肝素-壳聚糖复合体-羟基磷灰石-米诺环素新型仿生纳米复合材料修复兔胫骨缺损

背景：仿生纳米复合材料具有与自体骨相似的组成和结构,有广泛的应用前景。 目的：观察肝素-壳聚糖-羟基磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合材料修复兔胫骨缺损的效果。 方法：取20只健康成年新西兰大白兔,制作胫骨上端15 mm×8 mm的腔隙性临界性骨缺损。随机数字表分为实验组(n =16)和空白对照组(n =4)。实验组植入课题组研制的肝素-壳聚糖复合体-磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合骨修复材料新型复合材料,空白对照组不进行干预。分别于植入后2,4,8,12周行大体观察、X射线平片及组织学观察新型骨修复材料的骨修复效果。 结果与结论：大体观察显示实验组植入后8周后缺损已经融合,12周时塑形接近正常。X射线平片显示随着时间延长,实验组骨缺损骨痂增多,12周基本愈合,塑形完成,空白对照组未见骨性修复,形成骨不连。组织学观察实验组植入后4周材料开始吸收,8周后降解被新生骨取代,12周完全修复,空白对照组各时间点均由纤维组织充填。提示新型肝素-壳聚糖复合体-羟基磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合材料能有效促进临界性骨缺损的修复。     

明胶-磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合材料修复兔胫骨缺损

背景:仿生纳米复合材料具有与自体骨相似的组成和结构,有较好的应用前景。目的:观察新型明胶-磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合材料修复兔胫骨缺损的效果。方法:取20只健康成年新西兰大白兔,制作胫骨上端15mm×8mm的腔隙性临界性骨缺损。随机数字表法分为实验组(n=16)和空白对照组(n=4)。实验组植入课题组研制的明胶-磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合骨修复材料新型复合材料,空白对照组不植入任何材料。分别于术后2,4,8,12周行大体观察、X射线平片及组织学观察新型骨修复材料的骨修复效果。结果与结论:大体观察显示实验组植入8周后缺损已经融合,12周时塑形接近正常。X射线平片显示随着时间延长,实验组骨缺损骨痂增多,12周基本愈合,塑形完成,空白对照组未见骨性修复,形成骨不连。组织学观察实验组术后4周材料开始吸收,8周后降解被新生骨取代,12周完全修复,空白对照组各时间点均由纤维组织充填。提示新型明胶-磷灰石-米诺环素仿生纳米复合材料能有效促进临界性骨缺损的修复。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子复合纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合物修复兔桡骨缺损

背景：纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合物具有良好的力学性能和生物相容性,可用于骨损伤的修复,是一种有应用前景的骨替代品。碱性成纤维细胞生长因子可促进组织修复, 目的：观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子复合纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合物修复兔骨缺损的效果。 方法：构建桡骨缺损兔模型,按植入材料的不同共分为3组,实验组植入纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合物+碱性成纤维细胞生长因子,对照植入组纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合物,空白组无任何材料植入。 结果与结论：干预12周时,X射线片检查显示,实验组骨植入区新骨发生骨性融合,髓腔再通骨缺损已基本消失;苏木精-伊红染色结果显示,实验组出现成熟的板层骨、成熟的哈弗氏系统以及破骨细胞增生引起的骨质吸收区;以上结果均为实验组的修复效果优于对照组。证实,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子复合纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合物可促进骨缺损修复,效果优于单独应用纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合物。     

骨组织工程三维复合支架修复兔桡骨骨缺损

背景：前期实验构建的丝素/壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架具有良好的理化性质。 目的：观察丝素/壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石三维复合支架修复兔桡骨大段骨缺损的效果。 方法：取新西兰大白兔36只,建立右侧桡骨长段骨缺损模型,随机均分为3组,实验组于骨缺损处植入丝素/壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架,对照组于骨缺损处植入丝素/壳聚糖复合支架,空白对照组造模后不作任何处理。术后4,8,12,16周进行X射线摄片、标本大体观察、组织病理学观察。 结果与结论：术后16周,实验组缺损区X射线影像与正常骨组织无区别,骨髓腔完全再通,有明显的骨组织生成,苏木精-伊红染色可见骨小梁和较多核深染的长梭形骨细胞;对照组X射线骨密度影略低于正常骨组织,部分骨髓腔再通,苏木精-伊红染色可见骨细胞周围有不少软骨细胞,未见明显的骨小梁或骨板结构,排列较紊乱;空白对照组断端骨钙化影同正常骨组织一致,断端各自封闭形成骨不连,苏木精-伊红染色可见较多的纤维组织和少量的类骨组织。表明丝素/壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石三维复合支架可较好地修复兔桡骨大段骨缺损。     

多孔羟基磷灰石与富血小板血浆和纤维蛋白胶复合修复骨缺损

背景：自体骨移植是治疗骨缺损的最理想方法,但来源有限,供区有一定的并发症,所以寻找自体骨的替代材料一直是骨科学领域的研究方向。 目的：观察珊瑚多孔羟基磷灰石、富血小板血浆和纤维蛋白胶复合物修复骨缺损的效果。 方法：在新西兰大白兔双侧前臂桡骨中段截骨1.5 cm制成骨缺损模型,随机分为3组,实验组植入珊瑚多孔羟基磷灰石、富血小板血浆和纤维蛋白胶复合物,对照组植入自体骨,空白对照组未植入任何物质。 结果与结论：①X射线：实验组术后12周时骨缺损基本修复,塑性完全,愈合过程与对照组同步;空白对照组骨缺损无明显变化。②组织病理学：实验组与对照组术后12周时骨缺损基本修复,出现成熟板层骨及哈佛氏管;空白对照组仅见大量成纤维细胞增生,未见骨质形成。③生物力学：术后2周时实验组最大扭矩和抗扭刚度优于对照组(P < 0.05),术后12周时两组最大扭矩和抗扭刚度差异无显著性意义。表明珊瑚多孔羟基磷灰石、富血小板血浆和纤维蛋白胶复合物具有促骨质愈合的作用,甚至在术后早期修复骨缺损的效果优于自体骨。     

纳米级羟基磷灰石/骨形态发生蛋白复合物修复兔桡骨大段缺损及局部血管内皮细胞生长因子的表达

背景：研究发现,在小段骨缺损中植入骨或仿生骨组织,坏死组织逐渐被替换,移植骨中会长入有活性的血管肉芽组织,移植骨被吸收,新骨主动形成。但在大段骨缺损,这一过程发生较慢且不完全。 目的：观察纳米级羟基磷灰石材料复合骨形态发生蛋白后大段骨缺损修复能力及诱导生成血管能力。 方法：制作兔桡骨大段骨缺损模型,抽签随机分2组,选择一侧分别植入纳米级羟基磷灰石/骨形态发生蛋白、纳米级羟基磷灰石修复,均以另一侧为空白对照。植入后6个月行大体观察、X射线、组织形态学检查、组织切片碱性磷酸酶染色、成骨量分析、血管内皮细胞生长因子阳性细胞率及阳性血管数检测。 结果与结论：空白对照组基本无骨组织生成。纳米级羟基磷灰石植入后被新生骨组织分割成小块,材料原有结构破坏。纳米级羟基磷灰石/骨形态发生蛋白组较纳米级羟基磷灰石组残存材料更少,材料降解更为彻底。纳米级羟基磷灰石/骨形态发生蛋白组成骨量、血管内皮细胞生长因子表达及血管内皮细胞生长因子阳性血管数目均明显高于纳米级羟基磷灰石组(P < 0.001),且血管内皮细胞生长因子表达与血管内皮细胞生长因子阳性血管数目成正比关系。说明纳米级羟基磷灰石与骨形态发生蛋白复合后,骨修复能力进一步增强,诱导血管生成能力明显提高。     

聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶修复膝关节软骨缺损的组织相容性

背景：将羟基磷灰石与聚乙烯醇水凝胶复合之后应用于软骨缺损修复中,可在软骨连接部位产生良好的生物活性,有效促进骨细胞的生长,提高植入材料的稳定性和生物活性。 目的：观察聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的组织相容性。 方法：取20只新西兰大白兔,随机分为空白对照组(n=6)与实验组(n=14),构建单侧膝关节软骨缺损模型,空白对照组不予以修复,实验组予以聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶修复。术后4,8,12周获取膝关节标本进行大体观察及组织学观察。 结果与结论：空白对照组关节软骨面在术后12周内始终未得到修复,软骨下缺损存在肉芽组织充填现象,组织学也未见明显修复。实验组术后4周可见聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶填充于缺损处,与周围软骨组织之间连接紧密,且存在清晰的界限,未出现细胞长入情况;至12周时,聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶呈白色、半透明状,表面平坦,与周围软骨组织之间存在清晰界限,两者交界面存在软骨细胞大量增殖现象,与周围组织发生紧密结合,二者之间无间隙,底部与软骨下骨紧密连接,并存在骨样组织长入。表明聚乙烯醇羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶修复兔膝关节软骨缺损具有良好的组织相容性。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨的机械性能及修复桡骨大段污染性骨缺损

背景：国内外学者在抗菌骨移植材料的基础实验和临床实践方面进行了大量的研究,取得了一定的进展。目的：通过体外力学实验检测抗菌性载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨的机械性能,并通过动物实验检测其修复大段污染性骨缺损的能力。方法：利用压缩试验及三点弯曲试验评价载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石、珊瑚羟基磷灰石与珊瑚的力学性能。将36只新西兰大白兔随机分为4组,均制作右侧大段污染性桡骨缺损模型,其中3组分别植入载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石、珊瑚羟基磷灰石与原位自体骨,另1组不植入任何材料(对照)。术后2,6,10周处死动物并取材,通过大体观察、影像学检查、组织学检查观察比较各组骨缺损修复情况,通过细菌学检查评估各组抗菌情况。结果与结论：载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石、珊瑚羟基磷灰石与珊瑚的力学性能无差异。术后10周时,X射线及组织学观察结果显示,载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石骨缺损内为成熟的骨组织,骨组织中有大量的骨陷窝和成熟的骨细胞,可见哈弗氏系统,材料大部分降解,只有少量残留,骨髓腔有部分再通,骨缺损修复效果与自体骨组相似,优于珊瑚羟基磷灰石组与对照组。细菌学检查显示载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石具有良好的抗菌能力。表明载银珊瑚羟基磷灰石具有较好的力学性能及抗菌性能,可用于修复大段污染性骨缺损。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

深低温冻存羟基磷灰石/骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔桡骨缺损

背景：以往研究表明羟基磷灰石复合骨髓间充质干细胞具有良好的骨缺损修复效果,但这种复合材料在冻存后是否具有骨缺损修复效果还不清楚。 目的：观察深低温冻存羟基磷灰石/骨髓间充质干细胞复合修复骨缺损的效果。 方法：制备27只日本大耳白兔桡骨10 mm缺损模型,随机分为冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组与羟基磷灰石组,3组分别于骨缺损处植入-80 ℃保存3个月的羟基磷灰石/同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞复合物、新鲜制备的羟基磷灰石/同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞复合物及单纯羟基磷灰石,植入后8,12周行大体观察、X射线观察及苏木精-伊红染色等组织学观察,并于12周行生物力学检测。 结果与结论：术后12周,冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组骨缺损大部分愈合,有成熟骨小梁通过,有的可见髓腔通畅,塑形较好;羟基磷灰石组骨痂生成少,骨缺损部分愈合,塑形欠佳,新骨生成少于冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组(P < 0.05)。冻存复合材料组、新鲜复合材料组最大载荷明显大于羟基磷灰石组(P < 0.05)。表明低温冻存羟基磷灰石/骨髓间充质干细胞复合植骨材料的骨缺损修复能力与新鲜制作的复合材料几乎一致,未因冻存受到影响。     

可注射性纳米羟基磷灰石、壳聚糖复合材料修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的：观察可注射性羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合材料对兔桡骨骨缺损修复效果。方法：18只新西兰白兔双侧桡骨中段建立长度为10mm节段性缺损,将可注射性纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合材料植入一侧骨缺损作为实验组,另一侧植入单纯羟基磷灰石材料作为对照组,于第4、8、12周末,分别行大体、X线检查、组织学、电镜检测,观察该材料对骨缺损的修复效果。结果：①大体观察、X线检查提示：实验组骨痂生长良好,骨缺损完全修复,对照组骨缺损部分修复,部分骨皮质不连续。②组织形态学: 术后12周,实验组新生骨皮质连接完整,髓腔完全再通;对照组少量新生骨形成,部分纤维组织填充③电镜检查:12周实验组材料基本降解,被新生骨组织替代。结论：可注射性纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合材料骨缺损修复能力较单纯羟基磷灰石好,具有确实的骨缺损修复能力。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.