液相色谱-质谱联用法检出降糖胶囊中的格列本脲和苯乙双胍

目的:建立液相色谱-质谱联用法测定中药中非法掺入的化学降糖药格列本脲和苯乙双胍。方法:以Altima C18色谱柱为固定相,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液(65:35)为流动相,用液相色谱-质谱-质谱法进行定性分析鉴定。结果:在一批降糖胶囊中检测到非法掺入的化学药格列本脲和苯乙双胍。结论:该方法专属性强,灵敏度高,是分析检测中药制剂中添加化学药物的有效方法。     

液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用法测定中药降糖制剂中非法掺入苯乙双胍和格列齐特的研究

目的：建立检测中药降糖制剂中非法掺入的苯乙双胍和格列齐特专属性方法。方法：采用液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用法。通过相对分子质量、二级质谱碎片信息、液相色谱保留时间3方面信息，对中药降糖制剂的提取液进行液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱分析。通过与对照品的色谱及质谱行为相比较，对中药降糖制剂中非法掺入的合成降糖药进行定性鉴别。结果：在4种受试中药降糖制剂中，1种被检测到同时掺有苯乙双胍和格列齐特，1种被检测到掺有苯乙双胍。结论：该方法选择性强，灵敏度高，可作为分析中药降糖制剂中非法掺入苯乙双胍和格列齐特的有效检测方法。     

HPLC／MS^2法检测某些降糖中药制剂中的双胍类及磺酰脲类化学药

目的：建立液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱联用法测定纯中药降糖药中非法掺入的双胍类及磺酰脲类化学药，包括二甲双胍、苯乙双胍、格列吡嗪、格列本脲、格列美脲、格列喹酮、格列齐特。方法：选用Agilent C18（4．6mm×150mm，5μm），以0．02mol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液（醋酸调节pH至3．5）-甲醇-乙腈为流动相，梯度洗脱。根据所检测到化合物的色谱保留时间及一级、二级质谱信息，并与对照品比较，鉴别中药制剂中非法掺入的双胍类、酰脲类化学药。结果：通过相对分子质量、二级质谱碎片信息和液相色谱保留时间三方面信息，与对照品比较，证明样品A中非法掺有苯乙双胍、格列本脲，样品B中掺有二甲双胍、格列本脲。结论：该方法选择性强，灵敏度高，可作为分析检测非法中药制剂的有效手段。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法检测中药降糖制剂中非法掺入的苯乙双胍和格列本脲

目的建立检测中药降糖制剂中非法掺入的苯乙双胍和格列本脲专属性方法 ,并对若干市售药品进行检测。方法采用液相色谱 离子阱质谱联用法。选用DiamonsilC18柱 ,以乙腈 水 甲酸(V∶V∶V =6 0 0∶4 0 0∶0 1)为流动相 ,对中药降糖制剂的提取液进行液相色谱 离子阱质谱分析。通过与对照品的色谱及质谱行为相比较 ,对中药降糖制剂中非法掺入的合成降糖药进行定性鉴别。结果在 4种受试中药降糖制剂中 ,2种被检测到同时掺有苯乙双胍和格列本脲 ,1种被检测到掺有格列本脲。结论该方法选择性强 ,灵敏度高 ,可作为分析检测非法中药降糖制剂的有效方法     

液相色谱-质谱联用法检测某些降糖中药制剂中的磺酰脲类化学药

目的：建立液相色谱一电喷雾离子阱质谱联用法测定纯中药降糖药中非法掺入的格列本脲等酰脲类化学药,包括格列吡嗪、格列本脲、格列美脲、格列喹酮、格列齐特。方法：选用Agilent C18,以0．02mol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液（醋酸调节pH值至3．5）-甲醇（30：70）为流动相。根据所检测到化合物的色谱保留时间及一级、二级质谱信息,并与对照品比较,对中药制剂中非法掺入的酰脲类化学药。结论：该方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可作为分析检测非法中药制荆的有效手段。     

LC—MS联用技术检测中药制剂中掺入的硝苯地平

目的：建立检测制剂中非法掺入的硝苯地平的专属性方法。方法-采用液相色谱-质谱联用法。选用Venusil MP C18柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以0．01mol·L^-１醋酸铵-乙腈（30：70）为流动相,对中药制剂的提取液进行液相色谱-质谱联用分析。通过与对照品的色谱、紫外及质谱行为相比较,对中药制剂中非法掺入的硝苯地平进行定量测定和定性鉴别。结果：在中药制剂中检出硝苯地平,回收率为98．7％,RSD为0．4％（n=6）。结论：方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可作为检测中药制剂中非法掺入硝苯地平。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法检测中药降血糖制剂中格列齐特

目的建立检测中药降血糖制剂中非法掺入的格列齐特专属性方法。方法采用液相色谱 串联四极杆质谱联用法。选用Allitma C18柱，以乙睛 0.1%甲酸(60：40)为流动相对中药降血糖制剂的甲醇提取液进行液相色谱 串联四极杆质谱分析。通过与对照品的色谱及质谱行为相比较，对中药降血糖制剂中非法掺入的合成化学降血糖药格列齐特进行鉴定。结果在受试中药降血糖制剂中检测到格列齐特。结论该方法选择性强，灵敏度高，可作为分析检测中药降血糖制剂中格列齐特的有效方法。     

液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用法测定中药降糖制剂中掺入罗格列酮的研究

目的:建立检测中药降糖制剂中非法掺入的罗格列酮专属性方法。方法:采用液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用法。通过相对分子质量、二级质谱碎片信息、液相色谱保留时间和紫外光谱四方面信息,对中药降糖制剂的提取液进行液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱分析。通过与对照品的光谱、色谱及质谱行为相比较,对中药降糖制剂中非法掺入的合成降糖药进行定性鉴别。结果:在4种受试中药降糖制剂中,2种被检测到掺有罗格列酮。结论:该方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可作为分析检测中药降糖制剂中非法掺入罗格列酮的比较有效的方法。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定中药抗风湿制剂中非法掺入吡罗昔康的研究

目的建立中药抗风湿制剂中非法掺入吡罗昔康专属性的检测方法.方法采用液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用法.选用SunFireTM C18柱,以0.01 mol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液-乙腈(8020)为流动相,检测波长334 am,流速为O.2 mL·min-1.对中药抗风湿制剂的提取液进行液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱分析.通过与对照品的色谱及质谱行为相比较,对中药抗风湿制剂中非法掺入的吡罗昔康进行定性鉴别.结果在4种受试中药抗风湿制剂中,1种被检测到掺有吡罗昔康.结论该方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可作为分析检测中药抗风湿制剂中非法掺入吡罗昔康的有效方法.     

液相色谱-质谱联用法检测某些中药制剂中的格列本脲

目的：建立液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱联用法鉴定纯中药降糖药物中非法掺入的化学降糖药格列本脲。方法：选用Zirbax Eekuose XDB-C8柱，以乙腈-水-甲酸(70：30：1)为流动相，根据所检测到化合物的色谱保留时间及多级质谱信息，并与对照品比较，对中药制剂中非法掺人的化学降糖药进行定性鉴别。结果：6种被试中药制剂中均检测到非法掺人化学药格列本脲。结论：该方法选择性强，灵敏度高，可作为分析检测非法中药制剂的有效手段。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.