Left common carotid artery cannulation for type A aortic dissections

We used left common carotid artery cannulation for repair of type A aortic dissection in 2 patients for whom both femoral artery and axillary artery cannulation were thought to be more dangerous, due to dissection of the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery in association with abdominal stenosis. Before performing end-to-side anastomosis, we attached a small partial clamp to the left common carotid artery, thereby maintaining adequate cerebral blood flow during perfusion. To date, neither of our patients has experienced neurologic complications related to this procedure. We believe that left common carotid artery cannulation for type A dissections is useful when dissection of the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery is found in association with abdominal or femoral artery stenosis. To the best of our knowledge, these 2 cases are the 1st described in the medical literature.     

Surgical and endovascular treatment of stenosis of the innominate artery.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic lesions of the brachiocepfialic trunk are relatively rare compared with other types of vascular diseases. Median sternotomy with direct endothoracic repair is recommended because of good early and long-term results. Nevertheless, this procedure is not without risks such as hemorrhaging, embolism, aortic dissection, infection or death. METHODS: This report therefore, describes our experience in intraoperative balloon angioplasty and additional stent placement of isolated stenosis of the brachiocephalic trunk with cerebral protection ensured by common carotid artery clamping. Through an anterolateral cervical approach the right common carotid artery was surgically exposed. After dilating the brachiocephalic trunk and positioning the stent, the vessel was repaired with a continuous suture. RESULTS: In all patients the dilation of the stenosis of the brachiocephalic trunk and the stent placement were successful without any side-effects. No distal embolism with neurologic events, innominate artery dissection, rupture, occlusion or neck hematoma occurred. All patients were discharged three days after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This technique offers a safe, effective approach to stenoses of innominate arteries because it is less invasive than conventional transthoracic or extrathoracic surgery and offers excellent early and mid-term results. We believe that this technique is a safe and effective alternative to conventional surgery.     

Current concepts of the interventional treatment of proximal supraaortic vessel stenosis

Interventional therapies using angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic stenosis of the proximal supraaortic vessels have evolved as safe and effective treatment strategies. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current treatment concepts for stenosis in the subclavian and brachiocephalic artery with regard to clinical indication, interventional technique including selection of the appropriate vascular approach and type of stent, angiographic and clinical short-term and long-term results and follow-up. The role of hybrid interventions for tandem stenoses of the carotid bifurcation and brachiocephalic artery is analysed. A systematic review of data for angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis is discussed with a special focus on restenosis rate.     

Graft replacement for massive mobile embolic source in brachiocephalic artery

A 76-year-old woman presented with multiple brain infarctions in the right middle cerebral artery and vertebral artery area. Carotid sonography revealed a large mobile pedunculated mass in the brachiocephalic artery, which showed rapid growth despite treatment with heparin and aspirin. Graft replacement of the brachiocephalic artery was performed under selective cerebral perfusion with deep hypothermia. Histology of the resected specimen revealed aortic atherosclerotic plaque.     

颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径

目的探讨颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径。方法对100例老年颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)技术评估侧支循环变化。结果大脑中动脉主干重度狭窄或闭塞59例,TCD显示软脑膜吻合侧支通路开放34例,占57.6%。颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄或闭塞30例,侧支通路开放24例,占80.0%,其中前动脉交通侧支开放8例,后动脉交通侧支开放2例,前动脉交通与后动脉交通侧支同时开放4例,眼动脉侧支开放6例,前动脉交通、后动脉交通和眼动脉侧支同时开放4例。锁骨下动脉重度狭窄7例,TCD发现窃血改变4例,占57.1%。椎动脉重度狭窄或闭塞3例中,2例椎动脉起始部闭塞患者出现颈外动脉-椎动脉侧支开放。左侧颈总动脉闭塞伴头臂干中度狭窄1例,TCD显示椎动脉-颈外动脉-颈内动脉侧支通路开放。结论 TCD技术有助于了解颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径。     

Transseptal approach for stent implantation in right internal carotid artery stenosis

Carotid artery stenting is emerging as an effective measure to prevent strokes in patients with significant carotid artery stenosis. We report a case of right internal carotid artery stenosis in which we used a transseptal approach for successful carotid artery stenting. This patient had concomitant stenosis at all three coronary arteries, including the left main coronary artery. A transseptal approach was adopted due to the sharply angled take-off of the right brachiocephalic artery from the tortuous aortic arch, where advancement of an extra-stiff wire into the right common carotid artery was not possible by a femoral artery approach.     

Concomitant Reconstruction of Arch Vessels during Repair of Aortic Dissection

Surgery for acute aortic dissection is challenging, especially in cases of cerebral malperfusion. Should we perform only the aortic repair, or should we also reconstruct the arch vessels when they are severely affected by the disease process? Here we present a case of acute aortic dissection with multiple tears that involved the brachiocephalic artery and caused cerebral and right upper-extremity malperfusion. The patient successfully underwent complete replacement of the brachiocephalic artery and the aortic arch during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, with antegrade cerebral protection. We have found this technique to be safe and reproducible for use in this group of patients.     

轻度大脑中动脉狭窄对认知功能影响的分析

目的探讨轻度大脑中动脉狭窄对认知功能的影响。方法选取健康体检者和住院患者121例,根据检查结果分为轻度大脑中动脉狭窄组(狭窄组)49例和对照组72例。收集受试者一般临床资料,6个月后随访,采用中文版蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)进行评估。结果与对照组比较,狭窄组MoCA总分[(21.33±4.53)分vs(24.13±4.61)分]、注意[(5.11±0.61)分vs(5.43±0.93)分]、语言[(1.75±0.53)分vs(2.21±0.88)分]、抽象[(1.38±0.41)分vs(1.61±0.66)分]、延迟回忆[(1.64±1.22)分vs(2.72±1.52)分]、定向力[(5.11±0.78)分vs(5.49±0.88)分]明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与右侧狭窄比较,双侧和左侧狭窄患者语言能力评分明显降低(P<0.01);与左侧狭窄比较,双侧和右侧狭窄患者抽象能力评分明显降低(P<0.01)。结论轻度大脑中动脉狭窄影响患者认知功能,且表现在特定的几个领域。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布及特征

目的　探讨动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布特征。方法　选择连续行主动脉弓 +全脑血管造影检查的成年缺血性脑血管病患者 196例 ,将其中 171例存在脑动脉狭窄的患者按年龄分为青年组 (18～4 4岁 )、中年组 (45～ 5 9岁 )及老年组 (≥ 6 0岁 ) ,分析脑动脉狭窄随年龄变化的分布规律。结果　 171例脑动脉狭窄的患者中颅内动脉狭窄的发生率 (80 .7% )明显高于颅外动脉 (5 6 .1% )。青年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄的比例较高 ,主要发生在大脑中动脉。中年组及老年组颅内、外动脉狭窄并存的比例较高。颅外动脉病变数目随年龄不断增加(P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者颅内动脉狭窄的发生率高于颅外。脑动脉狭窄的分布有年龄特征性     

睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与脑供血动脉狭窄的相关性研究

目的 深入研究脑供血动脉的狭窄部位与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,SAHS)的关系,进一步探讨SAHS与缺血性脑血管病并存的机制.方法 选取53例全脑数字减影血管造影证实的脑供血动脉狭窄患者,将其按脑供血动脉狭窄部位分为两组,所有患者进行多导睡眠图监测并将监测结果进行比较.结果 53例脑血管供血动脉狭窄患者中并发SAHS者30例(56.6%).Ⅱ组(椎-基底动脉系统血管狭窄)患者SAHS的发生率较Ⅰ组(颈内动脉系统血管狭窄)患者高,且更容易出现阻塞型和中枢型呼吸暂停事件.结论 脑供血动脉狭窄患者具有较高的SAHS发生率,SAHS与脑供血动脉狭窄的密切关系不容忽视;椎-基底动脉系统脑供血动脉狭窄患者更容易发生SAHS,更容易出现阻塞型和中枢型呼吸暂停事件.     

急性脑梗死患者动脉狭窄的分布特征和危险因素分析

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者的颅内外动脉狭窄分布的特征和相关危险因素。方法52例有症状性急性脑梗死患者行数字减影脑血管造影术,以判断颅内外动脉狭窄的特征,并比较狭窄组和非狭窄组患者的高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、吸烟、TIA病史、胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白a的情况和水平。使用Logistic回归分析以上与颅内外动脉狭窄有关的危险因素。结果52例患者中,35例（67．3％）有颅内外动脉狭窄,其中颅内动脉狭窄的有30例,动脉狭窄的发生率为85．7％,颅外动脉狭窄的有13例,动脉狭窄的发生率为37．1％。同时存在2条以上动脉狭窄的有20例,发生率为57．1％,双侧动脉狭窄的有15例,发生率为42．9％,既有前循环动脉狭窄又有后循环动脉狭窄的有8例,发生率为22．9％。Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病（OR：3．5,95％CI：2．7～7．8;P=0．019）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低（OR=1．5,95 CI：1．1—4．6;P=0．042）是颅内外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素。结论急性脑梗死患者颅内动脉狭窄的发生率高于颅外动脉狭窄的发生率,半数以上有多条动脉狭窄;糖尿病和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低与颅内外动脉狭窄有关。     

Isolated coronary ostial stenosis associated with coronary vasospasm

A 50-year-old woman was brought to the emergency room in a preshock condition. An emergency coronary angiogram revealed 90% ostial stenosis of the left coronary artery with delayed distal filling. After intracoronary nitrate, the degree of stenosis was reduced to 75%; no other coronary lesions were evident. The patient was found to have hyperthyroidism and she became euthyroid after a 2-month regimen of methimazole. A follow-up coronary angiogram showed that the left coronary artery had 50% ostial stenosis without delayed distal filling. At the same time, an aortogram showed complete occlusion of the right subclavian artery in its proximal site, a slight dilatation of the truncus brachiocephalic artery, and a diffuse wall irregularity of the abdominal aorta, suggestive of Takayasu's arteritis.     

头臂血管成形术治疗成人主动脉弓及头臂血管发育不良

目的:总结并探索主动脉弓及头臂血管发育不良的手术治疗方式。方法:2009年2月至2011年12月,北京安贞医院大血管中心对4例主动脉弓及头臂血管发育不良的患者行主动脉弓成形术治疗,手术均采用右侧腋动脉和股动脉及右心房插管建立体外循环,在深低温停循环选择性脑灌注下进行,沿主动脉弓长轴靠近头臂血管根部横行切开主动脉弓,切口两端达正常段,再纵形剖开3枝头臂血管开口及近段(狭窄段)前壁,分别将无名动脉和左颈总动脉、左颈总动脉和左锁骨下动脉相邻血管壁连续缝合在一起,将3枝血管融合成一个共同腔的后壁,再用人工血管片作为前壁补片加宽主动脉弓及头臂血管共同腔,以完成对发育不良的主动脉弓和头臂血管的手术矫治。结果:患者术后均恢复顺利,复查结果显示主动脉弓及头臂血管形态良好,上下肢压差<20 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。结论:将发育不良的头臂血管近段剖开融合成一个共同腔,再用人工血管片加宽可理想地矫正主动脉弓及头臂血管发育不良。     

Prevalence of subclavian artery stenosis in patients with peripheral vascular disease

Internal mammary arteries (IMA) as conduits in coronary artery bypass grafting are superior to saphenous vein grafts. If there is subclavian artery stenosis (SAS) proximal to the IMA graft, impairment of flow to the IMA may occur. If the stenosis is severe, retrograde flow from the grafted coronary artery to the brachial artery may lead to angina. Following the identification of 2 cases of angina secondary to subclavian artery stenosis at their institution, the authors prospectively performed arch angiography in a cohort of patients with manifestations of peripheral vascular disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography to assess the prevalence of subclavian stenosis. Fifty-two patients were enrolled in the protocol, with 48 patients having technically acceptable studies. Of these 48, 41.6% had measurable stenosis of at least one of the brachiocephalic arteries, with 35% of patients with at least a 30% stenosis of the left subclavian artery and 18.7% with more than 50% stenosis. They conclude that patients with significant peripheral vascular disease undergoing coronary angiography who are potential candidates for revascularization may benefit from arch angiography as part of their initial evaluation.     

腔隙性脑梗死和脑血栓形成患者颅内动脉狭窄的分布及特点

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死和脑血栓形成患者颅内动脉狭窄的分布及特点。方法采用超高场强磁共振血管造影测定222例腔隙性脑梗死和228例脑血栓形成患者颅内动脉。结果 222例腔隙性脑梗死患者颅内动脉狭窄112例(50.45%),其中在30~44岁、45~59岁和≥60岁三个年龄中狭窄发生率分别为16.67%、21.43%和60.12%。112例患者单发动脉狭窄38例(33.93%)和多发动脉狭窄74例(66.07%)。其中颅内动脉1级狭窄59.82%,2级狭窄30.36%,3级及以上狭窄9.82%。228脑血栓形成患者颅内动脉狭窄191例(83.77%),其中在30~44岁、45~59岁和≥60岁三个年龄中狭窄发生率分别为42.86%、80.77%和86.39%。191例患者单发动脉狭窄83例(43.46%)和多发动脉狭窄108例(56.54%)。其中颅内动脉1级狭窄34.56%,2级狭窄41.36%,3级及以上狭窄24.08%。两组30~44岁患者中以前循环单发颅内动脉狭窄为主,≥60岁组中以多发动脉狭窄多见,后循环动脉狭窄相对多见。结论脑血栓形成患者颅内动脉狭窄率明显高于腔隙性脑梗死患者。腔隙性脑梗死患者以颅内动脉1级狭窄为主,而脑血栓形成以2级以上狭窄为主。两组≥60岁患者随年龄增长多发动脉狭窄明显增加。     

皮质下分水岭梗死与颅内外血管狭窄的关系

目的 探究皮质下分水岭梗死（SWI）与颅内外血管狭窄的关系.方法 提取南京卒中注册系统中2009年1月-2010年4月,经MRI弥散加权像证实为SWI的25例患者的临床资料,对这些患者均行脑血管造影检查.根据梗死灶的形态,将SWI分为融合型和部分型,分析两种类型梗死与颅内外血管狭窄的关系.结果 ①25例中,单发SWI有17例（68%）;合并同侧皮质型分水岭梗死有8例（32%）.病灶同侧颈内动脉狭窄（狭窄率≥50%）者14例（56%）.其中闭塞性病变2例.大脑中动脉狭窄率≥50%者12例（48%）.12例中,闭塞性病变4例.大脑后动脉狭窄率≥50%者3例（12%）.②25例中,融合型16例（64%）,部分型9例（36%）,两组患者颈内动脉、大脑中动脉狭窄（狭窄率≥150%）发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.③颈内动脉和（或）大脑中动脉狭窄合并同侧大脑后动脉狭窄（狭窄率≥50%）在部分型SWI中,发生比例（3/9）高于融合型SWI（0/16）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.037）.结论 SWI与颈内动脉和（或）大脑中动脉狭窄密切相关,颈内动脉和（或）大脑中动脉狭窄合并同侧大脑后动脉狭窄,可能与部分型SWI关系更为密切.     

基底动脉狭窄与认知功能改变的临床分析

目的探讨基底动脉狭窄患者双侧大脑后动脉的脑血流自动调节变化与认知功能改变之间的关系。方法选择基底动脉狭窄患者15例,并根据有无脑梗死分为狭窄无梗死组9例和狭窄梗死组6例,另选健康体检者10例为对照组。应用经颅多普勒超声屏气试验和倾斜试验评价双侧大脑后动脉的脑血流自动调节功能,同时进行全面的神经心理学测试,包括蒙特利尔认知评估量表、执行能力、结构能力、记忆力(包括听觉记忆、视觉记忆和逻辑记忆)、信息处理速度及视空间能力检查。结果与对照组比较,狭窄无梗死组信息处理速度和视空间能力明显降低,狭窄梗死组信息处理速度明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与狭窄无梗死组比较,狭窄梗死组视空间能力明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。狭窄无梗死组大脑后动脉的呼吸抑制指数和前后循环血管运动反应性比值较对照组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。狭窄梗死组前后循环血管运动反应性比值与视空间能力呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论基底动脉狭窄患者在发生脑梗死之前可能已经存在不同程度的认知功能障碍,其血流动力学的改变与认知功能障碍之间可能存在一定的相关性。     

冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄与脑动脉粥样硬化狭窄的关系

目的探讨颈动脉和（或）脑动脉粥样硬化狭窄与冠状动脉狭窄的关系。方法选择34例心内科住院伴有脑缺血症状、接受冠状动脉造影并颈动脉造影或全脑血管造影的患者。根据造影动脉管腔狭窄的程度分别分成三个亚组,冠状动脉狭窄分为轻度狭窄组（5例）、中度狭窄组（4例）、重度狭窄组（25例）;脑血管狭窄分为轻度狭窄组（6例）、中度狭窄组（4例）、重度狭窄组（24例）。结果冠状动脉狭窄与颈动脉或椎动脉狭窄程度分布一致,冠状动脉血管重度狭窄者25例,脑血管重度狭窄者24例,二者间差异无统计学意义;冠状动脉Califf危险记分≥2分者,脑血管中、重度狭窄的比例高达92％,且随着冠状动脉狭窄程度的加重,颈动脉及脑血管狭窄的程度亦加重。随访发现中重度双重狭窄（冠状动脉狭窄同时伴有脑动脉狭窄）病变的心脑事件发生明显增多,其中双重度狭窄死亡3例。结论颈动脉或椎动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的发生率及程度与冠状动脉狭窄是平行的。故对冠状动脉狭窄合并颈动脉和（或）椎动脉粥样硬化狭窄者,尤其伴有高血压、糖尿病、吸烟等多重危险因素时,应给予积极强化的联合治疗以减少心脑血管事件的发生。     

短暂性脑缺血发作临床表现与脑动脉狭窄的对比研究

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）与脑动脉狭窄的关系。方法 从南京卒中注册数据库中，选择经CT、MRI确诊，并行数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查的53例TIA患者临床资料，分析脑动脉狭窄的发生情况。结果 14例患者脑血管未见异常，39例存在脑动脉狭窄或闭塞，其中单纯颅外动脉狭窄13例，单纯颅内动脉狭窄11例，颅内、外动脉合并狭窄15例，32例前循环TIA患行中发生前循环动脉狭窄22例（68．8%）；21例后循环TIA患者中发生后循环动脉狭窄8例（38.1%），两组狭窄发生率差异有显著意义（P〈0.05）。结论 TIA患者的颅外动脉狭窄发生率高于颅内动脉。前、后循环的脑动脉狭窄与其TIA临床表现的符合率，前循环TIA者较后循环TIA者为高。     

血管内支架成形术治疗有症状大脑中动脉狭窄

目的探讨血管内支架成形术在有症状大脑中动脉狭窄治疗中的应用。方法对3例临床诊断脑梗死和3例短暂性脑缺血发作患者行全脑血管造影术,发现大脑中动脉M1段存在不同程度狭窄,对狭窄段大脑中动脉行颅内支架成形术。结果6例大脑中动脉支架成形术均获得成功。大脑中动脉M1段平均直径狭窄程度从92·8%降至6%(P<0·01)。1例患者在支架置入10min后出现急性血栓形成,术中经微导管注入尿激酶接触性溶栓,25min后血栓溶解。术后随访6个月,所有患者均无脑缺血事件发生。结论采用血管内支架成形术治疗有症状大脑中动脉狭窄可行。