褪黑素对Alzheimer病模型大鼠认知功能和海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响

目的 研究褪黑素(MT)对Alzheimer病(AD)模型大鼠认知功能和海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.方法 给大鼠海马内注射凝聚态β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)25-35制作AD模型;MT组大鼠从制模前7 d至制模后19 d每日腹腔注射MT,AD组大鼠制模后腹腔注射生理盐水;用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠的认知功能,银染法观察海马神经元形态,免疫组化法观察过度磷酸化tau蛋白的表达,并与正常对照组比较.结果 MT组大鼠Morris水迷宫试验结果明显好于AD组(均P＜0.001);海马CA1区磷酸化tau蛋白阳性细胞数(60.0±2.3)明显少于AD组(98.4±3.0)(P＜0.001),与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义;海马CA1区神经元纤维形态较AD组规则.结论 MT可明显改善AD大鼠的认知功能,并且抑制海马tau蛋白的过度磷酸化.     

经颅电刺激对阿尔兹海默病大鼠学习记忆能力和海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达情况的影响

目的探讨经颅电刺激对阿尔兹海默病(Alzeheimer’s disease,AD)大鼠学习记忆能力和海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达的影响。方法健康SD大鼠,随机分为:正常组、假手术组、模型组及经颅电刺激2 w、4 w、6 w组。采用大鼠侧脑室注射Aβ25-35凝聚态β-淀粉样肽,同时腹腔注射D-半乳糖的方法,建立AD动物模型。Morris水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠学习、记忆能力,HE染色,观察海马CA_1区形态学结构,免疫组化测定海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达情况。结果 (1)Morris水迷宫实验大鼠测试学习和记忆能力,经颅电刺激2 w组与模型组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),经颅电刺激4 w组、6 w组与模型组比较,逃避潜伏期成绩均好于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)随电刺激时间延长,经颅电刺激各组磷酸化tau蛋白量逐渐降低,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅电刺激能够改善阿尔兹海默病大鼠的学习记忆能力,机制可能与下调海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达有关,对细胞的重塑有积极影响,远期效果有待进一步研究。     

苯甲酸雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠慢性前脑缺血脑保护作用的研究

目的观察苯甲酸雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠慢性前脑缺血脑组织病理形态、学习记忆以及死亡率的影响,探讨雌激素对慢性缺血性脑损害的保护作用。方法50只健康雌性Wistar大鼠,随机分为4组。A组:正常对照组,n=5;B组:假去卵巢缺血组,n=15;C组:去卵巢缺血组n=15;D组:去卵巢缺血苯甲酸雌二醇治疗组。各组按要求制备模型,应用Morris水迷宫筛选并检测记忆功能,坚劳蓝 焦油紫染色、CD31免疫组化染色观察额叶皮质和海马CA1区神经元毛细血管变化。结果A组大鼠额叶皮质和海马CA1区神经元、毛细血管形态正常,学习记忆功能良好,B、C、D组与A组相比上述指标改变明显,差异具有显著性(P<0.05),而且C组改变明显重于B、D组(P<0.05);C组额叶皮质神经元、毛细血管和海马CA1区神经元数量减少,与A、B、D组相比差异具有显著性(P<0.05),B、D组相比上述改变无差异(P>0.05);缺血后各组大鼠急性期死亡率比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论雌激素对去卵巢慢性前脑缺血大鼠额叶皮质及海马CA1区病理变化以及学习记忆功能均产生了有益的影响,但未能降低急性期大鼠的死亡率。     

葛根素对Alzheimer病大鼠海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化及胆碱乙酰转移酶活性的影响

目的探讨葛根素(Pue)对Alzheimer病(AD)大鼠海马色氨酸404位点tau蛋白过度磷酸化(Pser404tau)及胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活性的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、AD组和Pue组;右侧杏仁核注射β淀粉样肽(Aβ2535)制备AD大鼠模型,假手术组同样部位注射三氟乙酸;用Y型迷宫检测各组大鼠学习记忆能力;应用免疫组化方法检测各组大鼠海马Pser404tau阳性细胞及ChAT阳性细胞的表达。结果(1)与假手术组相比,AD组大鼠迷宫试验成绩下降,海马Pser404tau阳性细胞数明显增加,ChAT阳性细胞数明显减少(均P<0.01);(2)与AD组相比,Pue组学习记忆成绩明显提高(P<0.05),Pser404tau阳性细胞数明显降低,ChAT阳性细胞数明显增加(均P<0.01)。结论Pue明显改善AD大鼠学习记忆能力,可能与其抑制tau蛋白过磷酸化反应、减轻胆碱能神经元损伤、增加ChAT活性和功能、催化Ach合成有关。     

去卵巢及穹窿海马伞切断复合模型大鼠不同脑区雌激素α受体mRNA的表达及倍美力的干预作用

目的观察倍美力对去卵巢及穹窿海马伞切断后大鼠脑皮质、基底前脑及海马CA_1区雌激素α受体(estrogen receptor alpha,ERa)mRNA表达的干预作用,探讨其脑保护作用的机制。方法健康雌性Wister大鼠30只,随机分成对照组、模型组、倍美力组;制备去卵巢及穹窿海马伞切断复合模型大鼠,采用Morris水迷宫观察其学习、记忆能力,利用RT-PCR及Western blotting法观察每组大鼠不问脑区雌激素α受体mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果模型组大鼠脑皮质、基底前脑、海马CA_1区雌激素α受体mRNA及蛋白的表达明显降低,学习、记忆能力下降,与对照组、倍美力组比较有显著差异(P<0.01);对照组与倍美力组比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论倍美力可上调大鼠脑皮质、基底前脑及海马CA_1区雌激素α受体mRNA及蛋白的表达,可能参与了学习、记忆能力的改善。     

Tau蛋白过度磷酸化对脑淀粉样蛋白生成的影响

目的研究tau蛋白过度磷酸化对脑淀粉样蛋白生成的影响。方法用蛋白磷酸酯酶抑制剂冈田酸（OA）在大鼠侧脑室内注射,每天1次连续8周。用Morris水迷宫和免疫组化方法观察OA组大鼠行为学改变、神经原纤维缠结及淀粉样蛋白的表达;并与对照组比较。结果与对照组相比,OA组大鼠Morris水迷宫平均潜伏期显著延长,学习获取能力较差,空间记忆能力衰退。OA组大鼠的海马CA1区、CA3区、CA4区、齿状回、大脑皮质出现tau蛋白磷酸化,神经原纤维缠结;大脑皮质及海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回等部位出现β淀粉样蛋白沉积。结论Tau蛋白过度磷酸化可以增加脑部淀粉样蛋白的沉积。     

雌二醇对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆能力及长时程增强的影响(英文)

目的探讨雌二醇对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)大鼠的学习记忆能力及长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)的影响。方法大鼠随机分成卵巢切除(ovariectomy,OVX)组和雌激素替代治疗(estrogen replace treatment,ERT)组。两组大鼠均接受卵巢切除手术,ERT组大鼠随后接受雌激素替代治疗。手术2周后,两组大鼠海马内立体定位单侧注射1μLAβ1-40(10μg/μL),建立AD模型。运用水迷宫实验检测大鼠的学习和记忆能力,并进行LTP记录和比较。结果OVX组AD大鼠的水迷宫逃避潜伏期相较于ERT组明显延长(P<0.05)。此外,高频刺激(highfrequence stimulation,HFS)30min后与HFS刺激前相比,ERT组LTP增加的幅值明显高于OVX组(P<0.05)。结论雌激素替代治疗能改善AD大鼠的认知功能,调整LTP及突触可塑性。     

海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白建立阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型的实验研究

目的：海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）建立阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠模型，并进行初步评价。方法：应用凝聚态Aβ1-40进行大鼠右侧海马齿状回（DG）背侧细胞带微量注射，2周后从学州记忆、海马组织病理和异常磷酸化tau蛋白表达的变化3个方面评价大鼠模型。结果：Aβ1-40注射后大鼠Morris水迷宫学习记忆能力明显受损（P〈0．01）；注射区内DG背侧细胞带神经元丢失（P〈0．01）；注射侧海乌内Aβ沉积；海马神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：凝聚态Aβ1-40海马注射具有明确的在体神经毒性作用，可导致大鼠认知功能下降以及海马内Aβ沉积、神经元丢失和神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达，可成功建立AD大鼠模型。     

GM1对Aβ诱导的AD大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤的保护作用研究

目的观察GM1对Aβ诱导的AD大鼠学习记忆及海马神经元损伤的保护作用。方法实验分为3组:假模型组、盐水对照组、GM1治疗组。用立体定向技术向大鼠双侧海马CA1区局部注射Aβ25～35 10μl(1μg/μl)建立大鼠AD模型,用GM1腹腔局部注射给予干预。采用Morris水迷宫实验评价大鼠空间分辨及学习记忆能力,用TUNEL染色法观察AD大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡,用Western blot方法检测Bcl-2、Bax蛋白含量。结果Aβ25～35诱导的AD大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡明显,并可见Bax表达明显增强,Bcl-2少许表达。GM1治疗组海马结构比较完整,可见少量神经元凋亡,而Bcl-2蛋白表达增强、Bax蛋白表达下降,与盐水对照组相比,上述变化在两组间均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。Morris水迷宫实验也提示GM1对AD大鼠模型的学习、空间记忆能力有明显的改善(P<0.01)。结论 (1)GM1能抑制大鼠海马神经元凋亡,起到脑保护作用,从而改善大鼠空间分辨及学习记忆能力。(2)GM1可促使Bcl-2高表达、Bax表达下降,这可能是其减少海马神经细胞凋亡,产生脑保护作用的机制之一。     

去卵巢小鼠学习记忆能力与海马超微结构的改变

目的 观察去卵巢(OVX)小鼠学习记忆能力及脑超微结构的改变.方法 12只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为假手术组(SHAM组),去卵巢组(OVX组),造模后继续喂养12w.采用Morris水迷宫测试认知能力,透射电镜检测小鼠大脑超微结构的改变.结果 与SHAM组对比,OVX组小鼠的逃避潜伏期显著增加(P＜0.05),穿...     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -