内源性眼内炎病因和临床治疗13例分析

目的分析内源性眼内炎的病因、全身易感因素及治疗结果。方法回顾13例（14眼）内源性眼内炎患者发病时的全身状况及眼部情况,玻璃体液的涂片和培养结果,治疗方法和视力愈后。结果13例（14眼）内源性眼内炎均行玻璃体液涂片和培养,阳性9例（10眼）,其中细菌6例（7眼）,包括革兰阳性球菌2例（2眼）、大肠埃希菌1例（1眼）、结核杆菌1例（1眼）、绿脓杆菌2例（3眼）;真菌3例（3眼）。11例患者有全身易感因素。在药物治疗的同时,除2眼行眼内容摘出外,其余均行玻璃体切割术,7眼保住眼球并有数指或以上视力,其中2眼最终视力〉0.05。结论内源性眼内炎的病因为全身感染性病灶或败血症的微生物感染所致,包括细菌和真菌感染,处理棘手,及时行玻璃体切割术,有助于改善患者的视力愈后。     

肝脓肿致内源性眼内炎7例临床分析

目的分析肝脓肿致内源性眼内炎的临床表现与治疗效果。方法 对我院2005至2010年诊治的因肝脓肿致内源性眼内炎的7例(9眼)患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者取血或玻璃体液行微生物培养;4例(4眼)行玻璃体切割术,1例(2眼)因全身状况差行玻璃体内注药,2例(3眼)因眼内炎表现较轻仅全身和局部应用广谱抗生素治疗。结果 7例患者中5例首诊为肝脓肿,另2例以眼内炎为首诊,经全身检查后发现患有肝脓肿。2例有多年糖尿病史,2例在发病后才确诊为糖尿病或糖耐量异常。所有患者发病前均有高热病史,血微生物培养阳性4例(57.1%),其中肺炎克雷伯菌2例,大肠埃希菌1例,白色念珠菌1例;4例行玻璃体液培养,其中阳性2例,分别为肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌。经过药物或手术治疗,5眼获得手动及以上视力,1眼光感,3眼失明。结论 肝脓肿致内源性眼内炎是一种严重危害视功能的眼科急症,及早就医、及时诊断、及时抗感染治疗是控制感染的最有效方法。必要时行玻璃体切割术联合抗生素治疗,有助于保存患者的部分视力。     

18例内源性眼内炎临床特征及预后分析

目的 探讨内源性眼内炎的临床特征和治疗结果。方法 对18例(20眼)内源性眼内炎进行回顾性分析。结果 83．3％的患者存在易感因素。90％患者延误诊断4天以上。2／3病例有明确致病菌，真菌感染4例(6眼)，细菌感染8例，另有6例致病菌不明。所有患者均接受静脉抗菌素治疗，10例接受玻璃体手术，9只眼获得数指以上视力。结论 内源性眼内炎是一种严重致盲性眼病，玻璃体手术是治疗内源性眼内炎的有效方法。     

内源性眼内炎的临床特征及治疗

目的：探讨内源性眼内炎的临床特征及治疗。方法：对2005/2011年所收治的内源性眼内炎患者8例进行常规眼科检查,取前房水及玻璃体标本涂片和培养,血培养。给予局部及全身抗菌药物治疗,行玻璃体注药或（和）玻璃体切割术。观察病变特点及治疗效果。结果：患者8例9眼中男6例7眼,女2例2眼,年龄45～78岁。患者可有前葡萄膜炎症表现,玻璃体炎性改变,5例患者病原菌培养阳性,3眼行玻璃体腔注射,6眼行玻璃体切割手术。经治疗,患者病情控制,6眼视力提高。结论：内源性眼内炎根据病史、危险因素、临床表现以及实验室检查等综合进行诊断。局部＋全身治疗可有效控制感染。     

玻璃体切割术治疗眼内炎的临床分析

目的 探讨眼内炎的病因构成及玻璃体切割术治疗眼内炎的临床效果。 方法 对我院1999年1月～2001年12月收治的眼内炎患者53例54只眼进行回顾性分析，男38例，女15例，年龄1～74岁，平均年龄32岁。对2例（2只眼）炎症较轻的患者仅采用药物治疗，5例（5只眼）视力无光感，炎症反应重的患者行眼球内容物剜除术，其余46例（47只眼）均采用常规三通道玻璃体切割术。随访2～32个月,平均10.5个月。 结果 眼球穿通伤导致的眼内炎共32只眼，占59.26%。内源性眼内炎8只眼，占14.81%。与白内障手术相关的眼内炎共7 只眼，占12.96%，青光眼手术晚期滤泡感染2只眼，占3.70%。玻璃体切割术后3只眼，占5 .56%。放射状角膜切开术（radial keratotomy,RK）后1只眼，占1.85%。原因不明1只眼，占1.85%。经治疗后患者视力明显提高（P=0.003）。3 d内行玻璃体切割术患者的视力恢复明显高于3 d后的患者（P=0.014），7 d内行玻璃体切割术患者的视力恢复明显优于7 d后的患者（P=0.021）。功能成功（视力≥0.02）37只眼,占68.52%；解剖成功（视力＜0.02，眼球结构完整）47只眼,占87.04%，脱盲（视力≥0.05）27只眼, 占50.00%。 结论 眼球穿通伤，尤其是伴有眼内异物存留者是导致眼内炎的最主要原因，尽早行玻璃体切割术是治疗眼内炎的理想方法。 （中华眼底病杂志，2003，19：93-95）     

内源性感染性眼内炎的临床分析

目的：探讨内源性眼内炎的易感因素、临床表现、误诊原因和治疗方法及效果。方法：对1998年6月至2001年10月内源性眼内炎患者15例(18只眼)，进行回顾性临床分析。结果：15例中，大手术后败血症患者3例，糖尿病患者2例，肝脓肿患者2例，臀部脓肿患者1例，不明原因发热患者4例，不明原因者3例。主要临床表现为眼红痛和视力损害，伴或不伴全身症状。早期被误诊为虹膜睫状体炎或葡萄膜炎者共11例(73.3％)。15只眼行玻璃体切割术，术后4只眼出现视网膜脱离，大多数患者保存了有用视力。另3只眼来诊时即已眼球萎缩，未作处理。结论：大手术后败血症、糖尿病、深部脓肿。不明原因发热可能为内源性眼内炎的易感因素。早期玻璃体液或房水培养以及血培养相当重要。玻璃体手术联合全身应用抗生素或抗真菌药物是治疗内源性眼内炎的有效手段。     

内源性真菌性眼内炎的临床特征和疗效分析

目的探讨内源性真菌性眼内炎的临床特征及其诊断和治疗方法。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象2006—2009年北京同仁医院经玻璃体培养确诊为内源性真菌性眼内炎患者9例（13眼）。方法所有患者进行常规眼科检查,取前房水及玻璃体标本涂片和培养,4例进行血培养。给予局部及全身抗真菌药物治疗,行玻璃体注药（两性霉素B）或（和）玻璃体切除术。观察病变特点及治疗效果。主要指标视力,眼前节、服底表现,跟内液涂片及培养结果。结果男性2例,女性7例,4例双跟患病。平均年龄（38．33±15．49）岁。7例有明确发热史,自发热至出现眼部症状平均（26．43±24．81）天（2～60天）。无眼部外伤和内跟手术史。患者以视力下降、眼前黑影飘动遮挡为主诉。易感危险因素包括侵入性操作、免疫力低下等。临床可有或无典型前葡萄膜炎症表现,玻璃体炎性改变呈现团块状混浊,视网膜和（或）视网膜下黄白色浸润病灶。所有病例玻璃体真菌培养阳性。9／13眼玻璃体注药,10／13眼行玻璃体切除术。8例12眼随访（10．13±7．41）个月,11／12眼眼内炎得到控制,眼球保存,6／12眼视力提高。结论内源性真菌性眼内炎根据病史、危险因素、临床表现以及实验室检查等综合进行诊断。玻璃体切除术取材培养可提高检出率。玻璃体切除术及抗真菌药物治疗可有效控制感染,视力保持或提高。     

眼内炎16例临床分析

目的:探讨眼内炎的病因以及玻璃体切割术治疗眼内炎的临床疗效。方法:对我院2010-01/2012-12收治的眼内炎患者共16例16眼进行回顾性分析,其中男13例,女3例,年龄42～82(平均60)岁。其中5例患者行眼球内容物剜除术,11例患者行玻璃体切割术。结果:因眼外伤所致眼内炎8例,内源性眼内炎2例,白内障术后2例,抗青光眼术后2例,感染性角膜炎1例,白内障过熟期晶状体过敏性眼内炎1例。经玻璃体切割术后8例视力有不同程度提高,脱盲(视力>0.05)6例(55%)。结论:眼外伤是眼内炎的最常见原因,玻璃体切割手术治疗能不同程度恢复患者视功能。     

内源性眼内炎的临床分析

目的观察内源性眼内炎的临床特点,评价治疗效果,分析预后相关因素。方法对2000年6月至2006年3月在我院临床诊断为内源性眼内炎17例(17只眼)患者的病案资料进行回顾性分析,对预后相关因素进行统计学分析。结果眼内炎的预后与疾病的类型相关,与年龄和手术方式无相关。结论早期诊断,及时治疗,全身和局部的广谱抗生素联合激素治疗,适当采用各种手术方式,能使部分眼内炎向良性转归。     

Vitrectomy for Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predisposing risk factors and treatment outcomes of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE). Methods: Records of 25 patients (29 eyes), diagnosed with EFE and treated at Shanghai Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat Hospital from January 2002 to December 2006, were retrospectively reviewed. Four patients had bilateral disease. Final visual acuity and recurrence of EFE were evaluated. Results: Of these 25 patients diagnosed with EFE, 20 patients (22 eyes) were treated by pars plana vitrectomy. Of the remaining 5 patients (7 eyes), 3 cases (4 eyes) were cured by antifungal drugs through systemic treatment and intravitreal injection, but another 2 cases (3 eyes) were only given intravitreal injection because of severe general conditions. Of the 22 eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy, 16 (73%) eyes gained visual acuity of counting fingers or better. Recurrent EFE was happened in 2 eyes. Vitrectomy was repeated in 1 eye, another was subsequently enucleated due to phthisis. Vitreous culture-proven or smear-proven EFE occurred in 27 or 2 eyes, respectively. Candida albicans occurred in 17 of 29 eyes (59%), and other causative organisms were yeast fungus (3 eyes), Aspergillus niger (3 eyes), Actinomyces (2 eyes),Aspergillus flavus (1 eye), and Fusarium (1 eye). Conclusion: Candida albicans were the most common causative organisms in EFE. The most common predisposing risk factors include recent major operation and intravenous administration in rural settings. Most patients with EFE will gain useful vision (counting fingers) after pars plana vitrectomy.     

Endogenous candida endophthalmitis in South Taiwan: A 10-year retrospective study

PurposeTo investigate the clinical manifestations and the results of the management of endogenous candida endophthalmitis (ECE) at our hospital.MethodsThis study was a retrospective chart review conducted between September 2002 and September 2012.ResultsOur study included 24 eyes of 14 patients. The culture results revealed Candida albicans in 11 cases and Candida tropicalis in three cases. Diabetes mellitus, cancer, and intravenous catheter implantation were the most important risk factors for ECE. A systemic antifungal agent combined with intravitreal injection or vitrectomy was our method for treating these cases and the complications. The outcomes were generally poor, with a final visual acuity (VA) of better than 0.1 in 10 cases, counting finger to 0.1 in six cases, light perception to hand motion in six cases, and no light perception in two cases.ConclusionUnsatisfactory visual outcome in ECE is related to poor initial VA and complications. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are necessary for these patients.     

The monthly variation in acute anterior uveitis in a community-based ophthalmology practice

Background: A significant increase in the number of episodes of acute anterior uveitis was found in December for two consecutive years at a community-based ophthalmology practice. Purpose: To evaluate the monthly variation in episodes of acute anterior uveitis (AAU). Methods: The charts of all patients with AAU in a practice within a community-based multispecialty ophthalmology group in Albuquerque, New Mexico, were reviewed. Seventy-seven patients with acute, self limited, nontraumatic, unilateral, nongranulomatous anterior uveitis over a two-year period were identified. Results: Ninetyfour episodes of AAU occurred in 77 patients (42 men, 35 women).The median number of episodes of AAU was three episodes per month (range: 0–14 episodes/month). An increased number of episodes was found in December of both years (11 in December 1996 [p < 0.01] and 14 in December 1997 [p < 0.003]). Smaller clusters of AAU were seen in other months, but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: The presence of a seasonal variation in the number of episodes of AAU suggests that environmental factors are important. A search for such factors that increase the risk of AAU during selected periods may be useful for a better understanding of disease pathogenesis.     

Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis Associated with Genitourinary Procedures

Purpose: To summarize the characteristics of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE) after genitourinary procedures.

Methods: Medical records of patients diagnosed with EFE after genitourinary procedures from a single center during a 6-year period were reviewed.

Results: Nineteen eyes of 15 patients were included. The interval time between procedure to symptom was 3.6 ± 3.6 weeks. As the initial treatment, 9/19 eyes underwent primary vitrectomy and 10/19 eyes underwent intravitreal antifungal injection . Candida albicans was the pathogen in 15 of 19 eyes. Systemic treatment with itraconazole was used in all patients. LogMAR best corrected visual acuity improved from 2.2 ± 0.9 to 0.9 ± 1.2 after treatment (p = 0.002) in 15 eyes that were followed-up for an average of 4.9 ± 2.1 years.

Conclusion: Genitourinary procedure is a predisposing factor for EFE. Candida albicans is the predominant pathogen. Normative systemic and local antifungal treatments improved the final visual outcome.     

Culture-Proven Candida Albicans Endogenous Endophthalmitis in a Patient with Onychomycosis

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To report a case of Candida albicans endogenous endophthalmitis in an immunocompetent patient with onychomycosis.

Methods: Retrospective case report.

Results: A 40-year-old man with onychomycosis presented with C. albicans subretinal abscess in the left eye. Systemic and intravitreal injections did not prevent further progression of the infection. The patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy. One month after surgery, the intraocular inflammation gradually subsided. However, his visual acuity stayed at counting fingers as a result of macular scarring.

Conclusion: The aim of this case presentation is to emphasize that endogenous fungal endophthalmitis can be seen in an immunocompetent patient. The use of systemic steroids in the past was the main reason for the progression of the disease in this case. In these situations, when the clinical findings suggest a fungal etiology, it should keep in mind that endogenous candida endophthalmitis can be a result of fungal infections from distant sites such as the toenails and systemic steroids should not be started before definite diagnosis.     

白内障术后感染性眼内炎的治疗方法以及易感因素

目的：探讨白内障术后感染性眼内炎的治疗方法以及易感因素。 方法：回顾性分析2003-06/2013-06在我院确诊为白内障术后感染性眼内炎的患者8例8眼。所有患者均行手术治疗。术前均常规抽取房水及玻璃体液送细菌、真菌培养加药物敏感试验,观察分析患者病原菌及药敏情况,手术前后视力、术后感染控制情况及有无并发症等情况。 结果：术后随访6～12mo,8例患者手术后1,6mo视力与手术前视力比较显著提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;所有患者术后眼内炎症均得以控制,无1例出现术后并发症。8例患者中有7例检测到致病菌,其中4例为表皮葡萄球菌感染,3例为粪肠球菌D群感染;两种致病菌均对万古霉素敏感。易感因素有：高龄、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺病、肾功能衰竭、结核。 结论：尽早行前房冲洗联合玻璃体腔注药术或者玻璃体切割术联合玻璃体腔注药术均能够有效治疗感染性眼内炎。万古霉素是有效的抗菌药物。     

Outcomes of Primary Transconjunctival 23-Gauge Vitrectomy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Presumed Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis

Purpose: To report the outcomes of primary transconjunctival 23-gauge (23-G) vitrectomy in the diagnosis and treatment of presumed endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE).

Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients with EFE who underwent diagnostic transconjunctival 23-G vitrectomy at a tertiary referral center.

Results: Nineteen eyes of 15 patients with EFE were included in the study. Four patients had bilateral and 11 patients unilateral disease. Sixteen eyes of 15 patients underwent 23-G vitrectomy to confirm the diagnosis using vitreous culture, polymerase chain reaction, and histopathologic examinations. All affected eyes were treated with intravitreal amphotericin B 5 µg/0.1 mL. Fourteen patients received additional systemic antifungal therapy. Diagnostic 23-G vitrectomy confirmed the diagnosis of EFE in 75% of the eyes (12/16). Candida was found to be a causative agent in 62.5% and Aspergillus in 12.5% of the eyes. Retinal detachment was the most common complication (42% of eyes).

Conclusions: EFE can be easily confirmed using primary 23-G vitrectomy.