微血管性心绞痛冠状动脉血流速度与内皮损伤的研究

目的　通过冠状动脉血流多普勒检测 ,探讨微血管病变患者的冠状动脉血流速度及其与血管内皮损伤、局部微血栓的关系。方法　对有胸痛而冠状动脉造影正常的 16例患者的 43支血管 (右冠状动脉 14支 ,左前降支 15支 ,左回旋支 14支 )行冠状动脉内多普勒超声血流检查 ,记录基础血流参数和充血相血流参数 ,同时记录冠状动脉血流速率储备 (CFVR)。以CFVR 2 5为标准 ,分为正常组 (A组 )和微血管病变组 (B组 ) ,比较二组的冠状动脉血流速度参数及血浆血管性假血友病因子(vWF)的差异。结果　A组包括 7例患者的 19支血管 ,B组包括 9例患者的 2 4支血管。A组的基础平均峰值流速 (bAPV)显著小于B组 [(17 7± 4 8)vs (2 0 9± 5 4)cm s ,P <0 0 0 1];而充血相平均峰值流速 (hAPV)A组显著大于B组 [(5 1 0± 13 3)vs (4 2 5± 11 3)cm s ,P <0 0 5 ];A组的CFVR显著大于B组 [(2 9± 0 5 )vs (2 0± 0 3) ,P <0 0 0 1];A组的血浆vWF显著小于B组 [(112 5± 2 7 5 ) %vs(173 2± 40 8) % ,P <0 0 5 ]。结论　微血管病变患者的基础平均峰血流速度显著增大 ,而充血相平均峰血流速度显著减小 ,可能与冠状动脉内皮损伤及局部微血栓形成有关。     

微血管性心绞痛的临床诊断和治疗(附21例临床报告)

目的　探讨微血管性心绞痛的诊断和治疗。方法　以心电图、超声心动图、平板运动试验、同位素心肌灌注显像、冠状动脉造影及左室造影等检查方法诊断２１ 例微血管性心绞痛。结果　静息心电图９ 例正常,１２ 例有缺血性ＳＴ－ Ｔ 改变,超声心动图２１ 例正常;心绞痛发作或运动时２１ 例ＳＴ 段压低≥１ｍ ｍ ;平板运动试验２１ 例阳性;１６ 例同位素心肌灌注显像心肌缺血;冠状动脉造影２１ 例正常,其中１５ 例行左室造影正常。结论　微血管性心绞痛是由于小冠状动脉扩张贮备降低或异常收缩而导致的心肌缺血。诊断需结合临床表现、平板运动试验等无创性检查及冠脉造影结果。对硝酸酯类和β受体阻滞剂效果好。临床预后良好。     

微血管性心绞痛患者亚临床甲减与心功能的关系研究

目的 探讨冠状动脉微血管性心绞痛（coronary microvascular angina,CMVA）患者亚临床型甲状腺功能减退症（subclinical hypothyroidism,SCH）对心脏射血功能的影响。方法 应用智业电子病历系统选择2015年5月至2019年5月在我院诊断为CMVA的患者165例为CMVA组,根据是否伴SCH再分亚组为：甲功正常组和SCH组;选择同期健康查体者116例为对照组。应用化学发光免疫法测定甲状腺激素和生化指标,采用彩色超声心动图评价心脏功能。结果 CMVA组SCH患病率和TPOAb阳性率显著高于对照组（29.7% 比16.4% 和26.1% 比18.1%;P<0.05）。CMVA组TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、CRP、尿酸、ApoB和E/A与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（分别为5.25±1.26和4.53±0.65、1.33±0.67和1.02±0.31、1.18±0.28和1.56±0.33、3.25±0.83和3.02±0.18、3.21±0.55和2.83±0.33、357±72和268±81、1.17±0.30和0.86±0.27、0.78±1.54和1.15±1.43;均P<0.05）。CMVA伴SCH组与甲功正常组比较,E/A比值显著降低（分别为0.61±1.47和1.16±1.62）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。CMVA患者的TSH水平与LVEF和E/A比值相关,r 值分别为0.205和0.305,P均<0.05;FT3水平与E/A比值相关,r=0.260,P<0.05。结论 CMVA患者SCH影响了心脏的射血功能,参与了CMVA的发生和发展,其机制可能与脂质代谢有关。     

血脂和内皮功能异常在微血管性心绞痛发病学中的意义

目的　研究血脂紊乱和血管内皮功能失调在微血管性心绞痛患者发病学中的意义。方法　测定 2 1例微血管性心绞痛患者血脂水平并同时采用高分辨超声技术检测其血管内皮舒张功能 ,与 2 4例正常人 (对照组 )作比较。结果　 (1 )微血管性心绞痛组血脂异常主要表现为总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白 胆固醇 (LDL C)、载脂蛋白B1 0 0 (ApoB1 0 0 )和脂蛋白 (a) [Lp(a) ]明显升高 (P值均 <0 0 5 ) ;(2 )微血管性心绞痛组肱动脉血流介导性内皮舒张功能较对照组明显减退 [(4 7± 1 9) %比(1 2 8± 3 7) %,P <0 0 0 1 ],而两组对硝酸甘油的反应差异无显著性意义 [(1 9 7± 8 1 ) %比 (2 1 2±6 6 ) %,P >0 0 5 ];(3 )微血管性心绞痛组肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张与血清LDL C和Lp(a)水平呈显著的负相关 (r=- 0 5 1 2 5和 - 0 42 71 ,P均 <0 0 0 1 )。按血流介导的肱动脉舒张程度将两组合并后分为A、B两组 (A组≤ 4 %,B组 >4 %) ,结果显示 :A组LDL C水平升高显著 [(4 0 9± 0 6 5 )mmol/L比 (2 5 9± 0 49)mmol/L ,P <0 0 5 ]。结论　 (1 )微血管性心绞痛患者血脂异常以TC、LDL C、ApoB1 0 0 和Lp(a)升高为主 ,同时存在明显的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍 ,提示血脂紊乱和内皮功能异常在其发病中起重要作用 ;(2     

Insulin resistance relates to acetylcholine-induced microvascular vasoconstriction in a patient with vasospastic angina: potential implication of causalities between hyperinsulinemia and coronary microcirculation failure

Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine infusion was studied in a 69-year-old currently smoking man with enhanced insulin response to oral glucose load. Coronary angiogram showed no significant stenoses. Immediately after 20µg acetylcholine infusion in the right coronary artery, angiographic no-flow, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, and anginal pain developed in the absence of epicardial coronary obstruction. While intracoronary infusion of isosorbide dinitrate was only partially effective, intracoronary infusion of nicorandil, an agent known to improve coronary microcirculation, completely resolved these changes. This is the first case reported so far suggesting that enhanced insulin response may be associated with acetylcholine-induced microvascular vasoconstriction. Microvascular vasoconstriction must be considered when a patient with insulin resistance presents with chest pain.     

Sarcoidosis, microvascular angina and aortitis: New dimensions of the 'Takayasu syndrome' - A case report

A case of Takayasu aortitis associated with sarcoidosis presenting with recurrent angina is reported. This association has been called 'Takayasu syndrome', which reflects what is likely a shared etiology. Myocardial perfusion abnormalities have recently been documented in sarcoidosis, but this case clarifies for the first time that the angina in Takayasu syndrome is likely due to small vessel coronary arteritis. Corticosteroids and cytotoxic therapy have been shown to be beneficial in all forms of sarcoidosis related to vasculitis. Initiation of steroid therapy may provide relief of angina in patients with evidence of reversible ischemia in normal coronary arteries.     

Enhanced erythrocyte Na + /H + exchange predicts diabetic nephropathy in patients with IDDM

Summary Diabetic nephropathy develops in a subset of patients with an apparently hereditary predisposition. Microalbuminuria and elevated arterial pressure have been proposed as predictors of nephropathy but both appear when renal damage is impending. Enhanced sodium-hydrogen exchange in the cell membranes of diabetic patients is an early marker of diabetic nephropathy but its predictive value has not been assessed. In this study, sodium-hydrogen exchange was measured in erythrocytes as an initial velocity of amiloride-inhibited H ⁺ efflux (pH 6.35–6.45) into a Na ⁺ -containing medium (pH 7.95–8.05) in 156 non-microalbuminuric insulin-treated diabetic patients (98 women, 58 men, age 33 ± 8 years, diabetes duration prior to enrollment 15 ± 4 years) during 8 years of follow-up. Enhanced erythrocyte sodium-hydrogen exchange predicted diabetic nephropathy alone and in association with a familial tendency to hypertension/nephropathy with 86 and 96 % sensitivity, and 80 % specificity. Thus, sodium-hydrogen exchange appears to detect a subset of diabetic patients prone to develop renal damage, in whom a more intensive treatment modality might be considered. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 201–205] Received: 23 April 1997 and in final revised form: 15 September 1997     

Myocardial perfusion echocardiography and coronary microvascular dysfunction

Our understanding of coronary syndromes has evolved in the last two decades out of the obstructive atherosclerosis of epicardial coronary arteries paradigm to include anatomo-functional abnormalities of coronary microcirculation. No current diagnostic technique allows direct visualization of coronary microcirculation, but functional assessments of this circulation are possible. This represents a challenge in cardiology. Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) was a breakthrough in echocardiography several years ago that claimed the capability to detect myocardial perfusion abnormalities and quantify coronary blood flow. Research demonstrated that the integration of quantitative MCE and fractional flow reserve improved the definition of ischemic burden and the relative contribution of collaterals in non-critical coronary stenosis. MCE identified no-reflow and low-flow within and around myocardial infarction, respectively, and predicted the potential functional recovery of stunned myocardium using appropriate interventions. MCE exhibited diagnostic performances that were comparable to positron emission tomography in microvascular reserve and microvascular dysfunction in angina patients. Overall, MCE improved echocardiographic evaluations of ischemic heart disease in daily clinical practice, but the approval of regulatory authorities is lacking.     

Enhanced external counterpulsation as an adjunct to revascularization in unstable angina

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is an effective noninvasive treatment for chronic stable angina. Despite intensive risk factor modification, a patient required two surgical coronary revascularizations and seven multivessel angioplasties over a 26-monfh period, demonstrating recurrent unstable angina and persistent thallium perfusion defects despite revascularization. Post EECP, angina was relieved, thallium defects were resolved, and the patient has remained asymptomatic for 36 months.     

Whole blood viscosity in microvascular angina and coronary artery disease: Significance and utility

Introduction and ObjectivesWhole blood viscosity (WBV) is the intrinsic resistance of blood flow in vessels, and when elevated induces endothelial shear stress and endothelial inflammation and can accelerate the atherosclerotic process. This study aims to compare WBV levels in patients with microvascular angina (MVA), patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and normal controls, and to identify the relationship between WBV and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a marker of inflammation in MVA and CAD.MethodsA total of 573 patients were studied. The MVA group consisted of 189 subjects, the CAD group consisted of 203 subjects, and the control group consisted of 181 age- and gender-matched individuals. WBV was calculated from hematocrit and plasma protein concentration at a low shear rate (0.5 s^–1) and high shear rate (208 s^–1) by a validated equation.ResultsPatients with CAD and MVA had significantly higher WBV at both low and high shear rates compared to the control group. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and WBV at low (r=0.556; p<0.001) and high shear rates (r=0.562) in the CAD group and at low (r=0.475) and high shear rates (r=0.493) in the MVA group.ConclusionsOverall, this study demonstrated a significant and independent association between blood viscosity and the existence of endothelial inflammation and the atherosclerotic process.     

原发性微血管心绞痛冠状动脉微循环功能障碍的影像学研究进展

原发性微血管心绞痛(MVA)通常是有典型心绞痛症状,但血管造影检查显示冠状动脉(冠脉)正常.由于无法通过血管造影术评估小冠脉,因此在临床实践中,通常排除其他可能的心源性和非心源性心脏病后,才对原发性MVA进行诊断.原发性MVA患病率较高,后期生活质量较差,心脏死亡风险较高.所以早期发现原发性MVA,并尽早干预.明确诊断...     

Role of the Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Diabetes

Ischemic heart disease is a significant problem in the diabetic population. Animal models of diabetes show a paradoxical resistance to ischemic challenge. The present treatise will discuss the mechanics involved and the central role that Na+-H+ exchanger plays in this response to ischemic-reperfusion injury.     

Mechanism of red blood cell aging: Relationship of cell density and cell age

The human red cell has a life span of 120 days. The mechanism that determines cell removal from the circulation with such precision remains unknown. Most studies of red cell aging have been based on analysis of cells of progressively increasing age separated by density. The relationship between red cell age and density has been recently challenged, and the hypothesis has been put forward that cell death is not the result of a progressive deterioration of essential cell constituents. This theory was based on preliminary observations in transient erythroblastopenia of childhood, which could not later be confirmed. When the relationship between cell aging and increasing density is critically reviewed, it appears to be based on firm experimental evidence, confirmed by in vivo demonstration of decreasing survival of cells of increasing age. Analysis of studies using buoyant density gradients reveals that this technique can easily distinguish the single exponential slope of decline for those cell components that change progressively throughout the red cell life span from the biphasic decline of those that decrease drastically at the reticulocyte-mature red cell transition. The view that the aging of the red cell and its removal from the circulation result from a progressive series of events during the 120 days of its life span appears to be the most consistent with the available data. Density separation, validated by much experimental evidence, remains a most useful technique for the study of the mechanism of aging of the red cell. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

冠状微血管痉挛性心绞痛患者血浆氧自由基的变化

目的 探讨氧自由基在冠状微血管痉挛性心绞痛发病中的意义。方法 采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法和硫代巴比妥的方法检测冠状微血管痉挛性心绞痛组20例及对照组26例病人血浆中超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛水平,采用放射免疫法和硝酸还原酶法检测两组人群血浆中内皮素、一氧化氮水平。结果 冠状微血管痉挛性心绞痛组血浆内皮素和丙二醛显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,而一氧化氮和超氧化物歧化酶显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）。结论 氧自由基通过损伤血管内皮细胞导致冠状动脉微血管功能障碍。     

Enhanced endothelial activation in diabetic patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with chronic endothelial dysfunction. Diabetic patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes have a worse prognosis than non-diabetics. An acute inflammatory reaction at the site of coronary plaque rupture and increased expression of surface and soluble cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pathological features of acute coronary syndromes. We set out to characterize the expression of soluble CAMs in patients with and without diabetes presenting with unstable angina (UA) and non Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQMI). METHODS: Patients presenting with UA and NQMI had serum samples taken on presentation, after 72 h and then 3, 6 and 12 months after discharge. Levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin and P-selectin were measured using an ELISA technique. RESULTS: We studied 15 diabetic patients and 15 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic patients presenting with either UA or NQMI. Levels of soluble E-selectin were elevated in the diabetic patients in comparison with the non-diabetic patients at all measured time points: 74 +/- 10 ng/ml vs. 47 +/- 3 ng/ml, P < 0.03 at t = 0 h, 55 +/- 5 ng/ml vs. 38 +/- 2 ng/ml, P < 0.02 at t = 72 h. However, levels of soluble P-selectin were lower in the diabetic cohort during follow-up: 134 +/- 15 ng/ml vs. 225 +/- 32 ng/ml, P < 0.02 at t = 3/12 and 112 +/- 8 ng/ml vs. 197 +/- 23 ng/ml, P < 0.02 at t = 6/12. There was no significant difference in levels of soluble ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of soluble E-selectin are significantly elevated in diabetic patients presenting with UA and NQMI in comparison with non-diabetics. This finding may reflect enhanced endothelial activation which may contribute to the adverse prognosis of diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes.     

心衰患者心肌中NHE1 mRNA的表达与血浆内皮素及心肌胶原的相关性研究

目的:观察心力衰竭(HF)患者心肌组织中钠氢交换体1（natrium-hydrogen exchanger 1,NHE1）的表达及其与血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)及心肌胶原的相关性,探讨NHE1、ET-1在HF、心肌纤维化发生发展中的作用。方法: 采用实时荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）检测35例HF患者心肌组织中NHE1 mRNA的表达水平。采用放射免疫分析法分别测定受试者血浆ET-1及Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端肽Ⅰ（PⅠCP）和Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽（PⅢNP）的含量。同时用心脏多普勒超声检查心脏左房内径、左室射血分数（LVEF％）。结果: FQ-PCR检测心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级组HF患者心肌组织中NHE1 mRNA的△Ct值,分别为6.29±0.66、5.01±0.60和4.40±0.74。心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级组患者心肌组织中NHE1 mRNA的表达明显高于心功能Ⅰ级组（P<0.01）,心功能Ⅲ级组患者心肌组织中NHE1 mRNA的表达明显高于心功能Ⅱ级组（P<0.05）。HF组ET-1及PⅠCP、PⅢNP的含量较对照组明显升高（P<0.01）,并随着HF程度的加重而增加,心功能Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级组显著高于心功能Ⅰ级组（P<0.05,P<0.01）,心功能Ⅲ级组显著高于心功能Ⅱ级组（P<0.05）;且ET-1及PⅠCP、PⅢNP的含量与NHE1 mRNA的△Ct值（r=-0.587,P<0.01）呈显著的负相关。ET-1与PⅠCP、PⅢNP含量（r=-0.418,P<0.05）呈显著的正相关。结论: HF患者NHE1 mRNA的表达与ET-1及PⅠCP、PⅢNP的含量均密切相关。NHE1在HF、心肌纤维化的发生和发展过程中可能起着重要作用。     

Automated red cell exchange in sickle cell disease

We used multiple optical trapping to study the mechanism of red cell (dis)aggregation. Two sets of optical 'tweezers' were used to bring two red blood cells together to form a two-cell aggregate and then to pull them apart, to study the interaction between the cells.
We found that cross-bridging occurred in normal reversible aggregation as we observed binding and the occurrence of small tethers between opposite cell membranes. Furthermore, the cells could only be parted by sliding them side by side with a maximum velocity in the order of μm/s indicating accumulation of the cross-bridges.