Contrast-enhanced color Doppler US in malignant portal vein thrombosis

Purpose: To assess the role of contrast-enhanced color Doppler US in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis.Material and Methods: Fifty-six patients with portal vein thrombosis underwent color and power Doppler US examination before and after i.v. injection of galactose-palmitic acid suspension. The criterion for diagnosing the presence and extension of thrombosis was the lack of visualization of portal vein flow in a segment of the portal vein. The criterion for diagnosing malignant portal vein thrombosis was the detection of pulsatile arterial flow, either hepatopetal or hepatofugal, in the thrombus. The US data were correlated with the types of portal vein thrombosis.Results: Among the 56 patients, there were 40 benign and 16 malignant portal thromboses. Unenhanced Doppler US detected continuous blood flow in 24 benign thromboses and pulsatile in 3 malignant thromboses. No flow, either continuous or pulsatile, was detected in 16 cases with benign thrombosis and in 13 cases with malignant thrombosis. Contrast-enhanced Doppler US allowed to assess pulsatile flow in 15 cases with malignant thrombosis (94%). The use of pulsatile flow as diagnostic criterion of malignant thrombosis yielded a sensitivity of 57% and a specificity of 95% with conventional Doppler US, whereas contrast-enhanced US achieved a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 100%.Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced Doppler US is a reliable diagnostic tool for assessing malignant portal vein thrombosis.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断先天性门静脉畸形

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在先天性门静脉畸形中的诊断价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声对12例先天性门静脉畸形进行观察和分析。结果门静脉畸形共12例,其中门静脉海绵样变9例,门静脉肝静脉瘘2例,门静脉狭窄1例。结论彩色多普勒超声对先天性门静脉畸形具有重要的价值。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断门静脉海绵样变性

目的探讨门静脉海绵样变性（CTPV）的彩色多普勒超声的声像图特征及诊断价值。方法将彩色多普勒超声诊断为CTPV的19例患者与血管造影、CT和MRI及部分手术结果进行对照。结果彩超诊断符合率100％。彩超显示门静脉主干及分支周围呈蜂窝状、多条迂曲扩张的管状无回声,内充满红蓝相间彩色血流信号,脉冲多普勒示无回声内血流信号为门静脉样低速血流频谱。结论CTPV的彩色多普勒超声声像图具有特征性表现,彩超诊断CTPV准确率高,简便,无痛苦,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

MR imaging of portal vein thrombosis

MR imaging is emerging as a potential means of detecting portal venous thrombosis (PVT). Therefore, we attempted to establish specific criteria with which to diagnose PVT on conventional spin-echo images. In a retrospective review of 342 consecutive abdominal MR scans performed with a 0.5-T magnet, we identified nine patients with persistent signal in the portal vein and used the findings in these patients to establish criteria with which to diagnose PVT. We subsequently applied these criteria to 109 additional consecutive abdominal MR scans performed with the same magnet. Fifteen cases were found in which all images showed either (1) signal involving the entire width of the portal vein lumen, which approximated (with T1 weighting) and exceeded (with T2 weighting) the intensity of the hepatic parenchyma in images in which the hepatic veins showed a complete flow void or (2) complete nonvisualization of the portal vein and its major branches in images that showed a flow void in portal venous collaterals and hepatic veins. All patients had unequivocal findings of PVT on at least one other imaging study (CT or sonography) or at surgery. Although the sensitivity of these signs could not be calculated, their specificity was 100%. We conclude that in the presence of these signs, the diagnosis of PVT can be made with confidence.     

产褥期下肢深静脉血栓形成的彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的 评价彩色多普勒超声在诊断下肢深静脉血栓形成的病因、临床表现及声像图改变中的也用价值。方法 36例产褥期下肢深静脉栓塞病人以实时超声观察下肢静脉管壁、管腔及周围结构，记录血栓部位、大小及栓塞情况、彩色多普勒检查静脉管腔血流充盈情况，充盈缺损程度。结果 36例中有39条静脉受累，其中急性血栓形成26例，慢性血栓形成10例，血栓累及双下肢者3例。39条下肢静脉血栓中左侧30条，右侧9条。结论 血流迟缓、静脉壁损伤、高凝状态及髂血管的解剖学结构特点是导致血栓形成的主要因素。彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢静脉血栓形成简便快速，准确性高，且无创、无痛、能追踪观察治疗效果，是目前诊断该病的首选方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断下肢深静脉血栓112例

下肢深静脉血栓(Deep vein thrombosis,DVT)是较常见的一种周围血管疾病,以往确诊主要依靠临床症状、体征、下肢静脉造影.依靠临床症状、体征缺乏准确可靠性,不清楚静脉阻塞情况;下肢静脉造影一直是诊断下肢静脉血栓的金指标,但属于有创检查,并有发生过敏和血栓的危险.     

Pulsed Doppler duplex sonography and CT of portal vein thrombosis

Five patients with partial or complete portal vein thrombosis were examined by both computed tomography (CT) and pulsed Doppler duplex scanning. Duplex scanning correctly identified portal vein thrombosis in all five. Duplex sonography may be the preferred technique to detect and follow portal vein thrombosis because of lower cost, lack of need for intravenous contrast material, and easier availability for multiple follow-up examinations.     

Ultrasonographic demonstration of portal vein thrombosis.

For screening patients suspected of having portal vein thrombosis, the ultrasound examination is simple to perform, noninvasive, and can be accomplished rapidly. Three patients were studied in whom ultrasound examination revealed portal vein thrombosis that was subsequently confirmed by angiography or surgery. Ultrasonic findings in a series of 100 randomly selected patients are summarized.     

Duplex Doppler ultrasound signs of portal hypertension: relative diagnostic value of examination of paraumbilical vein, portal vein and spleen.

The sonographic parameters in portal hypertension (PHT) were examined in a consecutive population of 118 patients who had PHT diagnosed using specific endoscopic, sonographic and Doppler signs. A patent or enlarged paraumbilical vein was found in 85.6% of patients overall and 82.5% of patients with varices indicating a relatively high sensitivity. A portal vein diameter greater than or equal to 13mm was found in only 41.1% and greater than or equal to 15mm in only 20% of patients. A thrombosed portal vein and reversed portal vein flow were present in 3.4% and 5.3% of patients respectively. These signs have only been reported in the context of PHT and are felt to be specific for PHT, but both have a very low sensitivity. Portal vein velocities were highly variable suggesting that this is not a useful predictor of PHT. Splenomegaly was found in only 53.5% of patients demonstrating its poor sensitivity as a sign of PHT. Varices were found in 73.3% of patients overall, and in 100% of patients with a patent or enlarged paraumbilical vein combined with ascites. No other statistically significant correlation between varices and sonographic findings was demonstrated. We conclude that the presence of a patent or enlarged paraumbilical vein is a practical, useful and sensitive ultrasound sign to look for in the diagnosis of PHT.     

Acute portal vein thrombosis

The findings in acute portal vein thrombosis in a patient with chronic calcific pancreatitis and two episodes of pancreatic surgery are described. The diagnosis was made by ultrasound, which showed a dilated portal vein filled with low-level echoes, surrounding hepatic oedema, hypertrophy of the hepatic artery, splenomegaly, collateral vessels and ascites. This was confirmed by computed tomography. The ultrasonic differences in appearance between acute and chronic portal vein thrombosis are discussed, in the context of portal hypertension. The diagnosis of acute portal vein thrombosis should be considered in patients in the appropriate situation who suffer a sudden clinical deterioration with right upper quadrant or abdominal pain. Ultrasound is recommended as the imaging modality of first choice because of the flexibility of its scanning plane and its real time and Doppler capabilities. Computed tomography is valuable in patients with an ileus or heavy pancreatic calcification and for its ability to demonstrate patent vessels on intravenous injection of contrast medium.     

Cortical vein thrombosis: the diagnostic value of different imaging modalities

Introduction  

Cortical vein thrombosis (CVT) is a rare disorder, and its diagnosis is challenging. The aim of our study was to evaluate the value of different imaging modalities for the detection of CVT.     

Gradient echo MRI of portal vein thrombosis.

The MR appearance of thrombosis of the portal vein and its branches using gradient echo (GRE) sequences is described. The study consists of two separate parts. In the first part, five normal volunteers were examined to select the optimal section plane for each portal vessel to be studied. Given the "time of flight" effect of GRE sequences, a scan plane perpendicular to the direction of flow was used to obtain maximal signal enhancement of flowing blood. In the second part of the study, 13 patients with thrombosis of the portal system diagnosed by Doppler sonography, CT, and digital subtraction angiography were examined with the GRE technique. Gradient echo MR confirmed the presence and defined the extent of vessel thrombosis with high diagnostic accuracy. In addition, it proved accurate in detecting portosystemic collaterals. We concluded that the GRE technique can be effectively used as a complement to conventional SE MR to further delineate portal vessels.     

彩色多普勒超声在门静脉海绵样变性中的诊断价值

目的:探讨二维超声和彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)在门静脉海绵样变性中的诊断价值。方法:使用彩色多普勒超声对17例门静脉海绵样变性患者的门静脉系统的走向、管腔、管壁、受累静脉及血流情况等进行观察分析。结果:门静脉海绵样变性的二维超声与CDFI具有特征性表现,其声像特异,诊断准确可靠。结论:彩色多普勒超声能客观反映门静脉海绵样变性的部位、性质及血流特点,具有十分重要的临床应用价值,可作为本病诊断的为首选检查方法。     

Magnetic resonance portal venography: use of fast-acquisition true FISP imaging in the detection of portal vein thrombosis

AIM: To determine the accuracy of true fast imaging with steady-state precession (true FISP) in the diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis and compare it to contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four consecutive patients with suspected portal venous thrombosis underwent contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography and true FISP imaging of the portal vein. All patients had undergone at least one other imaging study, either computed tomography, (CT) or ultrasound. Both sets of MR images were evaluated for patency of the portal venous system and for image quality. RESULTS: Portal vein thrombosis was diagnosed in six of the 24 patients. Four patients with portal vein thrombosis were accurately diagnosed on the true FISP sequence. This sequence also accurately diagnosed the patency of the portal vein in 17 patients. However, the results were inconclusive in three patients. The image quality of the true FISP sequence of the three inconclusive patients was graded as either poor or fair. Of these three patients, contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography confirmed portal vein thrombosis in two patients and portal vein stenosis in one patient. True FISP imaging had a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show that the true FISP sequence is useful in diagnosing portal vein thrombosis. It could be employed as an adjunct to contrast-enhanced MR angiography in the severely debilitated patient where respiratory motion may degrade the images or in patients where the use of intravenous contrast medium is not possible due to poor venous access.     

肝硬化致门静脉血液动力学改变的超声研究

目的研究正常人以及肝硬化患者的门静脉血流参数,以门静脉平均血流速度和血流量这两项参数的变化规律,分析其存在的差异。方法运用彩色多普勒显像(ColorDopplerFlowingImaging,CDFI)、频谱多普勒(SpectralDoppler,SD)技术,于平肝动脉与门静脉相交处,采集56例肝硬化病人的门静脉平均血流速度及血流量参数,与76例正常人相应的门静脉平均血流速度、血流量参数作对比,以统计学方差分析方法,分析其变化规律。结果肝硬化病人门静脉平均血流速度明显较正常人的减慢(P<0.05),甚至呈现出肝方向的血流;血流量亦明显较正常人的减少(P<0.05)。结论多普勒超声对门静脉平均血流速度及血流量的测定,可为临床诊断和治疗肝硬化提供一个客观、较为定量的帮助。     

Sonographic features of portal vein thrombosis

The ability of real-time sonography to demonstrate the liver venous network is well documented. Sonographic features of 21 cases of unsuspected portal vein thrombosis, detected by a screening sonography of the upper abdomen and subsequently confirmed by computed tomography, angiography, or surgery, are discussed. Sonographic features of portal vein thrombosis were an echogenic thrombus within the lumen of the vein (67%), demonstration of portal vein collateral circulation (48%), enlargement of the thrombosed segment of the vein (38%), and the so-called cavernomatous transformation of the portal vein (19%). Echogenic endoluminal thrombi were observed with the same incidences in malignant and benign disease. Sonography, unlike angiography, was unable to characterize neoplastic thrombi; only the combination of an echogenic thrombus and an adjacent hepatic mass was strongly suggestive of malignancy, especially hepatoma. The extensive use of sonography as a screening test in upper abdomen pathology will probably improve the detection of portal vein thrombosis, a diagnosis until now considered rare.     

彩超对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征的诊断分析

目的 探讨彩超对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（SSS）的诊断价值。方法 分析20例临床诊断为SSS的椎动脉血流与锁骨下动脉、颈动脉、无名动脉病变及上肢动脉血流频谱的关系。结果 SSS的椎动脉血流可分为完全性椎动脉反流、部分性椎动脉反流和无椎动脉反流三种。结论 超声诊断SSS方法简便、经济、无创。     

彩色多普勒超声在孤立性小腿深静脉血栓中的应用价值

孤立性小腿深静脉血栓(isolated distal deep-vein thrombosis,IDDVT)是指局限于胭窝以下深静脉内血栓形成,包括胫后静脉、胫前静脉,腓静脉、肌间静脉丛(常见于腓肠肌及比目鱼肌),不伴有下肢主干深静脉(主要指股静脉及胭静脉)血栓(proximal deep-vein thrombosis,PDVT),尽管彩超已经逐渐取代下肢静脉顺行造影,成为诊断PDVT首选检查方法[1],但是彩超在IDDVT中的应用价值尚有争议[2,3],本文回顾分析了47例经临床确诊的IDDVT患者声像图表现,并选取同期50例PDVT患者作为对照组,旨在探讨彩超在IDDVT中的应用价值.     

彩色多普勒超声在下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床应用

<正> 深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)是指血液在深静脉腔内不正常地凝结,阻塞静脉管腔,导致静脉回流障碍,如未予及时治疗,将造成程度不一的慢性深静脉功能不全,影响生活和工作能力,甚至致残。因此早期诊断、及时治疗对预后有极其重要意义。我院2004年4月～2009年4月应用彩色多普勒超声对94例临床疑诊为下肢DVT患者进行检查,效果满意,诊断率高,现总结报告如下。