论瘀毒阻络是络病形成的病理基础

络脉系统是维持机体内稳态的功能性网络,络病是以络脉阻滞为特征的一类疾病,邪入络脉标志着疾病的发展和深化,其基本的病理变化是虚滞、瘀阻、毒损络脉。本文以血管性痴呆和糖尿病血管病变作为研究络病的切入点,发现不仅久病可入络,急症也存在着虚、瘀、毒结、痹阻络脉等入络入血的病理变化,并推测血管内皮损伤以及血管与血液成分之间相互作用的失调可能是络病形成的病理生理基础之一     

基于络病理论探析糖尿病慢性并发症病机

目前临床中针对糖尿病慢性并发症的辨证论治体系较为局限,络病理论作为中医学一种重要的病机学说为糖尿病慢性并发症的发病机制提供了新的探讨思路。络病病机有易滞易瘀、易入难出、易积成形的特点,糖尿病作为一种全身性代谢紊乱型疾病,病变部位涉及多脏腑,随着病情的进展久病入络,引起络脉系统的损伤,常表现为3种形式:久病气血瘀滞,互结络中,络脉瘀阻;气血津液输布障碍,脉不得濡养而络脉空虚;病邪累积日久损伤络脉。即络脉瘀阻、络脉空虚、络脉损伤是糖尿病慢性并发症的主要病机。     

张发荣教授补肾和络法治疗糖尿病周围神经病变经验

[目的]总结全国名中医张发荣教授治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临证经验。[方法]通过跟师侍诊，整理医案及相关文献，从病因病机、处方用药等方面总结张教授治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的经验，并附验案一则。[结果]张教授结合多年临证经验，认为糖尿病周围神经病变以“肾虚络损”为基本病机，遵循以治疗糖尿病本病为经，治疗周围神经病变为纬的“经纬论治”法，以补肾和络为基本治则，补肾善从“阴中求阳”“阳中求阴”；和络则灵活运用养阴清热宁络、益气养阴行络、健脾化湿通络、豁痰化瘀畅络、清热利湿通络、温经散寒护络等方法。临证中尤其重视虫类药物的使用，以活血通络，同时重调脾胃，不避甘温，内外合治，双管齐下。所举验案辨证为脾肾亏虚、络脉瘀阻证，张教授治以补肾活血通络，兼以健脾祛湿，临床疗效显著。[结论]张老把握糖尿病周围神经病变肾虚络损的基本病机，采用“经纬论治”法，治疗重在补肾和络，临床疗效显著，值得学习借鉴。     

通心络的临床和基础研究

本文拟就其在临床应用和基础理论研究等方面的情况做一简要综述。1通心络胶囊的组方及其理论基础通心络胶囊的组方独特,它集中运用水蛭、土鳖虫、全蝎、蜈蚣、蝉蜕五种虫类药物,配以人参、赤芍、冰片八种药物而成;水蛭、土鳖虫作为传统的活血化瘀药可以疏通络脉瘀阻、降脂抗凝、促进血流;而搜风解痉虫类通络药全蝎、蜈蚣、蝉蜕可以解除血管痉挛、维护血管内皮功能;人参补益心气,赤芍活血化瘀,冰片芳香通窍。数药并用共解中医络病之络脉瘀阻与络脉拙急两大病机,络脉瘀阻表达了血液的粘稠凝聚、动脉硬化阻塞,络脉拙急则表达了动脉血管的痉挛状…     

温经通络法治疗糖尿病周围神经病变机制探讨

阳虚络阻证是糖尿病周围神经病变的常见病理类型,阳气不足、络脉瘀阻是其基本病机,临床表现既有阳气不足的“正虚”证候、又有瘀血阻络的“邪实”证候,温通经脉、活血化瘀是其基本治法,黄芪桂枝五物汤、补阳还五汤、参芪通络汤是其常用的方药。     

论糖尿病肾病“络脉-玄府”病机及辛味药的应用

基于中医络脉与玄府理论,阐述肾络、肾玄府的结构与功能,提出糖尿病肾病的中医“络脉-玄府”病机。认为络脉与玄府在功能上相互协调,病理上相互影响。肾络阻滞、肾玄府开阖失常为糖尿病肾病的病机。糖尿病肾病早期肾络郁滞,肾玄府郁闭不通,病性多偏于邪实;中后期肾络瘀阻,肾玄府痿闭,肾功能衰竭,病性偏于正虚。临床治疗时倡导选用辛味药以开玄通络,于辨证论治基础上酌加辛味的风药可祛邪增效,为临床治疗糖尿病肾病提供思路。     

从"玄府-络脉"论治糖尿病周围神经病变

糖尿病周围神经病变归于中医消渴病痹证范畴,其病机属本虚标实,以脏腑亏虚为本,瘀血痰毒阻络为标.玄府、络脉皆为维系周身气血津液有序运行的微观结构,也是瘀血、痰、毒产生的关键病位,故基于中医"玄府-络脉"理论,提出玄府开阖失司、络脉瘀滞不通为糖尿病周围神经病变的基本病机.玄府郁闭,精微不布,化生糖毒,发为糖尿病,诸邪滋生进一步加重玄府闭塞,成为糖尿病周围神经病变的始发环节,日久内生毒邪、损伤络脉为其病机关键所在.糖尿病周围神经病变属宿病顽疾,病邪痼结难解,非一般之药可解.临证组方时借藤类风药以"开玄通络",玄府开、络脉通、瘀痹除,则诸症皆除,临床获效颇丰,为从中医微观结构层次认识及治疗糖尿病周围神经病变提供新思路.     

从络病学说论治骨质疏松症

骨质疏松症是一种全身性的骨代谢病,以络病学说为基础探讨骨质疏松症的病理与治疗,对其病因病机从络虚不荣、络脉瘀阻、络气郁滞方面分析,并将与之对应的虚、瘀、郁作为症候类型进行辨证论治,运用补肾健脾,通络荣骨;活血化瘀,搜剔通络;疏肝理气,开郁通络论治。为骨质疏松症的辨证论治提供了全新的思路。     

基于“久病入络”理论探析胃癌前病变的发病机制

胃癌前病变是一种常见的慢性消化系统疾病，同时也是正常胃黏膜转化为胃癌的关键阶段，及时的治疗和预防胃癌前病变，可有效降低胃癌的发生。胃癌前病变病因多样，病机复杂多变，具有难治性、缠绵性、复发性、易瘀、易滞、易积的特点，与“久病入络”理论相契合。其病在胃络，脾胃虚弱、瘀阻胃络、毒损胃络是胃癌前病变的主要发病机制。治疗上多以疏肝健脾和胃、化瘀活血通络为基本治则。     

治疗络病的代表方药

单味中药 常用络病治疗药物按照功能分类方法，可分为流气畅络、化瘀通络、散结通络、祛痰通络、祛风通络、荣养络脉等不同类别。现分别简述之。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.