Extended hepatic resection and outcomes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Background/Purpose. The aim of this report was to assess the outcome of aggressive surgical treatment for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Methods. From 1984 to 2001, we encountered 64 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Of the 64 patients, 50 patients who underwent surgical resection with macroscopically curative objectives (78%) were reviewed for surgical procedures and outcomes. Results. Hemi- or more extensive hepatectomy was required for surgical resection in 40 patients (80%). Overall hospital morbidity and mortality rates were 50% and 8%, respectively. Curative resection with pathological free margins was achieved in 34 patients (68%). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival and tumor-free survival rates were 61.6%, 37.6%, and 22.5%; and 55%, 11%, and 11%, respectively. Among the macroscopic types, all 9 patients with intraductal growth type are alive 11–75 months after surgery. Survival rates among patients who had undergone curative resection were significantly better than those in patients who had undergone noncurative resection, even when patients with the intraductal growth type were excluded. Nodal status did not affect patient survival. Conclusions. Although the overall survival rate after surgical resection remains unsatisfactory, long-term survival is possible through extended surgical resection with pathological free margins. Patients with the intraductal growth type of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma might have the best chance of being cured by surgical treatment.     

combined hepatic and inferior vena cava resection for colorectal metastases

Surgical resection continues to offer the only hope for cure of colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Tumor involvement of the vena cava is often viewed as a contraindication to surgical resection. Whereas proven technically feasible, the survival advantages of en bloc liver and vena cava resection remain unclear. We reviewed all patients at a tertiary care center who had resection of colorectal liver metastases, including those with vena cava resections. Eleven patients had en bloc liver and vena cava resection between 1988 and 2002; during the same time period, 97 patients underwent isolated liver resection. There were no perioperative deaths in the 11 patients. All resections had negative histological margins. Mean follow-up was 33 months from the date of surgery. Median disease-free survival of the group having caval resections was 9 months, whereas median survival was 34 months. When compared to the cohort of isolated hepatic resections, the group undergoing caval resections experienced a significantly reduced diseasefree survival of 18.6 vs. 9.1 months, respectively (P = 0.03); however, there was no difference in overall survival between the two groups at 55.2 vs. 34.3 months, respectively (P = 0.20). Colorectal liver metastases involving the vena cava should be considered for surgical resection. Presented at the 2005 American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association Congress, Hollywood, Florida, April 14–17, 2005.     

Recurrence after surgical resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

We aimed to assess the patterns of recurrence after surgery for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and the outcomes of treatment in patients with recurrence. From 1981 to 1999, 123 patients with ICC underwent hepatectomy. The 3-year and 5-year survival rates were significantly higher in patients after curative resection (n = 56; 53%, 50%) than in patients after noncurative resection (n = 67; 7%, 2%; P < 0.0001). In 54 patients followed-up after curative resection, the rate of recurrence after surgery was 46%. The recurrences were in the liver (56%), abdomen (disseminated; 24%), and lymph nodes (20%). The rates of recurrence were significantly higher in patients with various classifications of mass-forming ICC tumors (P = 0.039) than in those with other types of tumors, and in patients with tumors over 3 cm in greatest diameter than in those with tumors 3 cm or less (P = 0.006). Hepatic recurrence, abdominal dissemination, and intraductal recurrence were significantly related to tumors that included mass-forming ICC (P = 0.002), tumors that included periductal infiltrating ICC (P = 0.009), and tumors that included intraductal growth ICC (P = 0.038), respectively. Seven patients with recurrence underwent radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or surgical resection. Only 2 patients, with intrahepatic metastasis and intraductal recurrence, respectively, had good outcomes after surgery. The effectiveness of other treatments has not been established.     

联合肝叶及血管切除重建根治术治疗肝动脉受侵肝门部胆管癌的近期随访

目的探讨联合肝叶及血管切除重建根治术治疗肝动脉受侵肝门部胆管癌(HCCA)的临床效果和预后情况。方法回顾性分析2016年10月至2019年10月肝动脉受侵HCCA患者98例资料,根据手术方式不同将患者分为联合组(HCCA根治术+肝叶切除+肝动脉切除重建术)51例和姑息组(姑息性胆管肿瘤切除术/内引流减黄手术)47例。所有数据均采用SPSS22.0软件处理分析,两组患者术中术后各项指标以(±s)表示,采用独立样本t检验。并发症比较采用χ^2检验;采用Kaplan-meier绘制患者的生存曲线;以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果联合组手术时间、住院费用明显高于姑息组,但术中出血量、住院时间明显低于姑息组(P<0.05)。联合组并发症发生率为52.9%,与姑息组的42.6%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组均未发生围术期死亡。随访时间截至2019年11月,联合组的1年、2年、3年生存率分别为84.3%、66.7%、43.1%,,明显高于姑息组的17.0%、10.6%、4.3%(P<0.05)。结论联合肝叶及血管切除重建根治术用于治疗肝动脉受侵HCCA,可有效减少术中出血量,提高患者的生存率。     

Hepatobiliary resection with inferior vena cava resection and reconstruction using an autologous patch graft for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Background In patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma involving the inferior vena cava (IVC), an extended hepatobiliary resection with combined resection and reconstruction of the IVC is often prerequisite to obtain a clear resection margin. Materials and methods We present our approach to repair of approximately half of a cross-sectional wall defect of the IVC using an autologous external iliac venous patch graft during extended hepatobiliary resection with a total hepatic vascular exclusion technique. The harvested external iliac vein graft was incised longitudinally and trimmed to fit the IVC defect. After multiple stay sutures, a continuous running suture using 4–0 prolene was made. Results Two patients who underwent this complex surgery survive 20 and 27 months after surgery, respectively. Morbidity of transient edema of the ipsilateral lower leg potentially related to graft harvesting was noted in one patient after surgery. Conclusions The external iliac vein patch graft for IVC resection and reconstruction during hepatobiliary resection is technically simple, produces no stenosis or caliber change in the reconstructed IVC, and is applicable for at least half or less of a cross-sectional defect of the IVC wall to be reconstructed.     

Extended resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Japan

To elucidate surgical outcome after extended sugery for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), we retrospectively allocated 83 patients who had undergone resection to a standard surgery group (n = 56), in which the patients had undergone hepatectomy alone or hepatectomy with bile duct resection, and an extended surgery group (n = 27), in which the patients had undergone the standard operation combined with vessel resection and/or pancreatectomy. The incidence of mass-forming plus periductal-infiltrating type lesions (P = 0.0129), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0005), noncurative resection (P < 0.0001), mortality within 30 days and within 1 year after surgery (P = 0.0392, P = 0.0010), local recurrence (P = 0.0439), and peritoneal disseminated recurrence (P = 0.0241) was significantly higher in the extended surgery group than in the standard surgery group. The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in the standard surgery group (30%) than in the extended surgery group (10%; P = 0.0061). The mortality rate within 1 year after extended surgery was significantly higher in the patients with infiltrating-spread type tumors than in the patients with non-infiltrating spread type tumors (P = 0.0032), and long-term (5-year) survival in the extended surgery group was significantly lower in the patients with infiltrating-spread type tumors than in the patients with non-infiltrating spread type tumors (P = 0.0253). We conclude that extended surgery does not improve the curative resection rate or the surgical outcome of ICC, and that extended surgery is not indicated for patients with infiltrating-spread type tumors. Received for publication on Dec. 14, 1998; accepted on Dec. 15, 1998     

手术切除治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 总结肝门部胆管癌手术治疗的经验.方法 回顾性分析本院9年因肝门部胆管癌行手术切除的83例病人的临床资料和随访结果.结果 83例手术切除病人中行根治性切除（R0）31例,非根治切除52例（R1,R2）,术后出现并发症29例,死亡5例.根治性切除组中位生存期21.5个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为79.6%,43.3%和25.9%,明显优于非根治性切除组（P＜0.05），近5年本院根治性切除率达44.8%,中位生存期18.7个月,疗效明显提高（P＜0.05），结论 加强围手术期处理、术中行切缘冰冻病理检查、联合肝切除等可提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率、减少并发症和死亡率;根治性切除可更好延长病人生存期,使手术治疗肝门部胆管癌获得良好的疗效.     

进展期肝门部胆管癌的扩大切除——肝切除合并肝动脉及门静脉切除重建手术的临床应用

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌病例的外科治疗手段,分析肝脏切除同时进行门静脉或肝动脉重建在进展期病例中的应用。方法：回顾性分析解放军总医院肝胆外科2007年1月-2010年12月手术治疗的104例肝门部胆管癌患者的病例资料。结果：104例患者均行手术探查,手术根治性切除51例（49．O％）,其中合并肝门部血管切除重建13例,姑息性切除25例（24O％）,引流手术28例（26．9％）。根治手术组中位生存期27个月,姑息性切除组中位生存期16个月,引流组中位生存期11个月。根治性手术组1年生存率76％,3年生存率51％,5年生存率38％;姑息性手术组1年生存率61％,3年生存率35％,5年生存率21％;引流手术组1年生存率33％,3年生存率2．1％,5年生存率为0。     

肝门胆管癌联合切肝的适应证

目的 提高对肝门胆管癌采用合理切肝手术的认识。方法 回顾性总结我院1988年以来的94例肝门胆管癌切除手术病例资料,将其分为切肝组（A组,35例）和非切肝组（B组,59例）对比两组的临床资料。结果 A组根治切除率为68．6％（24／35）,B组为35．6％（21／59）;1、2、3和5年生存率：A组分别为：84．19％,54．32％,39．84％,25．35％;B组为49．50％,20．42％,9．72％,3．24％。结论 肝门胆管癌采用合理的切肝手术,对提高生存率有显著影响。     

Right inferior phrenic vein indicating the right hepatic vein confluence into the inferior vena cava

BACKGROUND: Limiting backflow bleeding from the hepatic veins is a priority when performing hepatectomy. However, hepatic vein encirclement is difficult, especially in re-resection. We verified the presence and trajectory of the right inferior phrenic vein (RIPV), which could be a useful anatomic landmark to guide surgeons in targeting the extrahepatic right hepatic vein (RHV) before dissection. METHODS: Between May 2001 and January 2005, 100 consecutive patients with liver tumors were enrolled and underwent hepatectomy: 77 patients underwent surgery for tumors located in the right hemiliver. RESULTS: RIPV was detected in all but 1 patient (99%), and its trajectory was always guided toward the extrahepatic RHV. The only patient in whom RIPV was not detected had undergone prior liver resection and interstitial therapies for colorectal cancer liver metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from exceptional conditions, detection of the RIPV is always feasible and allows safe surgical dissection while approaching the extrahepatic RHV before hepatic resection.     

Prognostic factors in node-negative intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with special reference to angiogenesis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to clarify prognostic factors and recurrence patterns in patients with node-negative intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed to review prognostic factors and recurrence patterns (1) in 22 patients with node-negative IHCC after curative hepatic resection and (2) in 49 patients who underwent resection and lymph node dissection for IHCC. In addition to determining the clinicopathologic factors, the investigators also performed immunohistochemical examination of microvessel counts using antihuman CD-31 and antibody. RESULTS: The significant poor prognostic factors in node-negative IHCC were the presence of intrahepatic metastasis, portal vein invasion of cancer cells, and high microvessel counts. After multivariate analysis was conducted, the independent poor prognostic factors were the presence of intrahepatic metastases and high microvessel counts. Of 9 patients who had postoperative recurrence of their disease, intrahepatic recurrence was observed in 7 (78 %). CONCLUSIONS: The factors linked to poor prognosis in IHCC were tumor angiogenesis and the presence of intrahepatic metastasis. Because intrahepatic recurrence was common, regional and adjuvant chemotherapy to the liver may improve the outcome of patients with these risk factors and node-negative IHCC.     

Preparatory hepatic resection with right hepatic vein reconstruction for paracaval liver tumor

A liver tumor in the paracaval portion was very difficult to resect because of its anatomical situation. We therefore employed a technique using right hepatic vein (RHV) resection and reconstruction following the resection of segments VII/VIII with the paracaval portion. The patient was a 70-year-old man who had a hepatocellular carcinoma in the paracaval portion, and the root of the RHV was compressed by the tumor. Computed tomography (CT) during arterioportography under temporary balloon occlusion of the RHV demonstrated hypoattenuation of the entire posterior segment, meaning that RHV reconstruction following the resection of segments VII/VIII with RHV resection would be necessary. We performed the above-mentioned operation without any trouble. On mobilizing segments VI/V to the caudal direction after dissecting the distal RHV, the paracaval Glissons were easily exposed and dissected anteriorly from the first order of the right Glissonean sheath. Our preliminary surgical technique, based on IVR-CT, could provide a better surgical field and result in decreased operating time and decreased blood loss in paracaval liver malignancy. Received: August 16, 2001 / Accepted: February 8, 2002     

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus and bile duct tumor thrombus: A case report

IntroductionWe report the first case of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) and bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT), where the extrahepatic bile duct was preserved with thrombectomy.Presentation of caseA 70-year-old male. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the tumor extending from the hepatic hilum to the left hepatic duct with complete obstruction of the left hepatic duct and a defect at the left portal vein. We planned to perform extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection, extra hepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction based on the diagnosis of mass-forming ICC with left portal vein and left hepatic duct infiltration (cT3N0M0 Stage III). Intraoperative cholangiography revealed a crab claw-like filling defect at the left hepatic duct, which suggested tumor thrombus. Accordingly, we performed thrombectomy. The margin of the left hepatic duct was tumor negative, so we performed extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection and thrombectomy. Pathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as ICC (pT4N0M0 Stage IVA, vp3, b3). Tumors in the left hepatic duct and left portal vein proved to be tumor thrombus. The postoperative course was uneventful. He is doing well without recurrence.DiscussionThrombectomy is performed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus. Furthermore, extrahepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction are recommended for ICC. In this case, intraoperative cholangiography was effective for precisely diagnosing. Thrombectomy could reduce surgical stress and prevent complications.ConclusionsThrombectomy can be a valid option for ICC with tumor thrombus, as well as for HCC.     

下腔静脉与肝静脉的外科应用解剖

在３２例成人尸体上进行腔静脉与肝静脉的应用解剖学的研究，观测了右肾上腺静脉、左膈下静脉、主肝静脉的长度、横径、注入角度和部位及主肝静脉的汇合类型和下腔静脉各段长度。结果表明，术中阻断肝上膈下下腔静脉，有８４．４％的人可经腹部切口完成，另１５．６％者可能需开胸在心包内阻断下腔静脉，下腔静脉下阻断，有８７．５％可在网膜孔后分离阻断，１２．５％需行下腔静脉肝后段分离阻断。在游离肝右叶时，需注意可能出现的     

肝内胆管癌术后复发的治疗

影响肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)肝切除术后远期生存的主要因素是肝内复发和肝外转移。再切除适用于复发性肿瘤单发、至复发时间较长、肝功能良好的病人,但术后再复发率仍较高。对于术后较早期肝内复发、肿瘤直径不超过3 cm、数目不超过3个的ICC,消融治疗可达到与再切除相似的远期预后。对于不适合再切除或消融的肝内复发ICC,可考虑行经肝动脉栓塞化疗(tansarterial arterial chemoembolization,TACE)或钇-90经肝动脉放射性栓塞。对于术后发生肝外转移的ICC,应联合消融、TACE、系统性化疗、靶向治疗以及姑息治疗等多种治疗手段,以进一步延长病人的生存时间。     

Recent advance in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: hepatectomy with vascular resection

Radical surgical resection has been revealed to be the only hope of cure for the patient with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Therefore, major efforts have been made to increase the resection rate by surgeons employing combined hepatic resection and vascular resection of the portal vein and the hepatic artery. Especially, the technical feasibility and surgical safety of hepatic resection with combined portal vein resection have recently been reported by several authors. On the other hand, there have been few reports of combined hepatic artery resection in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. There are fears that combined vascular resection with extended hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma may lead to high surgical morbidity and mortality. Herein, we describe the results of aggressive surgical approaches in our series, and we also review the outcomes of hepatic resection with combined vascular resection in the previously reported literature.     

肝叶切除联合门静脉切除和重建在肝门部胆管癌根治术中的应用

目的总结肝叶切除联合门静脉切除和重建在肝门部胆管癌中应用的临床经验。方法回顾分析1998年至2003年收治118例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料。结果118例中66例实施了姑息性治疗;52例实施根治性切除手术,其中联合肝切除者47例,肝切除中11例实施了联合门静脉切除和重建。行肝切除者术后并发症发生率为22．9％,合并门静脉切除者为27．3％;1、3年的存活率仅行肝切除者和合并门静脉切除者分别为85．7％、31．4％和81．8％、27．8％,2组差异无统计学意义。姑息治疗组仅5例存活超过3年（7．58％）,无5年生存者。结论门静脉浸润不是肝门部胆管癌手术的禁忌证,肝叶切除联合门静脉切除和重建提高其治愈切除率,改善术后患者的预后。     

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma involving the portal vein bifurcation: long-term results after resection

Abstract. Background/Purpose: Resection offers the only potential cure of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Portal bifurcation involvement is often thought to contraindicate resection. We reviewed our experience with aggressive surgical management in 28 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: All patients underwent hepatectomy and bile duct resection with hepaticojejunostomy. In 10 cases (group 1) the portal bifurcation was involved, necessitating portal resection and reconstruction; 18 (group 2) had no portal involvement. Frozen section of duct margins was routine. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Results: Portal reconstruction in group 1 was by graft interposition (1), venoplasty using the posterior wall of the right portal vein (2), or end-end anastomosis (7). Hepatectomies included right trisegmentectomy (8), right lobectomy (4), and left lobectomy (16); 20 (71%) had concomitant caudate resection. Median survival was 18 months in group 1 and 32 months in group 2 (P, not significant [NS]). One-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 60%, 22%, and 22%, respectively, in group 1 and 70%, 47%, and 38%, respectively, in group 2 (P = 0.319). Conclusions: Portal involvement by hilar cholangiocarcinoma does not contraindicate resection. Received: June 11, 2001 / Accepted: February 8, 2002