低钙透析液用于血液透析的临床观察

目的探讨低钙透析液用于血液透析的有效性及安全性.方法采用稀释后浓度为1.25mmol/L碳酸低钙透析液,常规透析治疗24例高钙血症血液透析患者的规律.结果观察高钙血症血液透析患者在应用碳酸低钙透析液3个月和6个月后,血钙、钙磷乘积、iPTH的指标变化及不良反应.结果发现血钙下降水平与低钙透析液使用前比较有明显差异(P＜0.05);钙磷乘积也有显著性差异(P＜0.05);血磷无显著性差异(P＞0.05);iPTH无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论高钙血症的血液透析患者在使用低钙透析液后,血钙下降明显、可有效降低钙磷乘积,可能有益于减轻血液透析患者骨外转移性钙化的发生.     

血液透析中应用低钙透析液的临床观察

目的探讨低钙透析透液用于血液透析的有效性及安全性。方法采用稀解释后浓度为1.25 mmol/L碳酸低钙透析液,常规透析治疗20例高钙血症血液透析患者的规律。观察高钙血症血液透析患者在应用碳酸低钙透析液3个月和6个月后,血钙、钙磷乘积、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)的指标变化及不良反应。结果发现血钙下降水平与低钙透析液使用前比较有明显差异(P<0.05)乘积也有显著性差异(P<0.05)血磷无显著性差异(P>0.05);iPTH无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论高钙血症的血液透析患者在使用低钙透析液后,血钙下降明显,可有效降低钙磷乘积,可能有益于减轻血液透板患者骨外转移性钙化的发生。     

高通量血液透析治疗老年肾性骨病患者的疗效观察

[目的]观察高通量血液透析治疗老年肾性骨病患者的临床疗效.[方法]本院收治的46例老年肾性骨病患者随机分为两组,每组23例.对照组采用低通量血液透析治疗,观察组采用高通量血液透析治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素、钙磷乘积和β2-微球蛋白的水平变化.[结果]治疗前两组血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素、钙磷乘积和β2-微球蛋白含量相比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05);对照组患者治疗后各项指标较治疗前无明显变化(P>0.05).观察组治疗后血钙浓度较治疗前明显升高,血磷、甲状旁腺激素、钙磷乘积和β2-微球蛋白含量明显降低,治疗前后及与对照组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05).两组头痛,恶心呕吐等各项不良反应总发生率相比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05).[结论]采用高通量血液透析方法能有效地改善老年肾性骨病患者机体钙磷代谢功能紊乱的情况,值得临床推广应用.     

盐酸司维拉姆对糖尿病肾病患者血管钙化的疗效及机制

[目的]探讨盐酸司维拉姆对糖尿病肾病(DN)患者中短期抗血管钙化的疗效及相关作用机制.[方法]行维持性血液透析(MHD)且联用盐酸司维拉姆的34例DN患者为研究组;将同期入院行MHD的26例DN患者纳入对照组.两组均持续治疗12周后观察比较其入组时和治疗12周后血磷、血钙、钙磷乘积、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、脂代谢指标[低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)]、炎症指标[C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(L-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]变化情况,分析两组3年随访期内冠状动脉钙化(CAC)积分变化情况及3年生存率、CAC率、心血管事件病死率的差异.[结果]治疗后,研究组除血钙水平及HDL-C水平较入组时无差异(P＞0.05)外,血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、LDL-C、TC、TG、CRP、L-6、TNF-α等均较入组时显著降低(P＜0.05);对照组则较入组时无明显差异(P＞0.05).3年随访期内,研究组CAC积分及CAC率均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组3年生存率和心血管事件病死率比较则差异无显著性(P＞0.05).[结论]盐酸司维拉姆治疗DN患者能有效改善其血管钙化情况,对降低CAC发生率、调节血脂水平、抑制炎症反应等具有积极影响.     

低磷饮食干预对维持性血液透析患者钙磷代谢的影响

目的 探讨低磷饮食干预对维持性血液透析患者钙磷代谢及营养状态的影响.方法 选取2010年11月-2011年5月在中国人民解放军第八五医院行维持性血液透析,血磷＞1.78 mmol/L的患者52例,入选患者的原治疗方案不变,采用自身对照,由护士指导患者,给予低磷饮食;3个月后,观察患者干预前后的血磷、血钙、全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、钙磷乘积情况及干预前后患者血清白蛋白和血清前白蛋白的变化.结果 3个月后,患者血磷、钙磷乘积显著下降,与干预前比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,血钙、iPTH、血清白蛋白和血清前白蛋白变化不显著,与干预前比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 对维持性血液透析患者采用低磷饮食,能够一定程度改善患者的钙磷代谢,防止因钙磷代谢紊乱导致的营养不良状态.     

血液灌流对维持性血液透析患者高磷血症的影响

目的:观察血液灌流(HP)对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者高磷血症的影响及可能的作用机制。方法:将65例MHD患者(研究组)按透析方案分为HP组(n=25)、血液透析滤过(HDF)组(n=20)及血液透析(HD)组(n=20),以24周为1个疗程。观察入选时、12周、24周各组患者的血清成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF-23)、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、磷、钙、血清肌酐(Scr)等指标的变化,并以年龄、性别匹配的20名健康者作为对照组进行比较。结果:各研究组患者治疗前的血清FGF-23、iPTH、尿素氮(BUN)、Scr、血磷均显著高于对照组(P均<0.05),血钙则显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。HP组患者进行12周HP联合HD治疗后,其血清FGF-23较治疗前显著下降(P<0.05),进行24周的HP治疗后,其血磷、iPTH、FGF-23较治疗前显著下降(P均<0.05),血清FGF-23明显低于HDF及HD组(P均<0.01),血磷明显低于HD组(P0.05)。结论:MHD患者普遍存在血清FGF-23、iPTH水平升高,而HP治疗可降低其FGF-23及血磷,其机制可能与HP对FGF-23的吸附、降低iPTH有关。     

碳酸镧与醋酸钙治疗维持性透析患者高磷血症的对比研究

目的对比碳酸镧与醋酸钙治疗维持性透析患者高磷血症的效果。方法我院收治的终末期慢性肾脏病(CKD)维持性血液透析高磷血症患者42例,按维持治疗期治疗方案不同将其分为观察组(碳酸镧咀嚼片)和对照组(醋酸钙片)各21例。比较两组治疗前、服药后1、2、4周及4、8、12个月血钙(Ca)、血磷(P)水平及钙磷乘积,于治疗4周及12月后测定甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平,应用健康调查简表(SF-36)、自我感受负担量表(SPBS)评价其生活质量及自我感受负担程度,并观察不良反应。结果两组血磷均在短期内下降;在治疗第4周、治疗4、8个月,观察组血磷、钙磷乘积下降幅度大于对照组,对照组血钙在治疗2周开始持续增加(P0.05),观察组血钙较治疗前无明显变化(P0.05);两组治疗后12个月iPTH均低于治疗前(P0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组治疗后SPBS评分低于对照组,SF-36评分高于对照组(P0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.707)。结论碳酸镧应用于CKD维持性血液透析高磷血症患者中,可明显降低其血磷、钙磷乘积及PTH等水平,提高生活质量,降低患者自我感受负担,且对血钙影响小,值得在临床推广应用。     

骨化三醇联合低钙透析液治疗血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

[目的]探讨血液透析患者使用骨化三醇（钙三醇）和低钙透析液（含钙1.25 mmoI/L）治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效及不良反应.[方法]选择本院血液透析中心维持性血液透析患者12例,首先使用低钙透析液透析,根据继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的程度给予骨化三醇治疗;观察6个月,记录血钙、磷、钙磷乘积和全段甲状旁腺素（iPTH）的变化及其他不良反应.[结果]治疗2个月时,12例患者血钙明显升高,iPTH水平显著降低（P〈0.05）,钙磷乘积和血磷有所增高（P〉0.05）;在结束观察时,钙磷乘积和血磷较治疗前显著增高（P〈0.05）,血钙、磷和钙磷乘积较治疗2个月时增高（P〉0.05）;10例患者的iPTH在150～320 pg/mL范围波动,2例患者iPTH出现反弹.12例患者对低钙透析液的耐受性良好.[结论]骨化三醇和低钙透析液对血液透析患者的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进治疗效果良好,对于透析前血钙不低的患者,推荐使用低钙透析液,可减少因服用含钙的磷结合剂所致体内钙负荷增加的危险,达到降低钙磷乘积和减少心血管钙化的目的.     

益肾化湿颗粒联合血液透析对尿毒症患者相关指标改善情况的研究

目的：探讨益肾化湿颗粒联合血液透析对尿毒症患者低密度脂蛋白（LDL ）、甲状旁腺素（iPT H ）、C反应蛋白（CRP）和钙磷乘积改善效果。方法选择中南大学湘雅三医院2010年3月至2013年3月收治的尿毒症患者83例为研究对象,依据临床治疗方法不同将患者分为治疗组（42例）和对照组（41例）。治疗组给予益肾化湿颗粒联合血液透析治疗;对照组给予单纯的血液透析治疗。对患者治疗前后患者血磷、血钙以及磷钙乘积、LDL、iPT H、CRP等相关检测指标进行比较分析。结果两组患者治疗后血磷、血钙、磷钙乘积、LDL、iPT H和CRP均有不同程度改善,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。治疗后LDL、iPTH、CRP和钙磷乘积比较,治疗组明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论益肾化湿颗粒联合血液透析对尿毒症患者LDL、iPTH、CRP和钙磷乘积有明显的改善作用。     

比较血液透析患者在不同PTH状态下低钙透析液的疗效

目的通过观察不同甲状旁腺激素(PTH)状态下合并高钙血症的血液透析患者应用低钙透析液的疗效,以肯定其实用性。方法选择27例维持性血液透析合并高钙血症患者,根据iPTH水平分为三组:I组血iPTH<120pg/ml,考虑低转运骨病(lowturnoverbonediease,LTBD),共6例;II组血iPTH不相识120～600pg/ml,即PTH合适或轻度甲状旁腺功能亢进组,共13例;III组血iPTH600～1000pg/ml,重度继发甲旁亢需活性维生素D冲击治疗组,共8例;三组患者应用低钙透析液(1.25mmol/L)三个月后比较血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积及血iPTH的变化。结果应用低钙透析液后,三组患者透析前、后血钙都有明显下降(P<0.05),尤其透析后血钙下降更明显(P<0.01);透析前、后血磷变化不大;透析前、后钙磷乘积全部下降(P<0.05);LTBD组iPTH明显升高(P<0.05),其余二组iPTH虽有所升高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。观察中不良反应的发生率为6/27(22.2%),主要有肌痉挛、低血压和心律失常,除1例肌痉挛不能耐受而退出以外,余5例经对症处理后尚能坚持完成3个月的观察。结论对不同原因导致的血液透析患者高钙血症,包括活性维生素D冲击治疗及LTBD患者,都适宜个体化的低钙透析液进行透析,可以降低高钙血症及钙磷乘积,但要定期监测血清钙、磷及PTH的变化。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.