酒依赖患者的主观与客观睡眠质量比较

目的:比较酒依赖患者主观与客观睡眠质量。方法:60例男性酒依赖患者(患者组)根据其入组时是否完成急性戒酒治疗且维持4周戒酒分为饮酒亚组和戒断亚组,各30例;对其进行修订匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)评估及并多导睡眠图(PSG)检测,并在PSG结束时调查受试者的睡眠感受;结果与28名男性健康志愿者比较,分析各组主观与客观睡眠质量。结果:患者组PSQI总分及各成分评分显著高于对照组(P均0.01);饮酒亚组PSQI总分及各成分评分显著高于戒断亚组(P均0.01)。PSG检测结果:与对照组比较,患者组入睡潜伏期(SL)延长(P0.01),总睡眠时间(TST)减少(P0.01),觉醒次数(AN)增多(P0.01),慢波睡眠百分比(SWS)增加(P0.05),快眼动睡眠潜伏期(RL)延长(P0.05),快眼动睡眠时间(RT)减少(P0.01);与戒断亚组比较,除SL外,饮酒亚组TST减少(P0.01),AN增多(P0.01),SWS增加(P0.05),RL延长(P0.05),RT减少(P0.01)。各组内TST及SL主-客差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);患者组TST及SL主观感显著差于PSG结果;与戒断亚组比较,饮酒亚组SL主观感要好于PSG结果。结论:酒依赖患者睡眠质量差,其主观感受也明显差于实际情况;戒酒后患者的睡眠质量要好于饮酒者,但急性期戒酒后患者主观感入睡困难更为明显。     

失眠症患者主客观睡眠状况分析

目的：探讨失眠症患者主客观睡眠状况及其临床意义。方法：对71例失眠症患者及27例正常对照者进行睡眠调查及全夜多导睡眠图(PSG)检测。结果：失眠症组主观入睡时间、醒觉次数、睡眠潜伏期的评估值较PSG检测值显著增高；主客观入睡时间的评估显著不一致。结论：失眠症患者对失眠障碍主客观评估不一致，在临床诊断时应引起重视。     

失眠症患者睡眠质量的主观评估与多导睡眠图参数对比分析

目的 探讨失眠症患者对睡眠质量的主观评估,并通过对多导睡眠图(PSG)睡眠参数的定量分析,对失眠症患者的睡眠状况进行客观评估,进一步将二者进行对比分析.方法 对失眠症患者和健康人各100例运用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)进行评定,并分别进行多导睡眠图的整夜睡眠描记,次日晨起后询问夜间睡眠情况.结果 失眠症组PSQI各成分得分及总分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).与对照组相比,失眠症组的睡眠潜伏期(min)延长(失眠症组43.69±11.54,对照组16.01±10.44)、总睡眠时间(min)减少(失眠症组314.65±91.89,对照组446.41±77.81)、睡眠效率降低(失眠症组64.51%±18.59%,对照组91.32%±3.58%)、快眼动睡眠时间(min)减少(失眠症组33.26±15.61,对照组93.21±21.63),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).失眠症组对总睡眠时间的评估较PSG检测值显著减低、对睡眠潜伏期的评估较PSG检测值显著增高,自我评估与实际睡眠情况不一致.结论 失眠症患者睡眠质量较差.失眠症患者的PSG各睡眠参数有特征性的改变,利用PSG检查发现失眠症患者对失眠情况的主客观评估不一致,存在过高估价睡眠潜伏期和过低估价睡眠时间的倾向.     

失眠患者与健康人睡眠感知水平的对比分析

目的 研究失眠患者与健康人之间对睡眠状况主观感知和客观评估的差异,进一步探讨失眠患者主观睡眠感知的特点.方法 通过睡眠日记晨间评估项目和多导睡眠图监测获取受试者的睡眠自我评估参数及客观睡眠参数.采用失眠严重程度指数.焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表等描述失眠程度并进行初步相关分析.结果 与正常对照组相比,失眠组受试者的睡眠自我评估参数和多导睡眠图监测参数均显示睡眠潜伏期和觉醒时间延长,睡眠效率下降和总睡眠时间减少,组间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01).组内比较,两组受试者睡眠自我评估参数与多导睡眠图监测参数之间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),但失眠组这种差异较对照组更为显著(P<0.05).尤其足对睡眠潜伏期的评估误差.失眠组受试者睡眠自我评估误差呈现双向性.失眠组受试者焦虑自评量表评分和抑郁自评量表评分高于对照组(P<0.01),并与失眠严重程度指数呈正相关(P<0.01),焦虑自评量表评分与睡眠自我评估参数中的睡眠潜伏期呈正相关(P<0.01).结论 失眠患者睡眠质量下降,其对睡眠状态的自我评估误差显著高于健康受试者,且具有双向误差之特点,包括对睡眠状态的低估(夸大睡眠障碍)和对睡眠状态的高估(忽视夜间的睡眠缺失).焦虑情绪可能与睡眠潜伏期感知误差具有直接相关性.     

慢性原发性失眠患者主客观睡眠质量差异及相关因素

背景慢性失眠患者由于警觉性和浅睡比例较高,常判断不清入睡与觉醒的界限,表现为对失眠特别是入睡困难和睡眠时间不足的严重程度常有夸大,即使使用药物改善睡眠后也有同样的表现,而原发性失眠患者伴有明显的心身症状。因此我们观察患者主观与客观睡眠质量的差异与焦虑症状之间的关系,初步了解影响慢性原发性失眠患者主客观睡眠差异的相关因素。方法共收录慢性失眠患者55例,男24例,女31例。符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)原发性失眠症诊断标准,采用病程超过6个月为慢性失眠。排除患有符合DSM-IV轴I障碍诊断标准的精神障碍者及明显躯体疾病者。收录正常对照组共15名,男8名,女7名。其中性别及年龄与患者组差异无统计学意义,排除有超过1周失眠主诉者及患有符合DSM-IV轴I精神障碍诊断标准的精神障碍者及明显躯体疾病者。所有受试者完成匹兹堡睡眠质量指数表(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、一般情况调查表及在多导睡眠仪监测前3d连续的睡眠日记;并在睡眠监测前晚进行一夜的预睡。结果①分析显示,秩和检验分析显示,慢性原发性失眠患者的无论主观或客观入睡潜伏期、睡眠时间及睡眠效率均小于正常对照组[分别是主观睡眠时间为(157.8±141.7)minv.s(423.4±42.8)min,P<0.001;客观睡眠时间为(332.2±154.7)minv.s(418.1±47.8)min,P=0.009;主观入睡潜伏期为(80.3±73.7)minv.s.(19.2±8.6)min,P<0.001;客观睡眠潜伏期为(23.2±25.4)minv.s.(7.7±4.7)min,P=0.017;主观睡眠效率为(0.52±0.27)v.s.(0.91±0.05),P<0.001;客观睡眠效率为(0.67±0.28)v.s.(0.90±0.07),P<0.001]。②秩和检验分析显示,慢性失眠患者主观睡眠潜伏期大于PSG监测值[(80.3±73.7)minv.s.(23.2±25.4)min,P<0.001],主观睡眠时间、睡眠效率低于PSG监测值[分别为(157.8±141.7)minv.s.(332.2±154.7)min,P<0.001;(0.52±0.27)v.s.(0.67±0.28),P<0.001];而正常对照组除在主、客观睡眠潜伏期存在差异[(19.2±8.6)minv.s.(7.7±4.7)min,P=0.019]外,其他观察值均无明显差异。③患者主观与客观睡眠潜伏期差值与STAI总分、TAI及SAI分呈正相关(r分别为0.402、0.374及0.397,P<0.05),而与病程、性别及年龄无明显相关性;主客观睡眠效率差值与STAI各项目分及病程、性别、年龄无显著相关性。结论慢性原发性失眠患者存在过分夸大失眠严重程度的倾向,主客观睡眠时间、睡眠效率与入睡潜伏期均有明显的差别,其主客观睡眠潜伏期的差异与患者的特质焦虑水平及状态焦虑水平呈正相关。提示焦虑症状在其主客观睡眠质量差异中起到关键的作用。     

海洛因依赖者美沙酮替代治疗早期的多导睡眠图研究

睡眠障碍是阿片类物质依赖和戒断的主要症状之一。美沙酮替代治疗海洛因依赖虽然能显著缓解其他戒断症状,但患者仍常有较为严重的睡眠障碍,表现为失眠和白天困倦。很多研究表明阿片类物质对睡眠质量及睡眠结构产生影响,然而既往研究主要针对美沙酮维持替代治疗的患者[1],对美沙酮替代治疗早期(戒断期)睡眠的研究较少。故本研究采用多导睡眠图探讨美沙酮替代治疗早期的睡眠特征,为临床治疗提供参考信息。1资料与方法1.1对象:患者来自北京安定医院中国药物依赖治疗中心自愿住院戒毒的海洛因依赖者,符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-…     

精神分裂症患者的记忆与睡眠的特点研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者的记忆与睡眠的特点及两者间的相关性。方法:对40例稳定期精神分裂症患者及40名健康人进行多导睡眠监测(PSG),并进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、多维记忆评估量表(MMAS)评估;对研究组PSG参数与MMAS评分进行相关性分析。结果:研究组PSG、睡眠效率(SE)、慢波睡眠(SWS)值明显低于对照组;REMsol值、微觉醒次数均明显高于对照组;PSQI评分明显高于对照组;研究组汉词回忆前测评分、图画回忆前测评分、汉词配对评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。睡眠参数总睡眠时间(TST)、睡眠效率(SE)、SWS与MMAS评分呈明显正相关(P均0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者存在记忆功能损害、睡眠障碍的现象;睡眠质量的下降与精神分裂症患者记忆、学习功能的损害密切相关。     

焦虑障碍患者的多导睡眠图研究

目的探讨建立焦虑障碍(AN)的多导睡眠图(PSG)模式。方法应用日本1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图技术,对25例AN患者和33名正常对照者(NC)进行PSG整夜监测。结果与NC组比较,AN组PSG主要有:REM睡眠潜伏期前移[NC组(87.8±11.7)分,AN组(59.9±19.7)分,P<0.01],醒觉时间增加[NC组(17.7±6.4)分,AN组(36.9±11.9)分,P<0.01],睡眠潜伏期延迟[NC组(19.9±9.8)分,AN组(37.7±16.7)分,P<0.01],睡眠效率下降[NC组(94.6±5.1)%,AN组(90.5±5.7)%,P<0.05],第1阶段睡眠[NC组(9.1±1.9)%,AN组(19.7±10.9)%,P<0.01]增高,第2阶段睡眠[NC组(56.2±4.7)%,AN组(47.7±22.3)%,P<0.05]降低。结论焦虑障碍患者有REM睡眠潜伏期前移、慢波睡眠S2降低等多项睡眠脑电指标的异常,应与神经生化结合进一步追踪研究。     

首发未服药的精神分裂症患者多导睡眠图特征

目的 探索首次发病的精神分裂症患者多导睡眠图(Polysomnography PSG)的特征.方法 对22例首发精神分裂症患者和18名正常对照进行整夜PSG监测,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表评估主观睡眠,比较两组PSG及主客观睡眠的差异.结果 与对照组比较,患者组表现入睡潜伏期延长[(67.26±13.02)min vs(28.73±10.47)min],总睡眠时间减少[(271.46±25.14)min vs (357.81±22.83)min]、睡眠效率下降[(61.58±11.62) vs (89.71±9.44)]、睡眠期觉醒时间[(67.84±13.76)min vs (26.94±8.67)min]和觉醒次数[(34.58±9.49) vs (13.46±4.03)]增多、N1期睡眠增加[(81.29±12.41)min vs (39.51±8.63)min],N2期、N3期睡眠减少[(94.23±16.53)min vs (162.84±18.93)min; (39.78±7.64)min vs (84.15±11.39)min],REM睡眠减少[(47.52±7.64)min vs (73.56±9.43)min],上述组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).与PSG值比较,患者组主观评估睡眠潜伏期延长、睡眠时间减少、睡眠效率下降(P<0.05).结论 首发精神分裂症患者有睡眠连续性和睡眠结构两方面异常,且对失眠有主观夸大特征.     

卒中后抑郁患者匹兹堡睡眠量表与多道睡眠图研究

目的 探讨卒中后抑郁（PSD）患者的主观睡眠和客观睡眠情况,比较两种评估结果是否一致.方法 使用匹兹堡睡眠量表指数（PSQI）对PSD组和对照组患者的主观睡眠状况进行评估,并应用多道睡眠仪（PSG）对PSD组患者的客观睡眠状况进行记录,比较PSD组主客观睡眠的各项指标.结果 PSD组与对照组比较,PSQI各因子分及总分值偏高,差异有显著性;PSD组患者主观睡眠比客观睡眠障碍更加严重,差异有显著性.结论 PSD患者存在睡眠障碍,且PSD患者主观睡眠障碍比客观睡眠障碍更加严重.     

Non-REM sleep instability in patients with major depressive disorder: subjective improvement and improvement of non-REM sleep instability with treatment (Agomelatine)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the importance of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep disturbance in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients using cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) analysis, and to determine the usefulness of CAP analysis in evaluating treatment effect. METHODS: Baseline sleep-staging data and CAP analysis of NREM sleep was compared in 15 MDD patients (Hamilton depression scale score>20) and normal controls. Longitudinal evaluation of sleep changes using similar analysis during a treatment trial was also performed. ANALYSIS: A single-blinded researcher scored and analyzed the sleep of MDD and age-matched normal controls at baseline and during a treatment trial using the international scoring system as well as CAP analysis. RESULTS: MDD patients had evidence of disturbed sleep with both analyses, but CAP analysis revealed more important changes in NREM sleep of MDD patients at baseline than did conventional sleep staging. There was a significant decrease in CAP rate, time, and cycle and disturbances of phase A subtype of CAP. NREM abnormalities, observed by CAP analysis, during the treatment trial paralleled subjective responses. Analysis of subtype A phase of CAP demonstrated better sleep improvement. CONCLUSION: CAP analysis demonstrated the presence of more important NREM sleep disturbances in MDD patients than did conventional sleep staging, suggesting the involvement of slow wave sleep (SWS) in the sleep impairment of MDD patients. Improvement of NREM sleep paralleled subjective mood improvement and preceded REM sleep improvement. CAP analysis allowed objective investigation of the effect of treatment on sleep disturbances.     

Long-term study of the sleep of insomnia patients with sleep state misperception and other insomnia patients.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives were 1) to investigate differences among patients with subjective insomnia (sleep state misperception), patients with objective findings of insomnia, and normal volunteers and 2) to assess the consistency of the sleep findings during a 2-month period. METHOD: Twenty-one subjects were studied. Subjects with sleep state misperception (N = 7) had insomnia complaints for more than 1 year, no objective sleep disturbance, and sleep efficiency of 90% or greater (on the diagnostic screening sleep recording), while subjectively estimating that sleep time was less than 6.5 hours. Subjects with objective insomnia (N = 7) met the same subjective criteria, but objectively sleep efficiency was 85% or less. Normal subjects (N = 7) had no insomnia complaints and objective sleep efficiency of 90% or greater. All subjects were recorded on 2 consecutive nights three times with a 3-week period between each pair of nights (6 standard all-night polysomnographic sessions of 8 hours). A subjective sleep questionnaire was administered after each sleep recording night. RESULTS: Sleep stage variables (percentages) were similar between the two insomnia groups, and both were different from the normal subjects. Sleep continuity variables were disturbed in the objective insomnia group, but they were similar in the sleep state misperception and normal groups. Both insomnia groups rated their sleep as inadequate on the questionnaires and differed from the normal subjects. The distinct sleep patterns of each of the three groups did not vary over the 6 nights of assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep state misperception may be a prodromic or transitional state of sleep dysfunction between normal sleep and the sleep pattern of objective insomnia.     

Daytime alertness in subjective and objective insomnia: some preliminary findings

Daytime performance and alertness were examined in two groups of patients with disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) and a control group of self-described good sleepers. Individuals complaining of disturbed sleep that was verified by polysomnographic indices (objective DIMS) and a group with complaints of disturbed sleep in the absence of objective findings (subjective DIMS) were compared with normal sleepers. Nocturnal polysomnographic recordings documented increased sleep latencies and decreased sleep efficiencies for the objective DIMS group and essentially normal sleep for the subjective DIMS group. However, the subjective DIMS group showed impaired daytime vigilance compared with both the objective DIMS and control groups. Additionally, the subjective DIMS group demonstrated an atypical daytime alertness and a tendency toward lowered arousal during vigilance task performance. Insomniacs without clear objective findings of disturbed sleep, therefore, showed decrements commonly seen following sleep loss or sleep disturbance, whereas insomniacs with evidence of disturbed nocturnal sleep did not differ from the control group in terms of waking function.     

The relationship between objective sleep variables and subjective sleep estimation in schizophrenia

AIM: Few investigations of sleep structure in schizophrenia have concentrated on the relationship between objective and subjective sleep variables. The aim of this study was to assess objective sleep variables and subjective estimation of sleep duration and sleep quality. METHODS: Polysomnography was performed in 20 chronic patients with schizophrenia during three consecutive nights. After final awakenings subjects answered questions concerning subjective estimations of sleep duration, sleep latency, number of awakenings, and sleep depth. Pearson correlations between ranged subjective reports and objective sleep variables were performed. RESULTS: The results showed a high positive correlation between objective sleep latency and its subjective estimation; a positive correlation between subjective estimation of sleep depth and percentage of slow wave sleep (SWS%); a positive correlation between eye movement (EM) density and subjective estimation of wakefulness during the night; and a negative correlation between EM density and dream reports. CONCLUSION: We concluded that objective sleep variables are related to subjective sleep estimation in schizophrenic patients. In these patients, EM activity in REM sleep is related to the subjective feeling of wakefulness. (Int J Psych Clin Pract 2000; 4:63-67)     

Compared to controls,patients with ruptured aneurysm and surgical intervention show increase in symptoms of depression and lower cognitive performance,but their objective sleep is not affected

Objectives. Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) have impaired sleep and cognitive performance together with more difficulties in social and everyday life. Hypocortisolism has also been reported. However, a study assessing all dimensions between aSAH severity, objective and subjective sleep, cortisol secretion, cognitive performance and social and everyday life has not so far been performed. The aim of the present study was therefore two-fold: (1) to assess, in a sample of patients with aSAH, objective and subjective sleep, cognitive functioning, social skills and cortisol secretion concurrently, and (2) to compare patients on these variables with a control group. Methods. Twenty-one patients (17 females; mean age: 58.80 years) with ruptured aneurysm and surgical intervention and 21 (14 females; mean age: 58.90 years) age- and gender-matched controls took part in the study. Assessments covered objective sleep-EGG recordings, subjective sleep, salivary cortisol analysis, and psychological functioning including memory performance, mood, and emotion recognition. Results. Compared to healthy controls, patients had lower scores for verbal memory performance and emotion recognition; they also reported more marked depressive symptoms and complained of poor sleep. However, no differences were found for objective sleep or cortisol secretion. Subjective and objective sleep, cortisol secretion and psychological functioning were unrelated. Conclusions. Findings indicate that patients with aSAH face psychological rather than physiological issues.     

Sleep state misperception in schizophrenia: Are negative symptoms at work?

ObjectiveThis study investigates subjective and objective sleep quality to ascertain whether there is a sleep state misperception in schizophrenia patients, as well as analyze potential effect factors.MethodsA total of 148 inpatients with schizophrenia admitted to Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital were enrolled in this study. The quality of objective sleep was assessed by polysomnography (PSG). On the second day after the successful completion of the PSG evaluation, an interview was arranged to collect patients' recorded subjective evaluation on sleep time, sleep latency, and wake times. Demographic information was collected from an interview, medical records were reviewed, and psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Positive And Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS).ResultsThe main finding of this study was that schizophrenic patients exhibited sleep state misperception with a pattern of overestimation of total sleep time (TST) as well as sleep efficiency (SE), and an underestimation of sleep onset latency (SOL). Regarding the ± standard deviation of the differences between subjective and objective TST as a clinical acceptable range, the patients were divided into three groups: the overestimate group, the normal group, and the underestimate group. The differences of total PANSS score, especially the PANSS-N score in the overestimate group, the normal group and the underestimate group were significant, and there were significant differences between the overestimate group and the other groups.ConclusionA comprehensive evaluation of the subjective and objective sleep quality in patients with schizophrenia is needed, especially when negative symptoms are severe.     

Subjective and objective measures of insomnia in the context of traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To compare subjective and objective measures of sleep in traumatic brain injury patients (TBI) suffering from insomnia and in controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with mild to severe TBI were compared to 14 healthy good sleepers. Subjective measures of insomnia were obtained from a sleep diary (morning questionnaire), and objective measures from two nights of polysomnography (PSG). RESULTS: All subjective measures of sleep revealed significant sleep disturbance in the TBI group. TBI patients with insomnia have a tendency to overestimate their sleep disturbance compared to PSG measures of sleep. With PSG, 10 out of 14 participants with TBI could be defined as having objective insomnia. Nonetheless, when groups were compared, no significant differences were found on sleep continuity variables, although large effect sizes were seen for several measures suggesting sleep fragmentation. In terms of sleep architecture, no significant differences were found in the percentage of stage 2, slow-wave (stages 3 and 4), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but a higher proportion of stage 1 sleep was found in the TBI participants. When patients using psychotropic medication were excluded, TBI patients were found to have more awakenings lasting longer than 5min and a shorter REM sleep latency. CONCLUSIONS: These results are similar to those found in patients with either primary insomnia or insomnia related to depression.     

Discrepancy between subjective and objective sleep in patients with depression

The literature investigating the relationship between objective and subjective sleep in depressed patients is limited and the results are inconsistent. Furthermore, many factors that influence the aforementioned relationship have not been investigated. The present study was carried out to clarify the characteristics of self-estimation of sleep in depressed patients. Sleep was estimated concurrently using a sleep log and polysomnography for 5 consecutive days to investigate the relationship between subjective sleep estimation and objective sleep estimation in 23 patients with major depression (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn, revised; DSM-III-R). Factors related to a discrepancy between both types of estimation were identified. The subjective total sleep time showed a significant, but moderate, positive correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.63) with the objective total sleep time. The degree of discrepancy was significantly correlated with various objective sleep variables and severity of depression. In the underestimation group in which the subjective total sleep time was shorter than the objective total sleep time, the objective total sleep time and slow-wave sleep time were shorter, age was greater and the extroversion score (Maudsley Personality Inventory) was lower than in the overestimation group in which the subjective total sleep time was longer than the objective total sleep time. The data suggest that subjective sleep estimation in depressed patients is influenced by their objective sleep, severity of depression, age and personality.     

Paradoxical insomnia: The role of CAP and arousals in sleep misperception

ObjectiveThe relationship between CAP parameters and subjective time perception during sleep in primary insomnia was investigated.Patients and methodsData collected from all-night PSG recordings of 20 patients with a diagnosis of paradoxical insomnia (misperceptors) were compared with those of 20 normal gender- and age-matched subjects (controls). Besides sleep staging, scoring measures included CAP parameters and EEG arousals.ResultsPatients and controls presented non-significant differences in the amounts of objective sleep time (464 min vs. 447 min) and objective sleep latency (9 min vs. 8 min). Compared to controls, misperceptors reported a significantly shorter time of perceived sleep (285 min vs. 461 min) and a significantly longer duration of perceived sleep latency (51 min vs. 22 min). In spite of the 11 objective awakenings, misperceptors reported only 4 subjective awakenings, while controls described 2 of the 5 objective awakenings. Arousal index (31.7/h vs. 18.6/h) and total CAP rate (58.1% vs. 35.5%) were significantly higher in misperceptors. In the sleep period between objective and subjective sleep onset, CAP rate was 64.4% in misperceptors and 45.1% in controls (p < 0.002). Insomniacs showed significantly higher amounts of CAP rate in stage 1 (62.7% vs. 37.5%) and in stage 2 (53.3% vs. 33.1%), but not in slow wave sleep. CAP phase A2 subtypes were significantly increased in misperceptors (31% vs. 24%).ConclusionsThe study points out the topical role of enhanced activation and arousal instability not only in the first part of the night (mismatch between objective and subjective sleep onset) but also in the misperception of consecutive objective awakenings which are subjectively grouped together as a single prolonged event.