A 75-year-old man with renal insufficiency and eosinophilia after coronary angiography

Case presentation 　　A 75-year-old male patient received esophageal carcinoma surgery in Oct 2005. The next day of the operation, he had dyspnea, chest discomfort and sweating when he was on some activities. 　　……     

Usefulness of rotational spin for coronary angiography in patients with advanced renal insufficiency

Coronary angiography in patients with advanced renal insufficiency is typically restricted to cases of life-threatening circumstances such as acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. To gather a large amount of visual information with a minimum number of cine runs, and consequently, with a minimum volume of contrast medium, we rotated the gantry at 40 degrees /s throughout an angle of 120 degrees, from the right toward the left anterior oblique positions. This technique of rotational spin during cinegraphic runs has not yet become established in invasive cardiology. Three experienced cardiologists independently evaluated all coronary segments in rotational versus standard coronary angiography modes for 15 patients, on the basis of an 11-point scale (0 = cardiac spin far better to 10 = standard mode far better). A score of 5 signified that there was no difference in quality between the 2 modes. The arithmetic mean of the assessment values was 4.9 +/- 0.3 for coronary segments, 5.4 +/- 1.3 for coronary lesions, 5.1 +/- 1.4 for bifurcations, and 5.0 +/- 0.1 for coronary flow. The arithmetic means for the volume of contrast medium (25 +/- 4 ml), for the overall dose area product (8.6 +/- 4.5 Gy x cm(2)), and for the number of cine graphic frames (203 +/- 65) for a diagnostic cardiac spin were significantly below published typical values in standard mode. Cardiac spin enables 3-dimensional coronary impression under conditions of adequate image quality and represents a new, useful, and beneficial method in invasive cardiology for applications involving the special indication of advanced renal insufficiency.     

A 75 year old man with renal insufficiency and eosinophilia after coronary angiography

1 病例要 患 男性，75岁。2005年10月行食道癌手术，术后第二天于下地活动中出现胸闷、心前区不适、憋气及大汗。心电图示V1—6导联ST段抬高，T波倒置。查心肌酶升高，诊断为急性前壁心肌梗死。予抗凝、抗血小板及扩血管治疗，约3h症状缓解。入院1周前发现左下肢浮肿，血管彩超示左侧股浅静脉及胭静脉闭塞性血栓形成，继续抗凝扩血管治疗，浮肿较前减轻。为进一步诊治于2005年11月3日收入院。入院诊断：冠心病，急性前壁心肌梗死；食道癌术后；左下肢静脉血栓形成。入院后查血尿便常规、肝肾功能均正常。下肢血管彩超示双下肢动脉粥样硬化，右侧股浅动脉下段重度狭窄，右侧胫后动脉显示不满意（闭塞？）。超声心动图示左室前壁远端及心尖部节段运动不良，LVEF（Simpson法）48％。于11月14日行冠状动脉造影示左前降支开口100％闭塞。双肾动脉造影正常。行PCI未成功。     

Gadodiamide-based coronary angiography in a patient with severe renal insufficiency

The risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is extremely high in patients with preexisting renal insufficiency. Gadolinium-based coronary angiography has been proposed as an approach to prevent CIN in this high risk subgroup. We report the use of gadodiamide-based coronary angiography in a patient with severe renal insufficiency and in vitro comparisons of combinations of iodinated contrast with gadodiamide and saline.     

老年慢性肾功能不全患者冠状动脉内药物洗脱支架术远期疗效

目的观察>65岁慢性肾功能不全患者行冠状动脉内药物洗脱支架术的远期疗效。方法将585例年龄> 65岁行冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者,根据肌酐清除率分为慢性肾功能不全组(355例)和对照组(230例),前者又分药物脱支架组和普通金属支架组,记录各例患者住院期一般资料、冠状动脉造影和PCI情况及随访期所有原因死亡、中风和主要心脏不良事件。比较药物洗脱支架和普通金属支架对慢性肾功能不全组患者的临床疗效。结果与对照组比较,慢性肾功能不全组患者年龄增大,体重减轻,女性、吸烟和不稳定性心绞痛较多。平均随访17个月,慢性肾功能不全组较对照组所有原因病死率(8．17％和3．48％,P<0．05)和心源性病死率(6．48％和2．17％, P<0．05)显著增高,但主要心脏不良事件(13．80％和10．86％,P>0．05)及靶血管再次血运重建率(5．63％和6．08％,P>0．05)无显著差异。慢性肾功能不全组中,药物洗脱支架组(224例)较普通金属支架组(131例)主要心脏不良事件发生率(8．92％和19．84％,P<0．05)和靶血管再次血运重建率(3．12％和9．92％,P<0．05)显著减少,但心源性死亡(4．91％和8．39％,P>0．05)和所有原因死亡(6．25％和11．45％,P>0．05)发生率无显著性差异。结论年慢性肾功能不全患者行PCI术后死亡率增加;与普通金属支架比较,药物洗脱支架可以显著降低靶血管再次血运重建和主要心脏不良事件发生率,但对心源性死亡和所有原因死亡无明显影响。     

慢性肾功能不全合并急性冠脉综合征的抗栓治疗

冠心病是慢性肾功能不全(chronic renal failure,CRF)患者常见的合并症和死亡原因[1-3],透析治疗时其心血管疾病死亡率为普通人群的10～30倍[4].CRF患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)围手术期出血和远期再狭窄发生率及死亡率明显增高,且与肾功能减退程度相关[5,6].CRF常合并高血压及脂代谢紊乱、肾素一血管紧张素一醛固酮(RAAS)系统激活、循环炎症介质和氧化应激增加.     

肾功能不全患者冠心病的抗栓药物治疗

慢性肾脏病常并发冠心病,需要积极治疗包括抗栓药物治疗,以减少心血管事件发生率及病死率。但是,肾功能不全患者出血风险增加,如果抗栓药物使用不当,即可诱发严重出血。文章将对肾功能不全时如何使用抗血小板药物、抗凝药物及纤溶药物作一讨论。     

急性冠脉综合征合并慢性肾功能不全抗栓药物治疗进展

急性冠脉综合征（ACS）是严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病。慢性肾功能不全（CKD）已经成为ACS的高危因素,并且与不良心血管事件预后高度相关。抗血小板治疗对于ACS患者的早期以及远期预后至关重要,但是由于大多数药物经肾脏代谢,更重要的是CKD即存在出血倾向,同时又有高凝状态,因此更加合理的抗栓治疗对这类患者更为重要。由于大多数关于ACS抗血小板药物的大型临床研究将其作为排除标准,进而使得可用于指导CKD并发ACS患者抗血小板治疗的循证医学证据有限,为该类患者的治疗和管理带来临床的困惑。基于此,本文将近期的ACS并发CKD患者抗栓治疗临床研究进展作一综述。     

Comparison of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity of iodixanol and iopromide in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography

This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was performed to compare the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after the administration of the iso-osmolar contrast medium iodixanol to the low-osmolar contrast medium iopromide during coronary angiography in patients with impaired renal function. Patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) <60 ml/min who underwent coronary angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to receive either iodixanol (n = 215) or iopromide (n = 205). The primary study end point was the incidence of CIN, which was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine (SCr) ≥0.5 mg/dl (44.2 mol/L) or a relative increase ≥25% compared to baseline SCr. The secondary end points were the proportion of patients with increases in SCr ≥0.5 mg/dl, the proportion with SCr increases ≥1.0 mg/dl (88.4 mol/L), and the peak increase in SCr. Age, the presence of diabetes mellitus, mean baseline SCr, CrCl, the use of N-acetylcysteine, contrast volume, and the predicted risk score for CIN were similar in the 2 groups. CIN developed in 39 patients (9.3%); there was no significant difference between the iodixanol and iopromide groups (10.7% and 7.8%, respectively; absolute difference 2.9%, 95% confidence interval -3.1% to 8.9%, p = 0.394). The proportions of patients with SCr increases ≥0.5 mg/dl (6.5% vs 6.3%) and ≥1.0 mg/dl (2.8% vs 2.9%) were similar in the 2 groups. There was a tendency for more patients with relative increases ≥25% (10.2% vs 6.8%) and greater peak increases in SCr (0.037 ± 0.375 vs 0.029 ± 0.351 mg/dl) to be in the iodixanol group, but these differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the incidences of CIN after coronary angiography did not significantly differ between the iodixanol and iopromide groups in patients with impaired renal function.     

Furosemide effects in patients with chronic renal insufficiency

In 8 patients with a slight restriction of the renal function (serum creatinine 150-300 mumol/l), 10 patients with a severe restriction of the renal function (serum creatinine greater than 300-1,200 mumol/l) and in 10 control persons with intact renal function on 2 subsequent days after 40 and 80 mg furosemide the pharmacokinetic data were calculated intravenously from the course of the serum concentration and the renale excretion as well as pharmacodynamic parameters. In comparison to the control persons in patients with creatinine values of more than 200 mumol/l still 4 hours after intravenous injection furosemide could be proved in the serum. According to this the excretion of the unchanged furosemide was clearly decreased in the 24-hour-urine. In decreased renal clearance of furosemide the elimination half-life period was prolonged. In all three groups of patients the diuretic effect of furosemide was very distinctly marked in the first four hours after injection of 40 mg, a doubling of the dose did not increase this effect. Only in the first four hours also an increased excretion of sodium, chloride and calcium occurred; in the 24-hour-collection period no differences between the three groups were the result. The excretion of creatinine and urea-N in the urine was not influenced by furosemide. Thus also in the chronic renal insufficiency there is the indication of the furosemide therapy only then, when the extracellular space or the intravasal volume are enlarged. As individual dose 40 mg are recommended intravenously.     

Low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has largely replaced unfractionated heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. The predictable anticoagulant effect of LMWH is seen across almost all patient populations, with few exceptions. However, because LMWH is primarily eliminated through the kidneys, patients with renal insufficiency are at risk of LMWH accumulation and bleeding complications. The risk of LMWH accumulation and bleeding is dependent on several factors including the degree of renal insufficiency, dose and type of LMWH. These risks are greatest when therapeutic doses of LMWH are used in patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min. Prophylactic dose LMWH does not appear to be associated with an increased bleeding risk, but has not been evaluated in large trials. LMWHs with a higher molecular weight may be less prone to accumulation and bleeding. LMWH must be used carefully in patients with renal insufficiency, particularly in those with severe renal impairment.     

The significance of elevated troponin T in patients with nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency: a validation with coronary angiography

BACKGROUND: Patients with elevated troponin are at high risk of adverse outcomes, future cardiac events, and are more likely to have hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses. Elevated troponin T (cTnT) in patients with poor renal function portends a poor prognosis; however, findings of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) by coronary angiography have not been demonstrated in patients with poor renal function and elevated cTnT. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to correlate the angiographic findings of patients with elevated cTnT with respect to renal function in patients with nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 342 patients with elevated cTnT who underwent coronary angiography in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. Patients were divided into poor (< 40 ml/min) and normal (> 40 ml/min) renal function by measuring their glomerular filtration rate. Our primary outcome was CAD stenosis, defined as epicardial stenosis > or = 70%. Secondary outcomes were rates of contrast nephropathy, initiation of hemodialysis, revascularization, length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of CAD between patients who had positive cTnT with poor renal function versus patients with positive cTnT and normal renal function (87.1 vs. 89.7%, p = 0.54). This finding persisted after stratifying by age. Patients with impaired renal function had a higher mortality, longer LOS, and a higher rate contrast nephropathy requiring hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: The association between elevated cTnT and significant CAD stenosis does not vary with renal function.     

Valsartan cardio-renal protection in patients undergoing coronary angiography complicated with chronic renal insufficiency (VAL-CARP) trial: rationale and design.

BACKGROUND: Despite an increase in the frequency of coronary angiography (CAG) in Japan, the exact incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains unknown in the Japanese population, especially in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. In addition, the nature of pharmacological interventions that would benefit the patients before or after procedures such as coronary bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been fully investigated. METHODS: In the trial 500 patients with renal insufficiency (defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of between 89 and 30 ml . min(-1) . (1.73 m(-2)) following CAG will be randomly assigned to receive either valsartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor plus valsartan.1 The primary end-point is a change in the GFR of patients, which will be followed up for 3 years, including following CABG surgery or PCI. The incidence of cardiac events as well as the adverse effects of pharmacological intervention will be evaluated. In addition, the incidence of renal artery stenosis at the time of CAG will be reported also; however, the patients with renal artery stenosis will be excluded from the present study. CONCLUSION: The present study will provide data on: 1) the exact incidence and course of renal function of CIN after CAG; and 2) the comparative therapeutic benefit of pharmacological intervention with valsartan alone or with valsartan and an ACE inhibitor in combination in patients with coexisting coronary artery diseases and chronic renal insufficiency, regardless of whether they receive CABG or PCI. In addition to these studies, an estimate of the incidence of renal artery stenosis in these patients will be demonstrated.     

Growth impairment with elevated somatomedin levels in children with chronic renal insufficiency.

In children with chronic renal insufficiency serum levels of somatomedin measured by radioreceptor assay were found to be strikingly elevated and were in the same range as in acromegaly in spite of decreased growth. The serum somatomedin level was inversely correlated with renal function and children on haemodialysis had the highest values. The elevated somatomedin was most likely due to progressive destruction of the kidney, the primary catabolic site for somatomedin and other polypeptides. After successful transplantation the somatomedin values fell to slightly above normal even though growth was still impaired. Using a bioassay based on the mitogenic property of somatomedin, a lower than normal rather than an increased level was found in chronic renal insufficiency suggesting that in uraemia an inhibitor to somatomedin bioactivity was present. It is concluded that the cause of the growth failure in chronic renal insufficiency and after transplantation is not due to a lack of somatomedin, but an inhibitor to its action could be a factor. It would appear that a normal somatomedin may be necessary for normal growth, but it is not sufficient.     

慢性肾功能不全患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的疗效观察

目的 探讨冠心病合并慢性肾功能不全(CRI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的临床特点和预后.方法 分析1160例CRI、1200例肾功能正常冠心病患者的临床特点和PCI治疗情况.结果 CRI组急性心肌梗死、高血压、糖尿病比例、平均住院天数、B2/C型病变比例、院内血栓事件发生率和再次血运重建率均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).尽管CKI组造影剂用量(180 ml±80 ml)明显少于对照组(230 ml±60 ml,P＜0.05),但CRI组造影剂肾病的发生率显著高于对照组(27.5%比10.3%,P＜0.01).