产科领域内TORCH感染的初步临床研究

调查本地区妊娠妇女ＴＯＲＣＨ感染的发生率以及母婴垂直传播发生情况，从而指导优生优育。方法：采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法，对我院８８２例孕中期或晚期孕妇外周血血清和相应产妇脐血血清行ＴＯＲＣＨ系列抗体（ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ）筛查。结果：ＴＯＲＣＨ系列特异性抗体阳性１９５例，阳性率为２２．１％；其中单项病毒抗体阳性９３例，双项阳性５５例，三项阳性３７例，四项阳性者１０例；ＴＯＲＣＨ系列ＩｇＧ阳性１０７例，ＩｇＭ阳性１２８例，ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ均阳性１０９例。脐血特异性抗体ＩｇＧ阳性１１６例，ＩｇＭ阳性１１例，其垂直传播率ＣＭＶ５０％、ＲＵＶ２４．７％、ＴＯＸ３１．８％、ＨＳＶ２３３．３％。感染组与未感染组比较对胎婴儿影响极大，特别是胎儿生长发育、围产儿死亡以及对ＩｇＭ阳性病例复采用ＰＣＲ测定法，进一步确诊。对ＴＯＲＣＨ阳性患者应采取相应措施     

太原地区妊娠期感染TORCH的母婴传播及围产儿结局

目的：探讨妊娠妇女ＴＯＲＣＨ感染的母婴间传播及其围产儿不良结局。方法：收集８８６例孕妇的静脉血及其新生儿脐血,用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测血清ＴＯＲＣＨ－ＩｇＭ抗体和ＨＢｓＡｇ及梅毒血清抗体。结果：孕妇血ＴＯＸ（弓形体）、ＲＶ（风疹病毒）、ＣＭＶ（巨细胞病毒）、ＨＳＶ－２（单纯疱疹病毒２型）ＩｇＭ抗体和ＨＢｓＡｇ,梅毒血清抗体的阳性率分别为０．２％、０．３％、１．７％、１．０％、０．７％、０．１％。２９例孕     

平顶山财区75例中晚期妊娠胎儿异常的优生学分析

我院于１９９６年４月－１９９７年１２月，对７５例中、晚期异常妊娠（因胎儿异常而终止妊娠６６例，自然流产９例）的孕妇及其胎儿进行了ＴＯＲＣＨ检测及染色体分析。结果：ＴＯＲＣＨ感染阳性孕妇６８例，占异常妊娠病例的９０．６６％。胎儿畸形中，神经管缺损（ＮＴＤ）５８例，占异常胎儿的８７．８７％，其孕妇均与ＨＳＶ感染有关。胎儿染色体异常４例，其中３例孕母合并ＨＳＶ感染。提示：弓形体、病毒感染是导致胎儿基因突     

平顶山地区75例中晚期妊娠胎儿异常的优生学分析

我院于１９９６ 年４ 月１９９７ 年１２ 月,对７５ 例中、晚期异常妊娠（因胎儿异常而终止妊娠６６ 例,自然流产９ 例）的孕妇及其胎儿进行了ＴＯＲＣＨ检测及染色体分析。结果：ＴＯＲＣＨ 感染阳性孕妇６８ 例,占异常妊娠病例的９０ ．６６％ 。胎儿畸形中,神经管缺损（ＮＴＤ）５８ 例,占异常胎儿的８７．８７％ ,其孕妇均与ＨＳＶ 感染有关。胎儿染色体异常４ 例,其中３ 例孕母合并ＨＳＶ感染。提示：弓形体、病毒感染是导致胎儿基因突变、染色体异常和畸形、死亡的主要因素之一;孕前及孕早期检测ＴＯＲＣＨ及防治是降低围产儿死亡率,提高优生水平的重要措施之一。     

应用PCR技术对孕妇HCMV感染的前瞻性研究

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术对１５６ 例孕妇尿中ＨＣＭＶ 进行检测,并追踪观察１１４ 例新生儿脐血中ＨＣＭＶ 垂直传播情况。结果表明：１１ 例孕妇尿ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ 检测阳性,孕期感染率为７－０５％ ,有异常妊娠史孕妇感染率（１４－７１ ％ ）较正常孕妇（４－９２ ％） 明显升高。９ 例ＨＣＭＶ 阳性孕妇有４ 例观察新生儿脐血ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ 阳性,占４４％ ,而ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ阴性孕妇无１ 例新生儿脐血出现阳性结果。我们认为ＰＣＲ方法是检测ＨＣＭＶ宫内感染的可靠而灵敏的指标,对ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ阳性的孕妇应进一步检查羊水,如羊水ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ也阳性,应终止妊娠。     

TORCH感染的指端微量血快速检查法

ＴＯＲＣＨ感染在围产医学中称ＴＯＲＣＨ综合征，它不但危害母体，还可通过胎盘屏障感染胎儿，引起胎儿发育障碍、流产、死胎或多发性畸形等，近几年日益受到全世界产科和儿科的重视。许多发达国家已将ＴＯＲＣＨ作为孕期常规筛查项目，对未感染者作预防接种，对孕期感染...     

岳阳地区孕妇TORCH感染的监测分析

目的：监测岳阳地区育龄孕妇ＴＯＲＣＨ感染现状。方法：应用ＥＬＩＳＡ法对１１１２３例孕妇作ＴＯＲＣＨ感染的血清学检测。结果：ＣＭＶ，ＲＶ，ＴＯ的感染阳性率分别为１．３８％，１．８８％，１．１６％，平均１．４７％，各县市区的感染阳性率明显不一，存在显著性差异。结论：岳阳地区ＴＯＲＣＨ感染有自己的特点，并认为应加强ＴＯＲＣＨ感染血清学检测的质控。     

孕期Ⅱ型HSV感染对胎婴儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨孕妇Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)感染及其对胎婴儿生长发育的影响.方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和多聚酶链反应(PCR)研究455例孕妇及其胎婴儿Ⅱ型HSV感染状况及垂直传播途径.结果异常组孕妇Ⅱ型HSV感染率(61.01%)明显高于对照组(27.04%);孕妇生殖道Ⅱ型HSV无症状排毒率为3.07%;羊水、胎盘及胎儿组织中均可检出Ⅱ型HSV DNA;母婴间Ⅱ型HSV垂直传播率为4.24%.结论孕妇Ⅱ型HSV感染与异常妊娠关系密切.Ⅱ型HSV可经羊水、胎盘或产道感染胎婴儿.     

婴幼儿脑性瘫痪与TORCH感染的相关性研究

对８３名３岁以内的婴幼儿脑性瘫痪（ｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌｐａｌｓｙ，ＣＰ）及其母做了ＴＯＲＣＨ系列的抗体、ＰＣＲ－ＤＮＡ／ＲＮＡ检测和病毒分离。同时做了６０名同龄健康婴幼儿作对照。结果表明，ＣＰ组ＴＯＲＣＨ系列检出的阳性率、混合感染率均高于对照组，Ｐ＜００５／００１，有显著性差异。＜１岁组ＣＰ患儿的ＴＯＲＣＨ阳性检出率显著高于２岁组和３岁组，经方差分析，Ｆ＝８．７４，Ｐ＜００１。ＣＰ组ＴＯＲＣＨ系列阳性检出率与其母的阳性符合率平均为８４２９％，表明ＣＰ患儿的ＴＯＲＣＨ感染可能与母孕期的垂直传播及生后密切接触传染所致。ＴＯＲＣＨ感染可致胎儿期和初生期小儿脑发育障碍，可能是此期引起ＣＰ的主要因素之一。其机制可能与病毒感染引起神经细胞凋亡有关。     

泉州地区6000例孕妇TORCH感染PCR检测的研究

本文应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对福建省泉州市６０００例孕妇外周血进行ＴＯＲＣＨ感染地检测。结果检出弓形虫ＤＮＡ１１０１例细胞病毒ＤＮＡ３５６例,单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型ＤＮＡ３６８例,风疹病毒ＤＮＡ２４８例,阳性率分别为１８．３５％,５．９３％,６．１３％与４．１３％。此数据为本地区进一步开展优生工作提供了有价值的参考资料。本文就ＴＯＲＣＨ感染的临床作了阐述,以引起人们对ＴＯＲＣＨ感染的重视并指导育龄妇女     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.