HIV阳性育龄妇女的抗病毒治疗及HIV母婴阻断

随着艾滋病在全球范围的迅速蔓延,妇女儿童中HIV的感染流行情况以及如何控制其进一步传播扩散也受到越来越多的关注。目前,全球存活的HIV感染者中约有50%为育龄妇女,而15岁以下儿童感染HIV的90%经母婴垂直传播。鉴于HIV阳性育龄妇女的抗病毒治疗对于阻断HIV的母婴传播以及控制HIV感染进一步扩散蔓延具有极其重要的作用,本文将从育龄妇女HIV感染及母婴传播情况、HIV阳性育龄妇女的抗病毒治疗以及HIV母婴阻断等方面进行综述。     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: treatment options

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 is responsible for 1800 new infections in children daily. The use of antiretroviral therapy can significantly reduce the risk of transmission. In settings where highly active antiretroviral therapy is available, mother-to-child transmission rates have been reduced to less than 2%, in the absence of breastfeeding. Women who require ongoing highly active antiretroviral therapy for their own health should receive this in pregnancy, which is also very effective in preventing transmission. Where resources allow, combination highly active antiretroviral therapy can also be used for preventing mother-to-child transmission in those women who do not yet need to receive ongoing treatment. The potential side effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy must be considered in pregnant women and their infants. Where highly active antiretroviral therapy is not possible, a dual combination regimen of antepartum zidovudine with single-dose nevirapine to mother and baby can reduce transmission to below 5%. In many places, the only available option is single-dose nevirapine to mother and baby, which is effective in halving transmission risk, although the effectiveness in practice will be influenced by continued infection through breastfeeding, and by program factors such as the uptake of HIV testing. Exposure to nevirapine for mother-to-child transmission prevention can select for resistant virus in the majority of women. While the long-term implications of this are not completely clear, this selection can be reduced by the addition of short courses of postpartum zidovudine and lamivudine.     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: treatment options

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 is responsible for 1800 new infections in children daily. The use of antiretroviral therapy can significantly reduce the risk of transmission. In settings where highly active antiretroviral therapy is available, mother-to-child transmission rates have been reduced to less than 2%, in the absence of breastfeeding. Women who require ongoing highly active antiretroviral therapy for their own health should receive this in pregnancy, which is also very effective in preventing transmission. Where resources allow, combination highly active antiretroviral therapy can also be used for preventing mother-to-child transmission in those women who do not yet need to receive ongoing treatment. The potential side effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy must be considered in pregnant women and their infants. Where highly active antiretroviral therapy is not possible, a dual combination regimen of antepartum zidovudine with single-dose nevirapine to mother and baby can reduce transmission to below 5%. In many places, the only available option is single-dose nevirapine to mother and baby, which is effective in halving transmission risk, although the effectiveness in practice will be influenced by continued infection through breastfeeding, and by program factors such as the uptake of HIV testing. Exposure to nevirapine for mother-to-child transmission prevention can select for resistant virus in the majority of women. While the long-term implications of this are not completely clear, this selection can be reduced by the addition of short courses of postpartum zidovudine and lamivudine.     

The global reach of HIV: preventing mother-to-child transmission

This article focuses on the effects of the worldwide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic on the lives of pregnant women and their infants in the developing world. It discusses the natural history of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in HIV, including the role of breastfeeding and the effectiveness of various treatment/prevention schemes in resource-poor communities. Although the treatment schemes are not the same as those used in North America, the underlying principles of transmission are the same. Understanding the mechanisms of MTCT and recognizing the benefits of even short-term therapies can promote appropriate interventions when complete perinatal antiretroviral therapy is impossible.     

Reaching beyond pregnant women to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of syphilis in Africa

Congenital syphilis is a devastating disease that can be prevented by screening and treatment of infected pregnant women. The WHO is leading a global initiative to eliminate mother-to-child-transmission of syphilis with a goal of ≤50 congenital syphilis cases per 100,000 live births and targets of 95% antenatal care, 95% syphilis testing, and 95% treatment coverage. We estimated current congenital syphilis rates for 43 African countries, and additional scenarios in a subset of 9 countries. Our analysis suggested that only 4 of 43 countries are likely to currently have a congenital syphilis rate ≤50 per 100,000 live births, and none of the 9 countries could reach this goal even in 5 different scenarios with improved services. To achieve the eliminate mother-to-child-transmission goal, it appears necessary to intervene beyond services for pregnant women, and decrease prevalence of syphilis in the general population as well.     

Vitamin A supplementation for the reduction of the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

Although advances in HIV prevention and treatment suggest the possibility of creating an AIDS-free generation, many areas of the world still suffer from high rates of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Interventions proven to significantly decrease rates of MTCT of HIV are often unavailable in resource-limited settings due to lack of reliable clean water, low numbers of hospital deliveries and inconsistent availability of antiretroviral medications. Vitamin A, with its multiple roles in epithelial, reproductive and immune function, has been evaluated as a possible intervention for preventing MTCT. Early observational studies suggested an association between vitamin A deficiency and increased rates of MTCT of HIV; however, the controlled studies that followed did not find a benefit for vitamin A in decreasing MTCT rates. Although vitamin A has some benefits for infants postpartum, it is not recommended for the reduction of the risk of MTCT of HIV.     

广西壮族自治区确诊HIV感染的孕产妇母婴阻断服务利用情况分析

目的了解广西壮族自治区（广西）预防艾滋病母婴传播综合干预措施服务利用情况。方法收集信息管理系统中广西分娩日期为2017年7月1日至2018年6月30日感染人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的产妇及所生婴儿的干预服务利用情况信息，将HIV感染的孕产妇分为孕前确诊组和孕后确诊组，使用SPSS 22.0软件比较两组孕产妇及所娩儿童预防母婴传播服务利用与差异情况。结果共纳入HIV感染孕产妇595例，HIV暴露儿童598例。 其中孕前确诊组孕产妇454例，HIV暴露儿童456例；孕后确诊组孕产妇141例，HIV暴露儿童142例。 HIV感染孕产妇的年龄为（30.8±5.4）岁；孕前确诊组和孕后确诊组孕产妇在年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、孕次及产次等人口学特征构成比差异有统计学意义；民族和职业构成比差异无统计学意义。 两组对于预防母婴传播干预服务利用均存在不足，但孕前确诊组的孕产期保健、抗病毒治疗、婴儿HIV检测等服务利用均优于孕后确诊组。结论广西HIV感染孕产妇对于预防艾滋病母婴传播综合干预措施利用不足，孕期保健服务利用晚、抗病毒治疗利用不足是工作的薄弱环节；加强宣教，提高预防母婴传播知识的知晓率，进而提高综合干预措施服务利用率，是实现消除母婴传播目标的关键措施。     

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV Type 1: the role of neonatal and infant prophylaxis

The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is one of the great public health successes of the past 20 years. Much concerted research efforts and dedicated work have led to the achievement of very low rates of PMTCT of HIV in settings that can implement optimal prophylaxis. Though several implementation challenges remain, global elimination of pediatric HIV infection seems now more than ever to be an attainable goal. Often overlooked, the role of prophylaxis of the newborn is nevertheless a very important component of PMTCT. In this paper, we focus on the role of neonatal and infant prophylaxis, discuss mechanisms of protection, and present the clinical trial-generated evidence that led to the current recommendations for preventing infections in breastfed and non-breastfed infants. PMTCT of HIV should not end at birth; a continuum of care extending postpartum and postnatally is required to minimize the risk of new pediatric HIV infections.     

Systematic review of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies in reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical trials of antiretrovirals were identified through electronic searches (MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, EBM review and the Cochrane Library) up until November 2006. Historical searches of reference lists of relevant randomized controlled trials, and systematic and narrative reviews were also undertaken. Studies were included if they were (i) randomized controlled trials of any antiretroviral therapy aimed at decreasing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection, (ii) reporting outcomes in terms of HIV infection in infant, infant death, stillbirth, premature delivery, or low birth weight. The data were extracted by a single investigator and checked by a second investigator. Disagreements were resolved through discussion or a third investigator. The efficacy was estimated using relative risk (RR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to treat (NNT) together with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Fifteen trials were included in the systematic review. Based on five placebo-controlled trials, a zidovudine regimen reduced the risk of mother-to-child transmission by 43% (95% CI: 29-55%). The incidence of low birth weight seems to be decreased with zidovudine (pooled RR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.99). The efficacy of short-short course of zidovudine was comparable with that of the long-short course. Nevirapine monotherapy given to mothers and babies as a single dose reduced the risk of vertical transmission compared with an intrapartum and post-partum regimen of zidovudine (RR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.41-0.87). Zidovudine plus lamivudine was effective in reducing the risk of maternal-child transmission of HIV (RR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.90). Adding zidovudine to single-dose nevirapine in babies was no more effective than nevirapine alone (pooled RR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.47-1.63), nor was there any significant difference between zidovudine plus lamivudine and nevirapine. In mothers who were treated with standard antiretroviral therapy, no additional benefit was observed with the addition of a single dose of nevirapine in mothers and newborns. In addition, for mothers who received zidovudine prophylaxis, a two-dose intrapartum/newborn nevirapine reduced the risk of HIV infection and death of babies by 68% (95% CI: 39-83%) and 80% (95% CI: 10-95%), respectively, when compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that zidovudine alone or in combination with lamivudine and nevirapine monotherapy is effective for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. They may also be beneficial in reducing the risk of infant death. Different antiretroviral regimens appear to be comparably effective in reducing HIV transmission from mothers to babies. In mothers already receiving zidovudine prophylaxis, adding a single dose of nevirapine to mothers during labour and giving the same drug to infants may further decrease the risk of vertical transmission and infant death.     

Immune-based prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission

Vertical transmission, or mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), is the main mode of HIV-1 acquisition in infants and children. The presence of passively transferred maternal antibodies to HIV-1 has not protected infants front HIV-1 infection and there is no clear understanding about the role of antibodies in preventing MTCT. Immune factors, such as leukemia inhibitory factor, CC chemokines, Lewis X component and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, appear to be involved in the protection of HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. The mainstay of reducing HIV transmission risk in infants remains the use of antiretroviral therapy. Future strategies to augment the role of antiretrovirals in preventing MTCT, or to target the prevention of transmission through breastfeeding, may include the use of vaccination and/or passive immunization with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.     

Antiretroviral therapy and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1

The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy has facilitated the virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in developed countries, reducing transmission rates to approximately 1 to 2%. In these settings, highly active antiretroviral therapy has also transformed pediatric HIV infection into a chronic disease; although there are associated costs in terms of side effects and the heavy pill burden. In less developed settings, easier-to-use adaptations of antiretroviral therapy regimens, such as short-course and single-dose antiretroviral strategies or neonatal postexposure prophylaxis can also substantially prevent mother-to-child transmission, although to a lesser degree than highly active antiretroviral therapy. However, postnatal transmission of infection through breastfeeding significantly reduces the longer-term efficacy of these strategies. Ongoing research is focusing on the use of antiretroviral therapy in the breastfeeding period.     

Reducing the urine collection rate could prevent hospital-acquired horizontal transmission of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

IntroductionMultidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRP) is a waterborne pathogen that occasionally causes hospital-acquired infection in immunocompromised or critically ill patients. Urine is frequently collected to evaluate renal function or to perform hormonal examinations, but the procedure involves risk due to the possibility of healthcare workers with contaminated hands. Our objective was to evaluate the association between the urine collection and hospital-acquired horizontal transmission of MDRP.MethodsWe monitored the urine collection rate from 2011 to 2017, as part of ongoing efforts to reduce the need to collect urine. The urine collection rate and the frequency of isolation of MDRP, Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli were analyzed during the same period. PFGE and MLST were also performed to analyze the identity of 5 MDRP strains detected on the same ward in 2014–2015.ResultsThe urine collection rate was dramatically decreased from 4.8% in 2011 to less than 0.5% in 2017, because the isolation rate of MDRP was significantly positively associated (RR = 1.72, 95%CI:1.03–2.85) with the urine collection rate. Isolations of MRSA and ESBL-producing E. coli showed no significant. Molecular typing showed the PFGE patterns of 3 of 5 MDRP strains were closely related as did MLST (ST17), and the remaining 2 MDRP strains had different PFGE and MLST patterns (ST14, ST655). Our data implicated the urine collection as one of the causes of hospital-acquired MDRP infections.ConclusionsWe concluded that a reducing the urine collection rate could contribute to preventing hospital-acquired horizontal transmission of MDRP.     

Utilization of delivery services in the context of prevention of HIV from mother-to-child (PMTCT) in a rural community, South Africa

The aim of this study was to investigate the utilization of delivery services in the context of PMTCT in a rural community in South Africa. Based on a cross-sectional survey, the sample included 870 pregnant women who had delivered before recruited from five PMTCT clinics and surrounding communities. Results indicated that 55.9% had delivered their last child in a health care facility and 44.1% at home (mostly without assistance from a traditional birth attendant). The odds of access to the health facility were (1) women who stayed close to the hospital (OR = 2.87), (2) those who had higher formal education (OR = 1.55), (3) higher traveling costs (affordability) to get to nearest clinic (OR = 1.77), and (4) those who were single (OR = 1.58). Childbirth experiences of the mother or mother-in-law greatly influenced the delivery choices in terms of home delivery. The majority of the pregnant women were aware of mother-to-child HIV transmission but only 9% of the pregnant women had ever been tested for HIV. HIV knowledge, HIV testing behaviour and attitudes were found to be not associated with the delivery option.