父母个性对婴儿气质的影响

目的:探讨父母个性对婴儿气质的影响。方法:随机选取符合条件的133对夫妇及她们所生的婴儿作为研究对象,应用自制的相关因素问卷、艾森克个性问卷及4～8月婴儿气质问卷进行调查。结果:母亲的P分及N分对婴儿的气质类型和维度有影响;父亲的P分对婴儿的气质维度有影响;母亲的个性会影响其孕期的心理行为。结论:家长应做好孕期保健,培养良好的个性,促进孩子心理的发育。     

4～8月婴儿气质围生期影响因素的研究

【目的】探讨4～8月婴儿气质的围生期影响因素，以促进婴儿早期心理的健康发展。【方法】随机选取符合条件的133对夫妇及她们所生的婴儿作为研究对象，应用自制的相关因素问卷、艾森克个性问卷及4～8月婴儿气质问卷进行调查。【结果】平易型气质类型的影响因素主要包括母亲孕期的心情、对分娩疼痛的恐惧、孕期的工作环境以及母亲孕期是否受到精神创伤；麻烦型气质类型的影响因素主要包括母亲孕期的心情、对分娩疼痛的恐惧、孕期的睡眠时间以及母亲孕期是否受到精神创伤。影响气质维度的因素包括：母亲孕期是否受到精神创伤、母亲孕期的工作环境、母亲对胎儿性别的关注程度、母亲在孕期的看电视时间、母亲在孕期的心情、母亲在孕期的工作环境、父亲的年龄、父亲的文化程度、父母婚姻是否和谐、父母对子女的教育态度是否一致、儿童的出生情况、住房是否安静。【结论】母亲孕期的心理行为：方式影响气质的类型和维度。     

早期教育对6月龄婴儿气质影响的研究

【目的】 探讨早期教育对6月龄婴儿气质的影响,为更好地开展婴幼儿早期教育提供理论依据,促进婴幼儿心理及智力发育。 【方法】 采用Carey的儿童气质问卷对100例早教组6月龄婴儿及100例对照组6月龄婴儿进行气质测评。 【结果】 两组婴儿在气质类型和气质维度上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。母亲学历低和家庭收入低对婴儿气质有消极影响,早期教育可以使难养型气质婴儿减少。 【结论】 早期教育可以促进婴幼儿气质良好发展,确保儿童早期身心健康发展。     

孕期父母心理因素对1个月婴儿气质影响的追踪研究

【目的】 追踪调查孕期父母的心理因素对出生后1个月婴儿气质的影响,促进婴儿身心健康成长。 【方法】 募集在上海某中心城区医院定期产前检查的孕28周孕妇,通过问卷、访谈等方式了解孕期父母的心理因素,追踪出生后1个月的婴儿气质特征,分析两者间的相关性。 【结果】 小婴儿的气质维度中仅适应性有性别差异;准爸爸在妻子孕期的状态焦虑和特质焦虑程度、准妈妈的心理健康状态、准父母的婚姻满意度在一定程度上影响了1个月龄小婴儿的气质特征。 【结论】 孕期父母的心理因素能够影响婴儿气质,应注意加强孕期准父母的心理健康保健,以促进儿童的身心健康成长。     

深圳地区3～4月婴儿气质与母亲妊娠期心身健康的相关研究

【目的】探讨3~4月婴儿气质与母亲在妊娠期心身健康的相关关系。【方法】使用自测健康评定量表评估母亲妊娠期健康状况,早期婴儿气质问卷评价婴儿气质。【结果】本研究中婴儿气质维度较之上海、广州两地偏消极,婴儿气质中活动水平,节律性,适应性,心境,持久性和注意分散6个维度与母亲妊娠期生理心理健康中部分项目呈负相关关系。【结论】婴儿3~4月时气质多个维度与母亲妊娠期健康状况特别是心理健康状况存在负相关。     

母亲孕期抑郁情绪对儿童早期气质影响的研究

【目的】 探讨母亲孕期抑郁情绪对儿童早期气质的影响,为完善孕期保健服务项目提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用自评抑郁量表(Self-rating Depression Scale,SDS)对孕妇在孕32~34周时进行测试,采用中国4~8月婴儿气质量表(Chinese Infant Temperament Scale,CITS)以及自制的婴儿基本情况调查表,对孕妇所生的婴儿在6个月时进行气质评定和基本情况调查。按照母亲孕期是否存在抑郁情绪及程度将婴儿分组,比较不同组别婴儿在气质类型和气质维度方面的差异。 【结果】 母亲孕期有抑郁情绪组的婴儿中,麻烦型和发动缓慢型的比例明显偏高,且抑郁情绪程度越重比例越高(χ²=13.99、21.36,P均＜0.01),而无抑郁情绪组的婴儿中平易型的比例偏高(χ²=11.89,P＜0.01)。母亲孕期抑郁情绪对婴儿气质因子中的活动水平、趋避性、适应性、反应强度、心境和注意分散度的得分有影响,且与抑郁程度有关(P＜0.01或＜0.05)。 【结论】 母亲孕期抑郁情绪对儿童早期的气质类型和气质维度产生负面影响。     

产后抑郁与婴儿气质的关系

【目的】对415例婴儿气质的影响因素进行了调查分析,探讨了产后抑郁对婴儿气质的影响。【方法】选择在海淀区妇幼保健院出生的正常健康婴儿415例,母亲有产后抑郁的212例,无产后抑郁的203例,进行婴儿的一般情况调查,并采用婴儿气质测评的方法,对婴儿气质进行评价。【结果】产后抑郁对婴儿气质有重要的影响,它对婴儿不同气质类型的影响差异显著(P<0.01),母亲没有抑郁的婴儿偏近容易型气质的可能性远远高于母亲有产后抑郁的婴儿。通过对抑郁组和正常组的婴儿气质维度得分的分析,抑郁组的活动水平得分低于正常组,节律性、趋避性、适应度、反应强度、情绪本质、持久性、注意力分散及反应阀8个维度得分则高于正常组。【结论】产后抑郁与婴儿气质有明显的相互影响,因此要预防产后抑郁,并了解婴儿气质,及早地进行有效的干预。     

婴儿气质与发育商的关系探讨

【目的】探讨婴儿气质与发育商的相关性,为在儿童早期以环境因素"调适"气质促进智力发展提供科学依据。【方法】在黄浦区妇幼保健院儿保门诊选取130名4个月~1岁婴儿,采用Carey《4个月~1岁婴儿气质问卷》(家长问卷)与Gesell评定法进行测评,以χ2检验法与多元回归法进行分析。【结果】婴儿气质对发育商有显著影响。维度持久性因子对发育商起重要影响作用;维度反应强度因子与持久性因子对语言能起着重要影响作用。【结论】根据婴儿的不同气质特征,指导家长采取个体化的养育方法,提高反应强度,加强持久性,有利于提高发育商。     

昆山地区12月龄幼儿气质及相关因素的研究

【目的】 了解昆山地区12月龄幼儿气质类型分布特征和影响因素,为早期行为干预提供依据。 【方法】 采用1～3岁幼儿气质问卷(CTTS)对738名在昆山市妇幼保健所门诊常规体检的12月龄幼儿进行气质测评,并用自行设计编制调查表对气质相关因素进行调查。 【结果】 幼儿气质类型构成比以中间偏易养型(56.10%)和中间偏难养型(31.44%)为主,各气质类型在性别上差异无统计学意义;男、女幼儿间活动水平差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);活动水平、节律性、趋避性、适应性、情绪本质、持久性、注意分散以及反应阈等气质维度,与全国常模相比差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);母亲生育年龄、母亲学历、母亲孕期看电视时间、看护人、看护人态度、看护人文化程度以及看护人性格等多种因素对幼儿气质维度有影响。看护人文化程度高、家庭月收入相对低家庭易养型幼儿比例高;父亲文化程度高、父亲不嗜好烟酒以及看护人态度严家庭中间偏易养型幼儿比例高;母亲生育年龄小、胎龄大、人工喂养以及母亲为干部家庭幼儿中间偏难养型比例高;母亲生育年龄大、孕期容易恐惧、母孕期每天睡眠时间偏少以及有孕期合并症记录家庭幼儿难养型比例高;父亲嗜好烟酒家庭幼儿启动缓慢型比例高。 【结论】 昆山幼儿气质类型以易养型、中间偏易养型占多数,活动水平存在男女性别差异,部分气质维度与全国常模相比差异显著,多因素综合作用影响昆山幼儿气质。     

1~2岁幼儿依恋特征及有关影响因素的探讨

【目的】 了解128名1~2岁幼儿依恋特征及母亲敏感性、气质等基本因素对其影响作用。 【方法】 采用陌生情境试验和现场观察对儿童依恋状况和儿童母亲敏感性进行测评,并由母亲填写家庭一般人口学资料和幼儿气质问卷。 【结果】 128名幼儿中,安全型依恋99人(77.3%),回避型24人(18.8%),抗拒型5人(3.9%),未发现混乱型。不同依恋类型儿童母亲的敏感性得分差异显著;趋避性、心境、持久性、注意分散等气质维度与儿童某些依恋行为呈现明显相关关系。 【结论】 济南市城区幼儿依恋安全型比例较高;母亲敏感性是影响儿童依恋重要因素之一;儿童气质对依恋类型不产生直接影响,但某些气质维度影响儿童特定情景下的依恋行为表现。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.