老老年人群动态血压参数与动脉僵硬度的相关性

目的探讨老老年人群动态血压参数与动脉僵硬度的相关性。方法筛选年龄≥80岁的老老年人238例,以血压≥160/95 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为标准,分为高血压组(134例)和对照组(104例),并进行臂-踝脉搏传导速度(baPWV)和24 h动态血压监测。用Pearson分析动态血压各参数与动脉僵硬度的相关性。结果高血压组baPWV高于对照组(P<0.05)。高血压组偶测收缩压,24 h、昼间和夜间收缩压、舒张压、脉压,收缩压负荷及舒张压负荷均高于对照组.夜间收缩压下降率、舒张压下降率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。baPWV与偶测血压;24 h收缩压、舒张压、脉压;昼间收缩压、舒张压、脉压、心率;夜间收缩压、舒张压、脉压;收缩压负荷、舒张压负荷呈正相关(P<0.05,P<0.01),而与夜间收缩压下降率呈负相关(P<0.01)。结论高血压是老老年人群动脉僵硬度增加的一个重要因素,动脉僵硬度与动态血压、脉压、心率及血压负荷相关。     

动脉顺应性评价降压疗效的临床意义

目的 探讨动脉顺应性评价降压疗效的临床意义。方法 受试者均为男性，分为正常对照组72例；高血压控制和未控制组各35例，使用美国产HDI－DO－2020动脉测试仪同步记录血压和动脉顺应性（大动脉弹性C1，小动脉弹性C2）。结果 高血压未控制组：收缩压（SBP），舒张压(DBP），平均动脉压（MAP）和脉压（PP）均明显高于正常对照组和高血压控制组（P均＜0．01）；而对照组和高血压控制组之间无统计学差异（P＞0．05）。高血压未控制组的C1和C2顺应性明显降低，与对照组和高血压控制组比较有统计学差异（P均＜0．01）；同样后两组之间无学差异（P＞0．05）。结论 动脉面应性可作为评价降低疗效的敏感指标。     

血压、动脉顺应性与颈动脉、桡动脉内膜-中层厚度关系

目的 分析血压、动脉顺应性及颈动脉、桡动脉内膜-中层厚度(intima-media thickness;IMT)之间关系。方法 采用血管外超声及动脉脉搏分析仪分别测量81例血压正常者及33例高血压患者的颈动脉、桡动脉IMT及动脉弹性指数C1、C2。结果 高血压组较血压正常组C1、C2降低，颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(CIMT；carotid IMT)、颈动脉内径(carotid diameter；CD)增加，两组桡动脉内膜-中层厚度(RIMT)及桡动脉内径(radial diameter；RD)相比无显著差异。血压正常组中无高血压家族史者较有高血压家族史者C1较高而收缩压(SBP)、脉压(PP)、CIMT较低。相关分析：C1、C2与年龄、SBP、PP呈负相关；CIMT与年龄、SBP、舒张压(DBP)、PP呈正相关；RIMT与SBP、DBP呈正相关。调整年龄、性别、BMI、CD、RD、及血生化指标后，C1、C2与SBP、DBP、PP呈负相关；CIMT与SBP、PP呈正相关，与DBP无显著相关性。而RIMT与血压相关无显著性。结论 CIMT及C1、C2可作为评价高血压和动脉粥样硬化血管结构与功能异常的无创性敏感性指标。     

Angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism,angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms,family history of hypertension,and childhood blood pressure

Earlier epidemiologic studies have yielded inconsistent results on the extent and timing of the blood pressure (BP) increase in offspring of hypertensive parents. We hypothesized that a familial influence on the BP of the offspring exists from birth on, but becomes significant only later in childhood. We studied the influence of familial occurrence of hypertension on the BP of 3596 children aged 6 to 18 years during a 6-year follow-up. In addition, we examined the possible associations of BP variations with polymorphisms of two candidate genes for hypertension, ie, those coding for the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and those coding for angiotensinogen.A positive family history of hypertension was reflected as the occurrence of higher systolic BP values from the age of 9 years and upward among the females and from the age of 12 years and upward among the males. The mean differences in BP varied from 3.2 to 5.8 mm Hg (systolic) and 2.1 to 5.9 mm Hg (diastolic) between the female offspring of normotensive and hypertensive parents and grandparents. The systolic BP values were significantly higher among females with a hypertensive history in two generations in comparison with females from normotensive families. Among the male offspring of hypertensive and normotensive families, the BP differences were inconsistent. The deletion/deletion males had higher systolic BP values than those with other ACE genotypes. In contrast, variation at the angiotensinogen gene locus was not significantly associated with BP.We conclude that parental history of hypertension is a risk factor for high blood pressure among the offspring from the ages of 9 to 12 years and upward, and hypertension within two generations may enhance this effect. Although the common genetic variation of ACE may influence blood pressure in male children and adolescents, our data do not suggest a role for the common variation of the angiotensinogen gene as a BP regulator during childhood.     

A 17-year follow-up study of hypertensive and normotensive male university students in Japan.

The aim of the present study was to determine the disease course of hypertensive male university students followed for 8 to 26 years (average, 17 years) after graduation. Subjects were classified into two groups. 1) A hypertensive group (H-group) consisting of 338 conclusively hypertensive male students followed from 1973 to 1990 at the Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University. Their ages ranged from 20 to 27 years, and all had high blood pressure (BP) of 140 mmHg or greater in systole (SBP) and/or 90 mmHg or greater in diastole (DBP) at a regular health check. This was confirmed by BP measurements for 3 days within 1 week. 2) A normotensive control group (N-group) consisting of 732 normotensive students (110-124 SBP/60-74mmHg DBP) for whom faculty, age, sex, height, weight, and examination period were matched to the H-group as closely as possible. In 1997, each subject was sent a questionnaire with items on height, weight, sitting BP, pulse rate, family history of hypertension, lifestyle habits (such as drinking and smoking), stress and personality type. Completing the questionnaire were 177 (52.4%) of the H-group and 206 (28.1%) of the N-group subjects. Hypertension continued in 44.6% of the H-group subjects, whereas 9.2% of the N-group subjects became hypertensive. The rate of hypertension at the end of the investigation was significantly higher in those subjects who had a family history of hypertension than in those who did not. Weight gain (+15.1%) was the highest in H-group subjects who were initially normotensive. These subjects showed a significantly higher incidence of smoking and drinking than the other subjects. These results confirmed lifestyle to be one of the most important factors in keeping BP normal throughout life and also suggested that fundamental health education should be introduced at an early age.     

Ambulatory blood pressure and family history of hypertension in healthy men and women

BACKGROUND: Family history of hypertension is a primary predictor of high blood pressure (BP). This study attempted to determine whether there is a gradual increase in BP between individuals with two hypertensive parents, one hypertensive parent, and normotensive parents and whether this increase is apparent with both ambulatory and casual BP assessments in men as well as in women. METHODS: A total of 220 healthy men and women, aged 22 to 50 years, completed two 24-h ambulatory BP sessions (one work day and one off work day). Based on family history information obtained from parents, three groups were formed: subjects with two hypertensive parents, one hypertensive parent, and normotensive parents. Work and off work days did not differ; analyses were based on mean values of the 2 days. RESULTS: Men with two hypertensive parents had higher daytime and night-time ambulatory BP than men with normotensive parents. Those with one hypertensive parent had intermediate BP levels. Ambulatory BP was not associated with family history in women. Also, men with one or two hypertensive parents had higher ambulatory BP than women with hypertensive parents, whereas offspring of normotensive parents exhibited no sex differences in BP. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated systolic and diastolic BP throughout the day and night seems to characterize men with two hypertensive parents. In evaluating the relationship between family history of hypertension and BP, it is important to use ambulatory BP measures, differentiate between individuals with one and with two hypertensive parents, and focus on gender differences in BP.     

Blood pressure level and relation to other cardiovascular risk factors in male hypertensive patients without clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease

Arterial hypertension is accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality and constitutes a substantial part of medical care. Antihypertensive intervention reduces the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aims of the study were to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the blood pressure (BP), and to evaluate the percentage of patients who had achieved a BP level as recommended by the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). BP was evaluated in relation to age, body mass index, duration of hypertension, cholesterol and triglyceride level, smoking status, information of regular exercise, a family history of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and drug treatment, in 220 men treated for arterial hypertension. In the univariate analyses we found a higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) with older age, higher SBP in smoking patients and lower SBP in patients with regular exercise. In a multivariate model age (p = 0.0004), smoking status (p = 0.01) and regular exercise (p= 0.06) were independently associated with SBP. There was a lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with older age, and age was independently associated with DBP. Office SBP was above 140 mmHg in 83% and above 160 mmHg in 44% of patients. During ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (AMBP), SBP was above 135 mmHg in 40% and above 155 mmHg in 15% of patients. In addition to male sex and hypertension there was a high percentage of other cardiovascular risk factors--43% was smoking, 21% had a family history of IHD, 77% had a se-cholesterol above 5.5 mmol/l and 48% had a se-triglyceride above 1.6 mmol/l. In a consecutive group of asymptomatic male treated hypertensive patients SBP is independently associated with age and smoking status, and DBP with age. A high percentage of the patients do not have a well controlled BP, and a high percentage have additional risk factors such as smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and a family history of IHD. This means that there is room for much improvement in the control of hypertension.     

降压治疗对颈动脉内膜中层厚度和动脉顺应性影响的研究

目的　探讨降压治疗对颈动脉内膜中层厚度 (IMT)和动脉顺应性影响的关系及其临床意义。方法　分别选取正常对照组 45例、高血压控制组 35例和高血压未控制组 36例 ,使用美国产CVProfilorDO 2 0 2 0动脉测试仪同步记录血压和动脉顺应性 [大动脉弹性 (C1 ) ,小动脉弹性 (C2 ) ],美国产HP5 5 0 0超声多普勒高分辨率 7 5MHz扫描探头测量颈动脉IMT和血管内径变化。结果　高血压未控制组颈动脉IMT明显增厚 ,与高血压控制组和正常对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,后二组间无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。颈动脉内径在高血压未控制组与对照组间有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,高血压未控制组与控制组间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,三组间收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)和脉压 (PP)比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,高血压未控制组C1 和C2 均低于对照组和高血压控制组 (P <0 0 1) ,后二组间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。三组的SBP、PP均与C1 呈负相关 (r= 0 314,P <0 0 5 ;r = 0 4 82 ,P <0 0 1;r = 0 342 ,P <0 0 5 ;r= 0 384,P <0 0 5 ;r = 0 315 ,P <0 0 5 ;r = 0 36 5 ,P <0 0 5 )。对照组颈动脉IMT与C1 呈负相关 (r = 0 36 9,P <0 0 1) ;对照组和高血压控制组的颈动脉IMT与C2 呈负相关 (r= 0 4 5     

How family history and risk factors for hypertension relate to ambulatory blood pressure in healthy adults

BACKGROUND: Although family history is a major predictor of hypertension, other risk factors have been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP). This study explored the relationship of norepinephrine (NE), insulin resistance and lipids to family history of hypertension, and attempted to determine the combined effects of family history and these factors on BP. METHODS: A total of 220 healthy men and women, aged 22-50 years, completed two 24 h ambulatory BP sessions. Based on family history information obtained from parents, three groups were formed: subjects with two hypertensive parents, one hypertensive parent or normotensive parents. Plasma samples were obtained to derive fasting catecholamine levels, insulin, glucose and lipids. RESULTS: Individuals with two hypertensive parents had high insulin, insulin resistance and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although NE was not directly linked to family history, high NE levels were associated with increased BP, after controlling for family history and body mass index. Women with two hypertensive parents and elevated NE levels had higher systolic BP and diastolic BP during waking and sleep periods. In men the combination of two hypertensive parents and high NE was related only to diastolic BP during waking. CONCLUSIONS: NE results provide evidence of sympathetic activation in the identification of individuals at risk for hypertension. Studying family history of hypertension and other risk factors in healthy individuals provides a unique opportunity to explore factors leading to elevated BP long before a diagnosis of hypertension is made.     

Impaired arterial elasticity in young patients with white-coat hypertension

BACKGROUND: Conflict still exists over whether patients with white-coat hypertension are at increased risk of developing target organ damage compared with normotensive individuals. METHODS: We studied vascular distensibility in 117 young-to-middle age patients with white-coat hypertension, 174 patients with sustained hypertension, and 51 normotensive controls. To obtain a measure of compliance, a model was used that divides the total systemic compliance into large artery (C1) and small artery (C2) compliance. With this aim, radial arterial pulse waves were recorded with a tonometer sensor array by means of an HDI CR2000 device (Eagan, Minnesota, USA). Moreover, pulse wave velocity and the augmentation index were measured using the Specaway DAT system (St Pauls, Sydney, Australia). RESULTS: Patients with sustained hypertension had a greater body mass index than patients with white-coat hypertension (P=0.04) or the normotensive individuals (P=0.01). C1 and C2 were decreased in the two hypertensive groups as compared with those in the normotensive group (P=0.0002 and 0.03, respectively, versus sustained hypertension; P=0.00007 and 0.0004, respectively, versus white-coat hypertension). Pulse wave velocity and aortic augmentation index were increased in the white-coat hypertension patients compared with the normotensive individuals (P=0.02 and 0.004, respectively). Aortic augmentation index (P=0.008) but not pulse wave velocity was increased in the sustained hypertensive patients compared with that in the normotensive individuals. All indexes of arterial distensibility were similar in the two hypertensive groups. CONCLUSIONS: Indexes of arterial distensibility are impaired in the white-coat hypertensive group and similar to those in the sustained hypertensive group, indicating that early changes in the arterial wall can occur in white-coat hypertension. This may account for the higher risk of stroke that has been described in this condition.     

Blood Pressure Level and Relation to other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Male Hypertensive Patients without Clinical Evidence of Ischemic Heart Disease

Arterial hypertension is accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality and constitutes a substantial part of medical care. Antihypertensive intervention reduces the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aims of the study were to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the blood pressure (BP), and to evaluate the percentage of patients who had achieved a BP level as recommended by the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). BP was evaluated in relation to age, body mass index, duration of hypertension, cholesterol and triglyceride level, smoking status, information of regular exercise, a family history of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and drug treatment, in 220 men treated for arterial hypertension. In the univariate analyses we found a higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) with older age, higher SBP in smoking patients and lower SBP in patients with regular exercise. In a multivariate model age (p = 0.0004), smoking status (p = 0.01) and regular exercise (p = 0.06) were independently associated with SBP. There was a lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with older age, and age was independently associated with DBP. Office SBP was above 140 mmHg in 83% and above 160 mmHg in 44% of patients. During ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (AMBP), SBP was above 135 mmHg in 40% and above 155 mmHg in 15% of patients. In addition to male sex and hypertension there was a high percentage of other cardiovascular risk factors-43% was smoking, 21% had a family history of IHD, 77% had a se-cholesterol above 5.5 mmol/l and 48% had a se-triglyceride above 1.6 mmol/l. In a consecutive group of asymptomatic male treated hypertensive patients SBP is independently associated with age and smoking status, and DBP with age. A high percentage of the patients do not have a well controlled BP, and a high percentage have additional risk factors such as smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and a family history of IHD. This means that there is room for much improvement in the control of hypertension.     

Hypertension risk status and effect of caffeine on blood pressure

We compared the acute effects of caffeine on arterial blood pressure (BP) in 5 hypertension risk groups composed of a total of 182 men. We identified 73 men with optimal BP, 28 with normal BP, 36 with high-normal BP, and 27 with stage 1 hypertension on the basis of resting BP; in addition, we included 18 men with diagnosed hypertension from a hypertension clinic. During caffeine testing, BP was measured after 20 minutes of rest and again at 45 to 60 minutes after the oral administration of caffeine (3.3 mg/kg or a fixed dose of 250 mg for an average dose of 260 mg). Caffeine raised both systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively; P<0.0001 for both) in all groups. However, an ANCOVA revealed that the strongest response to caffeine was observed among diagnosed men, followed by the stage 1 and high-normal groups and then by the normal and optimal groups (SBP F(4),(175)=5.06, P<0.0001; DBP F(4,175)=3.02, P<0.02). Indeed, diagnosed hypertensive men had a pre-to-postdrug change in BP that was >1.5 times greater than the optimal group. The potential clinical relevance of caffeine-induced BP changes is seen in the BPs that reached the hypertensive range (SBP >/=140 mm Hg or DBP >/=90 mm Hg) after caffeine. During the predrug baseline, 78% of diagnosed hypertensive men and 4% of stage 1 men were hypertensive, whereas no others were hypertensive. After caffeine ingestion, 19% of the high-normal, 15% of the stage 1, and 89% of the diagnosed hypertensive groups fell into the hypertensive range. All subjects from the optimal and normal groups remained normotensive. We conclude that hypertension risk status should take priority in future research regarding pressor effects of dietary intake of caffeine.     

Quantitative study of circadian variations of ambulatory blood pressure in Chinese healthy, hypertensive, and diabetes subjects

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) recorded abundant data of BP and heart rate (HR) variations with even more derived parameters for evaluation of BP. Using our ABP database system established recently, we studied quantitatively the data of 24-hr ABP in Chinese. First, 155 Chinese were divided into three groups: 50 healthy subjects (C) of 20 men and 30 women, aged 60.0 +/- 10.3 (SD) years; 58 hypertensive patients (H, mild or moderate hypertension) of 33 men and 25 women, aged 59.4 +/- 8.0 years; 47 diabetes patients (D, type 2 diabetes, all were normotensive and with no insulin treatment) with 28 men and 19 women, aged 61.0 +/- 8.5 years. Then 24-hr ABP was monitored by TM-2421 Monitor and data were analyzed by ABP database, cosinor method, and conventional statistics. Our results were 4-fold: 1) systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), HR, rate-pressure product (HR x SBP) showed circadian variations, and significant circadian rhythms were confirmed by cosinor method in all groups. MESOR (midline estimate statistic of rhythm) differed significantly among three groups (H had the highest and C had the lowest values); 2) BP means (SBP, DBP, pulse pressure [PP], and HR x SBP) and BP loads (SBP, DBP, and PP) showed significant differences among the groups (H and D had higher values than that of C); 3) there were no significant differences of BP variability (BPV) of SBP, DBP, and PP among the groups; 4) areas under curve of BP (SBP, DBP, and PP) in H were significantly higher than in C and there was no significant difference between H and D. We concluded that ABPM can offer abundant information on BP evaluation by its direct recording data and derived parameters. The computerized way of treating the large numbers of ABPM values supplies a useful tool in evaluation of BP. Our results suggest that clinically normotensive diabetes patients had some pathological alterations in their BP systems.     

Quantitative Study of Circadian Variations of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Chinese Healthy,Hypertensive, and Diabetes Subjects

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) recorded abundant data of BP and heart rate (HR) variations with even more derived parameters for evaluation of BP. Using our ABP database system established recently, we studied quantitatively the data of 24-hr ABP in Chinese. First, 155 Chinese were divided into three groups: 50 healthy subjects (C) of 20 men and 30 women, aged 60.0 ± 10.3 (SD) years; 58 hypertensive patients (H, mild or moderate hypertension) of 33 men and 25 women, aged 59.4 ± 8.0 years; 47 diabetes patients (D, type 2 diabetes, all were normotensive and with no insulin treatment) with 28 men and 19 women, aged 61.0 ± 8.5 years. Then 24-hr ABP was monitored by TM-2421 Monitor and data were analyzed by ABP database, cosinor method, and conventional statistics. Our results were 4-fold: 1) systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), HR, rate-pressure product (HR × SBP) showed circadian variations, and significant circadian rhythms were confirmed by cosinor method in all groups. MESOR (midline estimate statistic of rhythm) differed significantly among three groups (H had the highest and C had the lowest values); 2) BP means (SBP, DBP, pulse pressure [PP], and HR × SBP) and BP loads (SBP, DBP, and PP) showed significant differences among the groups (H and D had higher values than that of C); 3) there were no significant differences of BP variability (BPV) of SBP, DBP, and PP among the groups; 4) areas under curve of BP (SBP, DBP, and PP) in H were significantly higher than in C and there was no significant difference between H and D. We concluded that ABPM can offer abundant information on BP evaluation by its direct recording data and derived parameters. The computerized way of treating the large numbers of ABPM values supplies a useful tool in evaluation of BP. Our results suggest that clinically normotensive diabetes patients had some pathological alterations in their BP systems.     

Familial burden of hypertension and its effect on blood pressure levels,insulin resistance,and intracellular ions in Greek offspring

We examined the effect of familial burden of hypertension on blood pressure (BP) levels, insulin resistance (IR), and intracellular ions in healthy offspring of Greek families with one, two, or no hypertensive parents. A total of 118 adolescents and young adults were recruited. Three groups were formed: Group A, both parents were normotensive (N-N); Group B, one parent normotensive and one hypertensive (N-H); and Group C, both parents hypertensive (H-H). BP levels, homeostasis assessment model-IR (HOMA-IR) index, and intracellular Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were compared in the three groups. Also, multiple regression analyses were used to create models with BP parameters and HOMA-IR as dependent variables. Offspring of H-H parents had higher body mass index (BMI) (mean difference, 4.3 ± 0.9 kg/m²; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0–6.5), higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean difference, 13.2 ± 3.1 mm Hg; 95% CI, 5.8–20.7), increased levels of intraerythrocyte Ca²⁺ (mean difference, 0.02 ± 0.01 mmol/l; 95% CI, 0.05–0.1), and fasting blood glucose (mean difference, 0.31 ± 0.10 mmol/l; 95% CI, 0.05–0.56) when compared with those with no parental history of hypertension. In the regression model, SBP was found to be significantly affected by BMI (β = 0.43; P < .001), iK⁺ (β = ?0.224; P < .01), and gender (β = ?0.298; P < .001). The addition of the parental history showed a significant independent association of H-H parental history with SBP (β = 0.27; P < .05). HOMA-IR was significantly determined by BMI (β = 0.511; P < .05), iNa⁺ (β = 0.211; P < .05), and iMg²⁺ (β = ?0.205; P < .05). Parental history of hypertension did not influence the HOMA-IR index. This study highlights the relative importance and contribution of environmental and genetic influences on the development of high BP. Both these influences possibly alter the intracellular ionic environment. However, nurture rather than familial hypertension burden is the key factor of IR in Greek offspring.     

成都地区人群动脉弹性及其常见影响因素初步观察

目的　观察大、小动脉弹性指数与其影响因素的关系。方法　采用HDIDO 2 0 2 0弹性功能测定仪测定18～ 80岁正常人 ( 2 99)例及某些病理状态患者 ( 74 1例 )大、小动脉弹性 (C1,C2 )。结果　总人群及正常人群C1,C2均随年龄增加而递减 ,男性均值高于女性 ,尤其中青年者。正常人群高于总人群 ,身高与C1,C2呈正相关 ,身高相同男、女差异消失。单因相关分析C1,C2均与年龄、SBP、DBP、脉压、身高相关。正常人群 10 - 14天后复查 ,C1,C2测定均值稳定。结论　C1,C2随年龄、血压、脉压增加而递减 ,C1,C2与身高呈正相关 ,女性C1,C2低于男性 ,身高相同及老年、高血压者 ,男女差别不明显。     

Cardiovascular characteristics in American youth with prehypertension

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular structure and function in youth with prehypertension have been incompletely investigated. METHODS: Casual and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurement, arterial stiffness, noninvasive hemodynamic profiles, and cardiac structure were studied in a twin cohort of American black and white youth (n = 942; mean age, 17.6 +/- 3.3 years SD). A family history of essential hypertension was used as a proxy to study genetic susceptibility to prehypertension. RESULTS: The occurrence of prehypertension was approximately 12% in the entire sample. Body mass index and waist circumference were significantly greater in prehypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects. The 24-h ambulatory systolic BP (SBP), 24-h ambulatory diastolic BP (DBP), nighttime ambulatory SBP, and nighttime ambulatory DBP were significantly elevated in prehypertensive subjects compared with normotensive subjects. In whites, prehypertensive subjects compared with normotensive subjects showed increased radial (6.8 +/- 0.1 v 6.2 +/- 0.1 m/sec, P < .001) and foot pulse-wave velocity (PWV) (7.4 +/- 0.1 v 7.0 +/- 0.1 m/sec, P = .001). In whites, the total peripheral resistance index was greater in prehypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects (P = .005). White prehypertensive subjects had a significantly greater heart rate than white normotensive subjects (69.0 +/- 1.4 v 64.0 +/- 0.6 bpm). In contrast, in blacks, the cardiac index was higher in prehypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects (3.3 +/- 0.1 v 3.0 +/- 0.1 L/min/m2, P = .004). In blacks and whites, there were no statistical differences in the parameters of left-ventricular structure between normotensive subjects and prehypertensive subjects. Finally, prehypertensive subjects were more likely to have a positive family history of essential hypertension, especially in blacks. CONCLUSIONS: Prehypertension compared with normotension exhibited unfavorable cardiovascular phenotypes. Cardiovascular characteristics of prehypertension appear to be race-dependent.     

The Bergen Blood Pressure Study: Definition of Hypertensive and Normotensive Families Based on 27 Years' Follow-up

The familial aggregation of hypertension is well documented. However, many studies on the familial predisposition have suffered from insufficient knowledge of parental blood pressure (BP). In the present study, the family history is defined according to parental data from two BP surveys conducted almost 30 years apart. Data from a population screening in Bergen in 1963-64 were linked with information on marital status to define couples with or without a history of hypertension. Within the screened population a total of 344 married couples, 688 individuals, matched defined age and BP criteria. Four hundred and thirty individuals, representing 270 of the 344 families initial included (79%), attended a follow-up examination in 1990. Six hundred and ninety-one offspring were registered. In all families represented at follow-up, parental BP data from the 1963-64 screening were available. In 160 families (n_offspring = 393), both parents also attended the follow-up examination in 1990. In 23 families (n_offspring = 54) both parents were hypertensive in 1963-64 as well as in 1990. In 22 families (n_offspring = 55) both parents were normotensive at both examinations. Thus, a family data base which is assumed to be useful for studies on offspring with or without a family history of hypertension, has been established. The offspring studies include BP, 24-h ambulatory BP, electrocardiography, echocardiography, endocrine parameters, electrolytes and anthropometric variables.     

Effects of coffee on ambulatory blood pressure in older men and women: A randomized controlled trial

This study assessed the effects of regular coffee drinking on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in normotensive and hypertensive older men and women. Twenty-two normotensive and 26 hypertensive, nonsmoking men and women, with a mean age of 72.1 years (range, 54 to 89 years), took part in the study. After 2 weeks of a caffeine-free diet, subjects were randomized to continue with the caffeine-free diet and abstain from caffeine-containing drinks or drink instant coffee (5 cups per day, equivalent to 300 mg caffeine per day) in addition to the caffeine-free diet for a further 2 weeks. Change in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) determined by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring showed significant interactions between coffee drinking and hypertension status. In the hypertensive group, rise in mean 24-hour SBP was greater by 4.8 (SEM, 1.3) mm Hg (P=0.031) and increase in mean 24-hour DBP was higher by 3.0 (1.0) mm Hg (P=0.010) in coffee drinkers than in abstainers. There were no significant differences between abstainers and coffee drinkers in the normotensive group for 24-hour, daytime, or nighttime SBP or DBP. In older men and women with treated or untreated hypertension, ABP increased in coffee drinkers and decreased in abstainers. Restriction of coffee intake may be beneficial in older hypertensive individuals.     

Resting blood pressure and bone mineral content are inversely related in overweight and obese Hispanic women

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that hypertension is related to abnormalities of calcium metabolism such as increased calcium losses from kidney and secondary activation of parathyroid glands. In animal studies, high blood pressure (BP) has been shown to increase the risk of bone mineral loss; however whether hypertension is associated with reduced bone mineral content (BMC) in human beings is inconclusive. The relationship between BP and BMC has not been previously studied in Hispanic individuals. METHODS: Total body BMC of 33 overweight and obese (mean BMI= 31.1 kg/m(2)) premenopausal Hispanic women 22 to 51 years of age from Los Angeles, CA, was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Seated systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. RESULTS: Partial correlations revealed an inverse relationship among BMC and SBP (r = -0.61, P < .001), DBP (r = -0.52, P < .01), and hypertension (r = -0.69, P < .0001). In multiple linear regressions, SBP was negatively related (beta = -0.31, P = .001) to BMC and explained 10% of the variance. The DBP did not make a significant contribution to the variance. When fat mass and fat-free mass were controlled for, hypertensive women (n = 9) had significantly lower BMC (2119 g v 2441 g; P < .0001) than normotensive women (n = 23). CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that BMC is partially and inversely correlated with resting SBP and DBP in premenopausal Hispanic women; in addition hypertensive women have lower adjusted means of BMC than normotensive women. Sustained hypercalciuria and ensuing hyperparathyroidism as consequences of high BP may be the mechanisms that explain the pathophysiology of increased bone mineral loss in hypertension.