学习动机研究Ⅱ:动机和智力对学习成绩影响的分析

采用学习动机诊断测验（MAA），对苏州市普通中学学生568人的学习动机和智力与学习成绩的关系进行分析，结果表明：1．学习动机对学习成绩的影响较大，学习动机强者，学习成绩好，学习成绩对学习动机可能有反馈作用。2.学习成绩和学习动机分因素有显著性性别差异，女性高于男性。3．不同智力组的学生在学习动机某些分因素上有显著世。高智力水平组在考试促进紧张、学习期望水平、社会生活场面和技能场面较高，同时学习成绩也高（P＜0．001）。反映智力与学习动机均为影响学习成绩的重要因素，提示智力与学习动机之间可能有一定的内在联系。     

轻度肥胖对青少年推理能力及智力的影响

目的 了解轻度肥胖少年推理能力以及智力水平,探讨轻度肥胖青少年推理能力及智力水平与正常体重青少年有无差别.方法 以82名肥胖青少年为研究对象,82名正常体重青少年为对照,使用韦氏儿童智力量表中国修订本（C-WISC）（〈16岁）或韦氏成人智力量表中国修订本（WAIS-CR）（17岁以上）中的数字广度测验、木块图测验、算术测验、填图测验以及瑞文标准推理测验.结果 肥胖组推理能力的5个因子得分、推理IQ总分均低于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.数字广度、算术、填图、木块图4项,肥胖组低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义.结论 目前尚不能认为轻度肥胖青少年推理能力和水平低于正常青少年.     

儿童智力因素和家庭因素与学习成绩的相关分析

【目的】探讨儿童智力因素和家庭因素对儿童学习成绩的影响。【方法】对不同学习成绩的儿童进行智力测验，并对其家庭情况进行问卷调查。【结果】儿童智力水平的差异是造成优秀组与中等组、不良组儿童学业成绩差异的主要原因，但对于学习成绩不良和中等组的儿童，反映流体智力的量表分差异无显著性。多元回归结果表明：韦氏知识、记忆因子、母亲文化程度是影响语文成绩的因素，言语总分、记忆因子、数字广度是影响数学成绩的因素。【结论】影响儿童学习成绩的智力因素主要是其中的晶体智力部分，也就是与儿童的教育环境有关，儿童的知识积累程度、记忆水平以及语言的理解水平也分别对儿童的语文、数学成绩有影响。     

周口市儿童少年智力发育情况抽样调查分析

为了解周口市儿童少年智力发育水平及其影响因素，并为教育制度改革提供科学依据。笔者采用韦克斯勒儿童智力量表（WISC－R）对周口市858名儿童少年进行了智力测验，现将结果报道于下。1对象与方法1．1对象：随机选择有代表性的小学、初中、高中学校各二所，每所学校随机抽取二个班，共选择6－16岁儿童少年858人，分11个年龄组。1．2测验方法：选用韦克斯勒儿童智力量表进行测验。该量表分为言语测验和操作测验两部分。言语测验包括常识、类同、算术、词汇、理解、背数6个分测验；操作测验分为填图、排列、积木、拼图、译码、迷津6个分测…     

儿童智力和家庭环境与学习成绩的关系

目的 探讨智力及家庭环境因素与儿童学习成绩的关系。方法 采用Moss家庭环境量表和中国－韦氏儿童智力量表对40名学习成绩低下儿童（低分组）和40名学习成绩优良儿童（高分组）进行测评。结果 高分组儿童家庭情感表达，成功性二维度得分高于低分组儿童，矛盾性和独立性二维度得分低于低分组儿童；高分组儿童总智商，言语智商，操作智商以及除填图，拼物之外的所有分测验量表分均显高于低分组儿童。结论 智力及某些家庭环境特征与儿童学习成绩均有明显的关系。     

学习困难儿童智力发展不平衡性研究

运用韦氏儿童智力量表中国修订本（ＷＩＳＣ－ＣＲ）对１０３名６￣１２岁学习困难儿童以及按性别、年龄配对的１０３名学业优良儿童进行智商测定，比较两组儿童智力水平和结构特征。结果显示，智力水平偏低、ＶＩＱ〈ＰＩＱ分离、言语理解能力落后于知觉组织能力以及算术、常识等言语县表分测验严重缺陷与儿童学习困难有关联。提示，智力水平偏低特别是能力发展不平衡可能是导致儿童学习困难重要的原因之一。     

517例儿童视觉——运动整合发育测验结果分析

目的：了解南京市儿童视觉－运动整合能力及其影响因素。方法：运用视觉－运动整合发育测验（VMI）对南京市517名4～15岁儿童进行测试。结果：VMI得分男女之间无显著差异；小年龄组儿童VMI得分高于大年龄组儿童；VMI测验与绘人测验，儿童的数学成绩的相关系数分别为0．281和0．327（P＜0．01）；学龄前期能绘图的儿童VMI得分较高；母亲的分娩年龄、文化程度、职业对儿童的VMI得分有影响。结论：VMI测验对评价儿童的智力发展、学习成绩有一定的实用价值。     

不同血铅水平对儿童智力的影响及智力结构分析

为了解不同血铅水平对学龄儿童智力的影响及高血铅儿童的智力结构,用 ＷＩＳＣ－Ｒ方法测定不同血铅 水平儿童智力水平并进行智力结构分析。结果显示：随血铅水平升高总智商（总ＩＱ）、语言智商（ＶＩＱ）、操作智商（ＰＩＱ）均 下降,以 ＰＩＱ下降明显,血铅≥３０ μｇ／ｄｌ组差异具有显著意义;高血铅组儿童在智力结构中得分值均低,以类同、理想、拼 图 ３项差异显著。提示：①铅对儿童智力确有不良影响,且血铅水平升高而加重,血铅≥３０ μｇ／ｄｌ影响尤为明显;②对 ＰＩＱ影响较ＶＩＱ影响更大;③铅对儿童智力影响既有普遍性,又有不平衡性。     

学习困难儿童智力结构分析

目的 确定学习困难儿童智力结构的特征及对其智力模式的分析，以便早期发现，早期干预及确定个体化教育方式。方法 应用修订韦氏儿童智力量表对81名学习困难儿童及64名学习正常儿童进行智商（PIQ)测查，并且两组间加以比较。结果 两组儿童的智力结构在操作智商(PIQ)、言语理解因子(VC)、记忆／注意因子(M／C)、算术(A)、知识(I）、数字广度(D)、编码(CD)、分类(SD)、词汇(V)等项上存在显著差异。结论 学习困难儿童具有特殊的智力结构，应制定个体化教育方式。     

漳州市城乡碘缺乏病区8～10岁儿童智力发育调查

为了解碘缺乏病区城区（漳州市）和农村（平和县）儿童智力发育情况和差异，于2003年5月～12月用《中国联合型瑞文测验》对漳州市和平和县城乡30所小学的8～10岁儿童进行智力测试，现将结果报告如下：     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.