宁波市青少年学生的心理状况调查

目的了解宁波市青少年学生心理卫生状况,为开展健康教育提供依据。方法应用儿童青少年长处和困难问卷（学生版）（Strength and difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ）对宁波市区1175名青少年学生进行调查,了解其心理健康状况及影响因素。结果青少年学生心理问题的检出率约为45％,但毕业班与非毕业班之间,男女生之间均无显著性差异。多因素分析表明,学习成绩、住校与否、父母关系、家庭创伤等因素对青少年学生的心理健康影响较大。结论青少年学生的心理健康状况不容乐观,心理健康教育工作急待加强。     

聋哑青少年心理健康状况的调查与分析

目的了解聋哑青少年心理健康状况,为开展专门的心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用SCL-90,随机抽取吉林省白山市、四平市及广东省珠海市聋哑学校的158名学生进行了调查。结果聋哑青少年SCL-90的9个因子分均显著高于国内青年常模（t=4.21～12.74,P〈0.001）;不同生源地、年级、听力损失程度的聋哑青少年在若干维度或总体症状上的差异显著。结论聋哑青少年的心理健康水平显著低于全国青年的平均水平,并在生源地、年级、听力损失程度等方面存在内部差异。     

职校学生心理健康状况调查

为了解职校学生心理健康状况,采用整群调查方法,对479名职校学生进行症状自评量表评估,并与国内常模进行比较。结果,41．5％学生存在心理健康问题,8．9％学生有明显心理障碍,突出表现为强迫、人际敏感、偏执、敌对、抑郁。除躯体化、人际敏感和抑郁三项因子外,其余因子得分均高于国内常模。不同专业、不同性别学生心理健康状况存在明显差异,吸烟学生较不吸烟心理状况差。提示职校学生存在不同程度心理健康问题,学校心理卫生和教育工作必须予以重视,尽早进行综合干预。     

精神分裂症患者子女青少年期心理状况的调查分析

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者子女与健康人群子女的青少年期心理状况及性格特征差异.方法 对上海市嘉定区33例精神分裂症患者子女青少年期（研究组）和33例健康人群子女（对照组）,采用艾森克个性问卷（少年版）（EPQ）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、自尊量表（SES）、一般自我效能感量表（GSES）进行测试,比较两组间的差异.结果 研究组EPQ的精神质、神经质评分显著高于对照组,内外向评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.研究组SAS、SDS显著高于对照组,SES、GSES评分显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 精神分裂症患者子女较正常人群子女在青少年期更易出现焦虑、抑郁、自卑等心理问题,精神分裂症患者子女青少年期的心理健康值得关注.     

护理专业学生心理健康状况调查分析

目的及方法：采用SCL－90症状自评量表对在校311名护理专业学生调查。结果：护理学生出现各类心理问题的比例为6．75％－36．33％，以人际敏感占首位。中专学历护士较高护、学历凭班总均分和各因子分均要高。贫困生在人际敏感和焦虑方面要差于非贫困生。是否独生子女两无显差异。结论：在校护理专业学生的心理健康状况较差；要搞好学生的心理健康，应有针对性、区别地对待。     

青少年心理门诊患者家庭功能与心理健康的关系

目的了解青少年心理门诊就诊患者的家庭功能对其心理健康的影响。方法采用家庭功能评定量表（FAD）及症状自评量表（SCL-90）对62例青少年心理门诊就诊者（研究组）和62名正常中学生（对照组）进行测评分析。结果研究组FAD、SCL-90评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,FAD各因子、SCL-90总分及各因子分均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论家庭功能与心理健康的关系密切。     

女子中学学生心理健康状况的调查

目的调查女子中学学生心理卫生状况.方法抽取寄宿制女子中学和普通中学各一所,采用精神症状自评量表（SCL-90）对学生进行测评,并对结果进行比较.结果两所学校女生的心理卫生状况均较差,问题学生检出率分别为15.45%和13.83%,以初一和初四多见而严重.表现形式亦不尽相同,女子中学表现在人际关系敏感、敌意、恐怖及精神病性等方面,普通中学女生表现在躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁及焦虑等因子方面,这些在初中三年级时差别开始明显.结论两所学校学生总体心理卫生状况均较差,有心理问题学生的总检出率相当,心理问题的表现形式却不十分一致.     

职校学生的心理健康状况调查与分析

目的 评价职校学生整体心理健康状况水平。方法整群抽取某职校学生共406人,采用自制调查问卷和症状自评量表（SCL-90）来评价学生的心理健康状况。结果 强迫、人际关系敏感,敌对,偏执等因子是影响职校学生心理健康状况的主要因子。女生的心理问题多于男生,二年级的心理问题多于其他两个年级,计算机专业学生的心理问题多于财会专业。结论 职校应该高度重视学生的心理问题,针对学生实际采取不同的方式进行教育管理和心理疏导,确保学生的心理健康以顺利完成学业。     

儿童青少年个性特征与心理健康状况的相关研究

目的探讨儿童青少年个性特征与心理健康状况的相关性,以期从个性完善层面降低心理健康问题的发生率,为儿童青少年的心理干预提供指导。方法于2005年-2013年在重庆市招募748名6~16岁的儿童青少年及其家长,儿童青少年填写儿童版艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)以了解其个性特征,家长填写家长版长处与困难量表(SDQ)以了解孩子的心理健康状况。对EPQ和SDQ评分进行双变量相关分析。结果儿童青少年EPQ的精神质(P)、神经质(N)因子评分与SDQ的情绪问题、行为问题和同伴问题因子评分呈正相关(r=0.087~0.198,P0.05或0.01),与亲社会因子评分呈负相关(r=-0.178,-0.105,P0.05或0.01);儿童青少年EPQ的内外向(E)因子评分与SDQ的情绪问题、同伴问题因子评分呈负相关(r=-0.168,-0.164,P均0.01),与亲社会因子评分呈正相关(r=0.138,P0.01);EPQ的掩饰性(L)因子评分与SDQ的行为问题因子评分呈负相关(r=-0.089,P0.05),与亲社会因子评分呈正相关(r=0.194,P0.01);而总的困难评分与EPQ的P、N因子评分呈正相关(r=0.172,0.169,P均0.01),与E因子评分呈负相关(r=-0.127,P0.01)。结论儿童青少年的个性特征与心理健康相关,重视儿童青少年个性形成、矫正不良个性对于心理健康有重要意义。     

心理干预对青少年强迫症患者父母心理状况的影响

目的探讨青少年强迫症患者父母存在的心理问题，观测实施针对性护理干预的效果。方法由病区护师或主管护师对50名青少年强迫症患者父母进行相关的心理护理干预。采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)在护理干预前后分别进行测评，然后，将护理干预前的测评结果分别同全国常模、护理干预后的测评结果加以比较。结果两组对比数据均显示一差异具有显著性。结论青少年强迫症患者父母普遍存在心理问题，及时有效的护理干预可改善患者父母的心理障碍。     

A review of the sociopolitical context of adolescent mental health and adolescent mental health nursing in Australia

Examination of their sociopolitical situatedness, in Australia, allows adolescent mental health and adolescent mental health nursing to be understood within a broader context. This examination takes place through a review of: (i) epidemiology, (ii) health funding and services, (iii) training and education, (iv) research, and (v) nurse education. Implications arising from this review are presented. Questions are raised regarding the sociopolitical standing of adolescent mental health, and suggestions are made regarding future imperatives for adolescent mental health nursing.     

Parental violence and adolescent mental health

Being the target of parental violent acts decreases child adjustment and increases the likelihood of mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Our study analyses how different types of parental violence ranging from verbal threats and swearing to hitting and kicking a child, are associated with child adjustment, indicated by strengths and difficulties scale (SDQ) total problem score, internalizing and externalizing problems as well as prosocial behaviour. We also study whether girls and boys and youths in two Nordic countries respond differently to parental violence. The data consists of a large-scale community sample of 15–16-year old Finnish (n = 5,762) and Danish (n = 3,943) adolescents. The representative data of continental Finland and its Finnish and Swedish speaking ninth graders as well as representative data of Danish ninth grade pupils were collected by the Police College of Finland and in Denmark by the National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. The results show a clear dose–response effect between parental violent behaviour and the adolescent’s problems. The more severe forms of parental violence were associated with higher levels of SDQ total difficulties and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. There was also a connection between parental violence and the deterioration of prosocial behaviour. The association was gender and nationality specific. The findings imply a high prevalence of parental violence and adverse mental health among the affected Finnish and Danish adolescents. Though the laws have been set in motion to prevent the use of parental physical violence the challenges remain in several domains of child protection, general health care, prevention and intervention.     

Child and adolescent mental health in South Africa

Mental health problems in childhood and adolescence pose a major threat to public health. Epidemiological studies in high, middle and low income countries indicate that approximately one in five children and adolescents suffer from a mental disorder. In many instances these persist into adulthood. In South Africa, HIV infection, substance use, and exposure to violence increase vulnerability to mental disorders. Child and adolescent mental health services play a key role in reducing the burden of mental disorders in childhood and later in adulthood. This paper focuses on service needs for children and adolescents in South Africa. It commences with a discussion of the prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders after which the legal and policy context of child and adolescent psychiatric services is described. A framework for child and adolescent mental health service provision is presented, following which steps for reducing the extent of unmet service need are considered. The paper concludes with a call to scale up child and adolescent mental health services in South Africa, based on the stark realities of unmet need and the constitutional rights of children and adolescents to appropriate mental health care.     

Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health

OBJECTIVE: To review stressful experiences and stress reactions among child and adolescent refugees, as well as interventions and ethical considerations in research and clinical work, within the framework of the chronological experiences of child refugees; namely, the phases of preflight, flight, and resettlement. Highlighted are special refugee populations such as unaccompanied minors, asylum seekers, and former child soldiers. Pertinent medical findings are summarized. METHOD: The authors reviewed articles from 1990 to 2003 addressing the topics above. Literature was gathered from databases including PsycINFO, Medline, and SocioFile. Pertinent earlier papers and those from other disciplines cited in database-identified articles were also included. RESULTS: Child and adolescent refugees suffer from significant conflict-related exposures. Reactions to stress may be mediated by coping strategies, belief systems, and social relations. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed on interventions, specifically on efficacy and cultural relevance. Interventions that have an impact on multiple ecological levels need further development and evaluation.     

Ethnic density in school classes and adolescent mental health

Objective

The present study set out to examine the association between ethnic composition of school classes and prevalence of internalising and externalising problem behaviour among ethnic minority and majority students.

Methods

Data were derived from the Dutch 2002 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional study with a total of 5,730 adolescents, aged 11–18 and attending secondary school, of which 931 belong to ethnic minority groups. The data were analysed using a multilevel regression model.

Results

The study revealed that, after taking individual characteristics like age, gender, educational level and family affluence into account, ethnic minority students on average report higher levels of externalising but not internalising problems. Ethnic density on the level of school classes modified this difference, as a negative association between the proportion ethnic minority students in class and externalising problem behaviour was found, but only for ethnic minority students. No effect of ethnic composition was found with respect to internalising problem behaviour.

Conclusion

The data revealed that ethnic minority students report higher levels of externalising problem behaviour, but only in classes with a minority of ethnic minority students and not in classes with a culturally diverse composition. This points towards a possible beneficial effect of a more culturally diverse environment for minority students. Majority students appeared to be insensitive for the ethnic density effect. Future studies should investigate the role of the ethnic composition of the school class more in-depth.     

Recent trends in UK child and adolescent mental health

Background Past studies have documented rising levels of conduct problems among UK adolescents in the last quarter of the twentieth century, and increased rates of emotional difficulties between the 1980s and 1990s. Method We used parent, teacher and youth ratings from two large scale, nationally representative studies of 5–15 year-old carried out in 1999 and 2004 to assess whether these increases continued into the early years of the new millennium. Results Ratings on most “problem” sub-scales remained stable or showed small declines over this period, and parent and teacher reports suggested small increases in levels of prosocial behaviours. Conclusions The upward trends in rates of UK child adjustment problems noted since the 1970s and 1980s may have plateaued, and possibly begun to be reversed.     

Child and adolescent mental health emergency services in Lithuania

This paper describes the development of emergency mental health services for children and adolescents in Lithuania over the past decade. The dramatic changes in child and adolescent psychiatry which correspond to the move away from the Soviet school to democracy and the restoration of the independent Lithuanian state are outlined. The paper includes: the nature of child mental health emergencies in Lithuania, how they are evaluated, follow-up care, training and supervision, and societal emergencies. Recommendations for the future are made.