂症患者认知状况间存在的差异及可 能的机理。方法采用成人书氏智力(WAIS)、韦氏记忆(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、词汇流畅性 (VFT)、Stroop测验(WCT),对一般状况匹配的伴发(53例,TD组)与非伴发(55例,非TD组)TD慢性精神分裂症 患者进行检测,以综合评定2组患者认知功能,比较其认知损伤的差异。结果在WAIS操作、言语及全量表智商、 WMS的记忆商、VFT的所有指标上,TD组显著差于非TD组(P<0．05);而2组在WCST除完成分类数外的其他指 标及WCT的各指标的差异均未达到显著水平(P>0．05)。结论伴发TD的慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能损伤 更明显,这可能与抗精神病药导致的神经元改变有关。     

文拉法辛治疗精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效

目的：探讨文拉法辛对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的治疗作用。方法：对43例达到显著进步以上的精神分裂症患者,随机分为文拉法辛组(22例)和对照组(2l例)分别给予文拉法辛和安慰剂治疗6周。采用韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及副反应量表(TESS)进行评分。结果：治疗后以文拉法辛组认知功能改善显著较好。结论：文拉法辛对改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍有益。     

利培酮联合脑蛋白水解片对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效

目的探讨临床中利培酮与脑蛋白水解片联合治疗对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的影响。方法将90例精神分裂症患者采用随机数字表分为研究组和对照组,各45例。两组均给予利培酮治疗,研究组加用脑蛋白水解片治疗,疗程8周。采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)和韦氏记忆量表(WMS)评估两组治疗效果。结果治疗前,两组的WCST,WMS和WAIS各项指标和评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组的WCST中相关指标及WMS和WAIS的评分较治疗前有明显改善,且组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组不良反应发生率为11.0%,对照组不良反应发生率为17.7%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床中对于精神分裂症患者实施利培酮与脑蛋白水解片联合治疗效果显著,能够有效地改善患者认知功能,提高治疗安全性。     

坦度螺酮辅助治疗精神分裂症临床研究

目的探讨坦度螺酮辅助治疗精神分裂症患者的临床疗效及认知功能改善效果。方法 64例精神分裂症患者随机分为对照组32例和研究组32例,治疗12周。治疗前及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及不良反应症状量表(TESS)测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗第12周末研究组WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组(P0.05),临床有效率、WAIS-RC的语言量表、操作量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。2组TESS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论坦度螺酮可明显改善精神分裂患者的精神症状及认知功能,且安全性较高。     

褪黑素治疗迟发性运动障碍的随机对照研究

目的 观察褪黑素治疗慢性精神分裂症患者迟发性运动障碍(TD)的临床疗效和不良反应.方法 选择76例有迟发性运动障碍的精神分裂症住院患者,按照入组顺序用随机数字表将患者分为褪黑素治疗组(以下简称褪黑素组,39例)和对照组(37例).褪黑素组患者每晚服用褪黑素1次(9 mg/次),对照组患者只维持常规治疗;观察期均为12周.76例患者治疗前和治疗第4,8,12周末盲法采用异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)评定TD疗效,采用治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应.结果 治疗第4,8,12周末,对照组患者AIMS总分较治疗前的差异均无统计学意义(配对t检验,P均>0.05);褪黑素组患者AIMS总分均较治疗前显著降低,差异有统计学意义(配对t检验,P均<0.05),治疗第12周末舌部、上肢的TD症状较治疗前显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(配对t检验,P均<0.05).治疗第8,12周末两组AIMS总分差异有统计学意义(t检验,P<0.05).褪黑素组和对照组治疗各时点TESS总分与治疗前比较,褪黑素组患者治疗第4,8,12周末较治疗前均显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(配对t检验,P均<0.05);而对照组及两组间的差异均无统计学意义(t检验,P均>0.05).结论 褪黑素治疗慢性精神分裂症患者TD有效,对舌和上肢的症状效果明显,无不良反应.     

阿尼西坦改善慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的临床研究

目的探讨阿尼西坦改善慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的疗效。方法将64例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组32例和治疗组32例,分别予以奎的平(350±50)mg/d治疗8周,研究组同时合并阿尼西坦100mg/d,并于治疗前及治疗后分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、简明精神状态量表(MMSE)、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)及威斯康星卡片分类测定(WCST)等评定,并与正常人组成的对照组进行比较。结果治疗前研究组和治疗组的MMSE、WMS及WAIS-RC均低于对照组,差异有显著性(P〈0.05),提示患者的认知功能有广泛性损害。治疗后研究组MMSE、WCST、WMS、WAIS-RC分数与治疗前比较差异有显著性(P〈0.05),而治疗后治疗组的WCST、WMS、WAIS-RC分数与治疗前比较无显著性差异(P〈0.05)。结论阿尼西坦改善慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能疗效确切。     

精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍认知功能的对照研究

目的 了解慢性精神分裂症TD患者是否存在认知功能损害。方法 符合持续性TD诊断标准且年龄低于65岁的慢性精神分裂症患者纳入TD组,对照组为同期住院慢性精神分裂症患者。其性别与TD组配对,年龄、文化程度、目前抗精神病药物各类分别与TD组匹配。两组患者认知功能测验包括:韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)及威期康星卡片分类测验(WCST)。结果 WAIS-RC测验TD组和对照组语言智商、作业智商、总智商成绩无显著差异,但数字广度、数字符合测验TD组得分明显低于对照组。WMS测验结果显示TD组顺数数、累积、背数测验得分明显低于对照组,TD组记忆商数较低。WCST测验结果显示:两组持续错误数无差异,TD组总反应数、正确数、随机错误数、分类完成数的成绩均关于对照组。二元变量相关分析显示:AIMS得分与记忆商数、总反应数、正确数、随机错误数、分类完成数相关。多元逐步回归分析显示:文化程度、TD、年龄是影响患者认知功能的主要因素。结论 有无TD的慢性精神分裂症患者的智商无显著差异;TD患者存在记忆损害,特别是工作记忆损害;TD患者额叶执行功能差于无TD者;除文化程度、年龄外,TD对患者的认知功能损害有影响。     

多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的对照研究

目的探讨多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的效果。方法将80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组40例（接受多元化治疗）和对照组40例（仅接受药物治疗）,共干预12周。在基线及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS．RC）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）及治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗后第12周末研究组PANSS总分、WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,WAIS—RC的语言智商量表、操作智商量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多元化治疗可明显改善首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状及认知功能,安全性较高。     

阿戈美拉汀联合rTMS对首发抑郁症认知功能的影响

目的探讨阿戈美拉汀联合rTMS治疗首发抑郁症的疗效及认知功能的影响。方法将90例首发抑郁症患者用EpiCalc 2000随机分为两组,各45例,在阿戈美拉汀治疗基础上,研究组给予rTMS治疗,对照组给予伪刺激治疗。分别于治疗第0、1、2、4周末采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评定疗效、用韦氏智力测验(WAIS)中数字符号、数字广度、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、连线测验(TMT)、词语流畅性测验(VFT)评定认知功能。结果在治疗后第1、2、4周末研究组HAMD评分明显低于对照组;4周末研究组有效率高于对照组;4周末研究组WCST非持续错误数、VFT重复数较治疗前减少,对照组TMT-A提笔次数较治疗前减少。与对照组比较,研究组治疗后第4周末WCST持续错误数、TMT连线时间较少,VFT总数较高,以上均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 rTMS联合阿戈美拉汀治疗首发抑郁症安全、快速、有效,并改善认知功能。     

双益平对精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的对照研究

目的观察双益平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法将76例诊断为精神分裂症的患者随机分成2组,其中一组(n=36)给予双益平治疗；另一组(n=40)为对照组,治疗8周,在入组前、治疗8周末分别进行韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及副反应量表(TESS)评分,比较双益平组对精神分裂症患者认知功能产生的影响。结果两组8周后,双益平组认知功能的改善与对照组比较差异有显著性。结论双益平能改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能,其中尤以对记忆的改善为突出。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.