宁波市青少年学生的心理状况调查

目的了解宁波市青少年学生心理卫生状况,为开展健康教育提供依据。方法应用儿童青少年长处和困难问卷（学生版）（Strength and difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ）对宁波市区1175名青少年学生进行调查,了解其心理健康状况及影响因素。结果青少年学生心理问题的检出率约为45％,但毕业班与非毕业班之间,男女生之间均无显著性差异。多因素分析表明,学习成绩、住校与否、父母关系、家庭创伤等因素对青少年学生的心理健康影响较大。结论青少年学生的心理健康状况不容乐观,心理健康教育工作急待加强。     

中小学衔接期学生心理健康状况分析

目的 研究青岛市六年级小学生升入初中过程中心理健康状况.方法 对200名六年级学生评定Achebach儿童行为量表、青少年自评量表;升入初中一年级后再次评定;比较小学升初中后学生心理行为的变化.结果 Achebach儿童行为量表显示,升入初中后男生在体诉、交往不良、强迫、多动、分裂样、攻击性方面较小学时有显著差异(P<0.05),女生升入初中后变得成熟,活动能力增强.小学男生与女生青少年自评量表评分位于前4位的依次均为:攻击行为、焦虑抑郁、注意问题、违纪问题;而升入初中后男生青少年自评量表评分位于前4位的依次为:攻击行为、焦虑抑郁、注意问题、自伤;女生升入初中后评分位于前4位的依次为:攻击行为、焦虑抑郁、自伤、注意问题.而且女生升入初中后攻击行为减少,外向较小学有显著差异(P<0.05).家庭和睦度、学习兴趣、性格等与学生的攻击行为、焦虑、注意问题等相关.结论 中小学衔接期学生心理健康状况差异无统计学意义,家庭和睦度、学习兴趣、性格、亲子关系等因素影响学生的心理健康.     

儿童青少年孤独感及与家庭功能的关系

目的 了解儿童青少年孤独感的一般情况,观察儿童青少年孤独感与家庭功能的关系.方法 采用UCLA孤独感量表、家庭功能评定量表对190名学生及其父母一方进行测试,并分析儿童青少年孤独感情况,以及孤独感与家庭功能的关系.结果 (1)年龄越大,儿童孤独感越强(F=12.95,P＜0.01);独生子女孤独感小于非独生子女(t=2.39,P=0.018);父母受教育越高,儿童孤独感越低(F=7.38,10.05;P＜0.01);(2)家庭功能评分越差,儿童孤独感越高(r=0.576,P＜0.01);情感介入与儿童青少年孤独感呈负相关(t=-2.443,P=0.016).结论 儿童青少年孤独感在年龄、是否独生及父母受教育程度等因素上存在差异;儿童青少年孤独感与家庭功能关系密切,情感介入越高,越有利于降低儿童孤独感.     

中山市儿童青少年心理健康状况调查及相关因素分析

目的了解中山市儿童青少年心理健康状况及相关影响因素,为提高其心理健康水平提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取中山市小学和初中共4所学校的2281名学生,采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)、父母教养方式量表(EMBU)及儿童青少年一般情况调查表进行问卷调查。结果 2281名学生中行为问题检出率为18.76%(428名),其性别差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。非父母抚养组及低收入组外化性行为得分分别高于父母抚养组及中高收入组[(7.08±6.41)vs.(6.12±7.10);(6.63±6.72)vs.(5.93±7.59),P均0.05],非家庭和睦组在内化性行为得分、外化性行为得分及行为问题总分上都高于家庭和睦组(P均0.01)。Pearson相关分析显示,儿童青少年内化性行为得分、外化性行为得分及行为问题总分均与父、母的温暖理解因子得分呈负相关(r=-0.18~-0.13,P均0.01),与父母的惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过度保护干涉等因子得分呈正相关(r=0.11~0.24,P均0.01)。进一步logistic回归分析显示儿童青少年行为问题相关因素依次是:家庭氛围、父亲温暖理解、母亲过度保护及干涉(P均0.05)。其中,家庭氛围越紧张,父亲温暖理解得分越低,母亲过度保护及干涉得分越高,儿童青少年越倾向于出现行为障碍(P均0.05)。结论中山市儿童青少年行为问题较突出,紧张的家庭氛围、母亲过度保护干涉及缺乏父亲温暖理解的教养方式对行为问题的发生有不利影响。     

青少年心理健康的家庭影响因素研究进展

<正>青少年阶段是个体从儿童期向成人期过渡的一个特殊阶段[1],心理发生剧烈变化,很容易发生心理问题[2];心理问题会影响青少年生长发育、学校表现、与同龄人交往,甚至导致自杀[3]。家庭是一个人生命中最基本、最重要的环境,也是最初最关键的影响因素。关于青少年心理健康的研究近几年逐渐增多,家庭因素的研究也越来越受到重视。现就影响青少年心理健康的家庭因素做一综述,以便更全面地了解现有因素,继之做出调整,为青少年心理     

高校新生的心理健康和自信心分析及其相关研究

目的：寻找影响大学生心理健康和自信心的主要因素。方法：利用UPI和PEI量表对大学新生进行测试，分析大学新生的心理健康状况、自信水平及二的相关。结果：UPI总分与PEI总分各因子分存在非常显的负相关；男生的总心理健康水平、自信水平要显优于女生；独生子女在心理健康和自信心方面优于非独生子女；学生的心理健康及各个方面的自信随专业满意度提高而见优。家庭经济对学生的心理健康产生了显影响（0．01＜P＜0．05）；父母有激烈冲突对学生的心理健康及学生的心境负面影响最大，单亲对学生学业表现自信影响最大；父母化程度与学生的心理健康水平接近正线性关系。结论：大学生的心理健康与自信心成正相关，学生的性别、家庭结构、家庭经济、父母的婚姻质量、父母的化程度及影响自信心水平和心理健康的重要因素。     

青少年精神疾病患者父母的心理健康状况及影响因素分析

采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对青少年精神疾病患者父母的心理健康状况及其影响因素进行分析研究，旨在为精神科护士对这一群体实施教育和干预时提供依据。     

城市中学生心理健康状况调查

不同年龄阶段的群体有其特定的心理卫生问题，中学生处于青春期，是心理上、生理上逐渐走向成熟的过度时期。青少年在探索生活的道路中，不可避免会遇到的应激与挫折、伙伴关系中的不良影响、对性成熟的惶惑与无知、缺乏正确引导而滋长的颓废无聊等不良情绪，都有可能影响青少年学生的心理健康。因此，有关中学生心理卫生状况如何、受哪些因素影响、如何提高心理健康水平和正确处理因适应不良而产生的心理障碍，是值得深入探讨的课题。为此，作者对驻马店市在校中学生进行一次抽样调查，目的是了解影响中学生心理健康的主要因素，以便为开展…     

一户多名严重精神障碍家庭监护人现状及患者服药依从性影响因素调查

目的调查一户多名严重精神障碍患者家庭监护人现状和患者服药依从性的影响因素,为有针对性地对此群体给予精神卫生服务提供参考。方法于2017年11月-2018年5月从国家严重精神障碍管理治疗系统中选取重庆市江北区、沙坪坝区、万州区一户多名严重精神障碍患者家庭110户,采用自制调查表收集患者及其监护人一般人口学资料及患者临床资料、服药情况等。结果①在110户严重精神障碍患者家庭中,无监护人家庭为10户(9. 1%),有1名监护人的家庭为84户(76. 4%),有2名监护人的家庭为16户(14. 5%);②有3名患者的家庭共4户(3. 6%),有2名患者的家庭共106户(96. 4%);③患者服药依从性与其居住地(r=0. 201,P0. 01)、是否与监护人同住(r=0. 193,P0. 01)及受教育程度(r=0. 370,P0. 01)呈正相关,两名患者服药依从性之间呈正相关(r=0. 451,P0. 01);④有序Logistic回归分析显示,是否与监护人同住(OR=-1. 14)、小学及以下(OR=20. 24)、初中受教育程度(OR=18. 94)对患者服药依从性产生影响。结论一户多名严重精神障碍患者之间服药依从性呈正相关,与监护人同住是患者服药依从性的保护因素,患者受教育程度低是服药依从性的危险因素。     

驻马店市中学生自杀观念调查

目的 了解驻马店市中学生的自杀意念现状,为中学生的心理健康辅导提供帮助.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,从驻马店市四所中学随机抽取12个班共1020人学生采用自编调查问卷、Beck抑郁问卷第Ⅰ题,统一收回,回收有效问卷997份.结果 驻马店市中学生自杀意念为21.66%,男生和女生分别为17.08%和26.03%,男性少于女性,有自杀意念学生中65%患有抑郁症.高中组:毕业班高于非毕业班,重点学校高于非重点学校.结论 自杀意念在中学生中发生率较高,女性多于男性,自杀意念者抑郁症患病率较高,应根据中学生性别、家庭环境、行为、是否有抑郁等方面采取综合性干预措施,以降低中学生自杀意念及自杀行为,提高中学生的心理健康水平.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -