郑州市城区居民食物摄入状况调查结果分析

目的 调查分析郑州市城区居民食物摄入状况,为合理膳食指导干预提供参考。方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,抽取郑州市城区24个社区,每个社区10～12户,对每户所有3岁及以上人群,采取3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和食物称重法进行调查分析。结果 2020年共调查267户738人,每标准人日谷薯类（595.4 g）和蛋类（51.4 g）食物摄入高于推荐量;奶及奶制品（56.7 g）、蔬菜类（203.2 g）、水产类（0 g）、大豆及坚果（5.3 g）、水果类（18.1 g）和食用油（21.5 g）摄入低于推荐量;畜禽肉类（70.6 g）和食用盐（5.4 g）摄入符合推荐量。各类食物中仅谷薯类和蛋类摄入量大于2012全国监测数据（Z = 20.65,P＜0.001;Z = 18.33,P＜0.001）。男性谷薯类和蔬菜类的摄入量大于女性（χ2 = 15.09,P＜0.001;χ2 = 4.43,P = 0.035）;女性奶及奶制品的摄入量多于男性（χ2 = 4.19,P = 0.041）;不同年龄性别居民食物摄入量波动较大。结论 郑州市城区居民膳食结构不太合理,奶及奶制品、蔬菜类、水产类、大豆及坚果和水果类摄入量不足,应不断进行膳食结构优化,做好居民合理膳食指导干预工作。     

成都市某社区40～64岁人群膳食结构和营养素分析

目的了解中老年人膳食结构和营养素摄入情况,为有针对性的开展营养改善工作提供依据。方法选取成都市40～64岁居民571名,采用食物频率回顾问卷进行调查,了解其一般情况及过去1年食物摄入情况,分析各类食物摄入量及膳食能量、营养素摄入情况,并测量其身高体重。结果调查对象平均每日食物摄入量为：主食338.0g（谷类327.8g,薯类10.1g）,蔬菜471.3g,水果86.4g,豆类58.6g,奶类129.9g,畜肉102.7g,禽肉11.8g,水产品25.8g,食用油37.5g;食用油和豆类摄入量高于膳食指南推荐量,奶类、水果和水产品的摄入量低于推荐量;谷类、薯类、禽肉、水产品摄入量低于全国平均水平,蔬菜、豆类、坚果和畜肉类高于全国平均水平;膳食中脂肪、胆固醇、烟酸、维生素E、钠、磷、铁、铜和锰摄入量高于推荐量,钙摄入量低于推荐量。结论中年居民膳食结构和营养素摄入与膳食指南推荐量有差异,营养过剩与营养不良并存。     

2020年河南省平顶山市城区居民膳食结构及食物消费量调查

目的 分析河南省平顶山市城区居民食物消费量,评估居民膳食结构,为营养相关政策修改制定和开展营养知识宣传教育提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取平顶山市城区3岁及以上人群,采用非连续3 d 24 h回顾询问法和称重记账法进行食物和调味品消费量调查。结果 2020年共调查119户406人,居民过去1个月豆类、蛋类、蔬菜菌类制品食用率较高,分别为40.12%、34.81%、29.05%。居民每标准人日谷薯类摄入量中位数为502.70 g、蛋类55.31 g、食用盐5.91 g、蔬菜类203.87 g、水果类52.86 g、水产类0.00 g、奶及奶制品0.00 g、大豆及坚果12.93 g、畜禽肉类75.51 g、食用油26.16 g,其中,男性谷薯类摄入量大于女性（Z=1.86,P<0.05）。居民谷薯类、蔬菜、饮用水摄入量与年龄呈正相关（r=0.18、0.15、0.21,P均<0.05）。各类食物中仅谷薯类和蛋类摄入量高于《2015年中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究项目》监测数据（Z=8.50、11.28,P均<0.05）。结论 平顶山市城区居民膳食结...     

我国居民不饱和脂肪酸的膳食摄入与构成分析

目的 分析中国居民不饱和脂肪酸摄入量及膳食摄入来源。方法 采用气相色谱法测定膳食样品中脂肪酸含量,并结合各类膳食的消费量获取不同地区各类脂肪酸的实际摄入量。结果 中国居民单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）平均摄入量为29.25g/d(12.53%E,供能百分比)，主要来自于肉类（35.5%）和蔬菜类（32.0%），来自于其他食品类别的比例小于10%。多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）平均摄入量为22.48 g/d(9.72%E)，主要来自于蔬菜类（33.8%）、肉类（20.8%）、谷类（17.7%）和豆类（13.0%）。n-6PUFA平均摄入量为19.78 g/d(8.59%E)，其主要膳食来源与PUFA相似。n-3PUFA平均摄入量为2.70 g/d(1.19%E)，主要来自于蔬菜类（38.9%），肉类（15.9%）、豆类（12.7%）和谷类（12.1%）。二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）膳食平均摄入量为0.067 g/d(0.03%E)，主要来自于水产类（75.4%）和蛋类（19.8%）。结论 中国居民的不饱和脂肪酸摄入量充足，满足需求。其中，PUFA和n-3PUFA膳食摄入量符合...     

2010—2019年江西省居民食物消费量变化趋势研究

目的 分析2010—2019年间江西省居民食物消费变化趋势。方法 采用多阶段分层的整群抽样的方法,2010—2012年和2018—2019年分别抽取调查对象1 967人和1 130人。采用非连续的3天24小时回顾询问法、称重法收集和食物频率法对居民开展膳食调查,利用t检验对2010—2012年和2018—2019年居民各类食物摄入量进行统计分析。结果 2010—2019年间江西省城乡居民谷薯类食物消费量总体呈下降趋势（t = - 14.816,P＜0.001）,平均每标准人日摄入量由469.2 g降至398.3 g,但城市却呈上升趋势。蔬菜（t = - 22.258,P＜0.001）和水果（t = - 11.105,P＜0.001）消费量总体呈下降趋势,平均每标准人日摄入量分别由316.5 g和66.9 g降至240.5 g和48.0 g,但城市居民水果消费量呈上升趋势。禽畜肉类（t = 6.591,P＜0.001）、水产品（t = 12.531,P＜0.001）、蛋类（t = 13.944,P＜0.001）、奶类（t = 5.071,P＜0.001）和大豆及坚果类（t = 17.880,P＜0.001）呈上升趋势,平均每标准人日摄入量分别由97.6 g、24.0 g、18.1 g、19.5 g和16.6 g增至111.7 g、43.0 g、27.9 g、26.3 g和40.4 g,其中城市禽畜肉和奶类增幅都明显高于农村。油脂类（t = - 18.444,P＜0.001）和食盐（t = - 40.029,P＜0.001）消费量都呈下降趋势,平均每标准人日摄入量分别由43.8 g和9.1 g降至31.1 g和7.8 g,其中城市油脂类降幅高于农村。结论 江西省居民食物消费状况总体有所改善,但仍存在不合理,蔬菜水果、奶类摄入不足,而禽畜肉、油脂类和食盐过高,导致膳食纤维和钙的摄入不足,而脂肪摄入过多。     

新疆5个疾病监测点成年居民膳食结构分析

目的分析评价新疆5个监测点成年居民每日的膳食情况。方法使用"2010年新疆慢性病及其危险因素监测"饮食情况部分的数据,分析评价新疆5个疾病监测点3000名18岁以上居民的每日各类食物的摄入情况。结果水产品、蔬菜、水果及奶类均摄入不足,低于中国居民膳食宝塔推荐量。女性蔬菜水果摄入较男性高。18~29岁组蔬菜、水果和奶类摄入最低。维吾尔族薯类、禽肉类、水产品、蔬菜、奶类及豆类的摄入量最低。农村谷薯类摄入高于城市,畜禽肉类、水产品、蔬菜水果、奶类和豆类的摄入均为城市高于农村。除了蛋类和畜肉类外其他各类食物的摄入量均为和田县最低。蔬菜水果摄入不足率较高,城市均低于农村;食用油每天摄入量为49.56 g,食盐每天摄入量为14.75 g,食用油和食盐过量摄入率较高。结论新疆5个监测点膳食结构不合理,需开展营养宣传教育活动,指导居民合理营养,平衡膳食。     

温州市居民膳食结构及食物消费量调查分析

目的 掌握温州市居民膳食结构与食物消费量数据,为开展营养教育及营养改善工作提供科学数据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对1 689户居民5 287人进行食物消费量调查。采用非连续3 d 24 h回顾法为基础,3 d称重法为补充收集居民食物消费量数据。结果 温州市居民平均每标准人日谷薯类摄入量394.8 g,蔬菜类273.4 g,水果类180.0 g,畜禽肉类71.7 g,水产品类78.4 g,蛋类35.5 g,大豆及坚果类29.8 g。城区除水果摄入量和城乡无统计学差异外,其余种类食物摄入量均大于城乡,且差异有统计学意义。水产品超过中国居民膳食指南推荐量要求,谷薯类、畜禽肉类、大豆及坚果类达到推荐量要求,蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类未达到推荐量要求。结论 温州市居民膳食结构及食物消费基本合理,但非主食类植物性食物摄入量未达到推荐量,应加强营养知识的健康教育,提倡合理膳食和健康的生活方式。     

天津市滨海新区职工食堂膳食营养供给情况分析

目的了解天津市滨海新区职工食堂膳食营养供给状况,为职工食堂改善食品营养供给提供依据。方法于2017年3—10月选择天津市滨海新区10家单位职工食堂,采用食物称重法记录3 d内每餐食物消耗种类和数量并记录就餐人数。用营养计算软件计算各种营养素的日人均供应量。依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(2013年修订版)评价食堂供餐的膳食营养结构及职工主要营养素的供应状况。采用Excel 2016进行描述性统计分析。结果 10家职工食堂的日人均薯类、鱼虾类、蔬菜、豆类及制品供给量分别为94.0、75.1、529.2和28.3 g,达到膳食指南推荐范围。谷薯类、蛋类及其制品、畜禽肉类、油脂日人均供给量分别为706.0、119.7、149.6和49.6 g,均明显超过膳食指南推荐量。水果、乳类及制品日人均供给量分别为23.9、3.3 g,明显低于膳食指南推荐量。能量的日人均供给量为2 537.6 kcal/d,略高于中国居民膳食能量需要量(EER),蛋白质的日人均供给量为81.4 g/d,略高于推荐摄入量(RNI)。钠的日人均供给量为9.7 g/d,远高于适宜摄入量(AI)。维生素B1的日人均供给量...     

2型糖尿病患者的膳食状况及其与血糖控制的相关性研究

目的了解2型糖尿病患者的膳食状况及其与血糖控制的相关性。方法对广州某医院的2型糖尿病患者进行3 d 24 h膳食回顾调查、体格测量和血糖检测,并进行膳食状况与血糖控制情况的关联分析。结果共纳入223例2型糖尿病患者,以50～70岁（占54.7%）、男性（占57.0%）和超重（占47.5%）者为主,吸烟和饮酒率分别为23.8%（53/223）和6.7%（15/223）。轻、中、重体力活动者能量摄入量分别占推荐量的113.2%～149.1%、115.6%～122.9%和85.4%～97.4%。膳食纤维摄入量（8.3 g）和蛋白质供能比（14.0%）低于推荐量下限。维生素E和铁摄入量达到或超过推荐量（占104.4%～195.7%）,维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、钠和钙摄入量未达推荐量（占21.0%～87.8%）。蔬菜、水果、水产品、蛋类、奶类和大豆及坚果类摄入量未达推荐量,畜禽肉摄入量（100 g）超出推荐量上限。FPG、PPG和HbA1c水平分别为（11.4±4.5）、（17.6±5.6）mmol/L和（9.3±2.1）%。血糖控制不良率为84.3%（188/223）,与蛋白质供能比（r=0.165）、钙（r=0.223）和水产品（r=0.257）的摄入量呈正相关关系（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,且水产品摄入量＜40 g/d和＞75 g/d的患者血糖控制不良率均高于摄入40～75 g/d的患者,钙摄入≥90% RNI的患者血糖控制不良率低于摄入＜90% RNI的患者（均P＜0.01）。结论调查对象膳食不均衡,水产品、钙和蛋白质的摄入不合理可能与血糖控制不良有关,应加强营养教育和血糖监控,及时调整膳食方案。     

1989-2006年辽宁省成年居民膳食结构变化趋势

目的 分析1989-2006年辽宁省成年居民不同地区膳食结构变化趋势.方法 采用分层多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,利用1989、1991、1993、2000、2004和2006年中国健康与营养调查资料,选取辽宁省沈阳市、营口市、瓦房店市、抚顺市清原县、本溪市桓仁县和朝阳县共480户居民中18～65岁的健康成年人(6213名)作为本次调查对象.分析不同食物摄入量变化情况;以不同营养素的摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)的百分比,以及谷类、动物性食物和豆类及其制品提供能量和蛋白质占总能量和蛋白质的百分比作为营养素摄入和膳食状况评价的指标,分析辽宁省成年居民膳食结构变化趋势.结果 辽宁省成年居民谷类摄入量由1989年的601.9g/d下降到2006年的372.5 g/d,薯类由75.6 g/d下降到60.1 g/d,豆类及其制品由38.7g/d下降到29.0 g/d.2006年同1989年相比,谷类下降最为明显,降幅为38.1%,豆类和薯类分别下降25.1%和20.5%,蔬菜摄入量从296.1 g/d上升到316.3g/d,水果由70.7 g/d上升到104.4g/d,增加了47.7%.畜禽类由65.6 g/d上升到89.8 g/d,增长了36.9%,鱼虾类由25 g/d上升到44.3 g/d,增加了77.2%,蛋类从17.3 g/d上升到35.7 g/d,奶类由5.8 g/d上升到21.3 g/d;谷类提供的能量和蛋白质的百分比分别从67.5%(每天8.7 MJ/12.8 MJ)和72%(每天66.2g/91.9 g)降至51.5%(每天5.0 MJ/9.6 MJ)和59.7%(每天45.3g/75.9 g),动物性食物提供能量和蛋白质的百分比由8.9%(每天1.1 MJ/12.8 MJ)和15.9%(每天14.6 g/91.9 g)升至14.8%(每天1.4 MJ/9.6 MJ)和27.9%(每天21. 2/g75.9 g);2006年,维生素A摄人量(508.9μg/d)达到RNI的67.6%、维生素B2(0.9 mg/d)达到RNI的64.6%、钙摄入量(453.7 ms/d)仅达到AI的52.5%.结论 1989-2006年辽宁省成年居民植物性食物摄入量下降,动物性食物上升,居民膳食中钙及维生素A、维生素B2的摄人量有待进一步提高.     

A longitudinal study of children's juice intake and growth: the juice controversy revisited

OBJECTIVES: To determine associations between children's longitudinal juice intake and growth parameters at age 72 months and to determine children's beverage intake patterns over time. SUBJECTS/SETTING: White children (n = 72) residing in the vicinity of a Southern US city participated in a longitudinal study. METHODS: Seven in-home interviews were conducted per child when each child was between 24 and 72 months of age. The 7 sets of 3-day dietary data were analyzed for beverage intake, categorized as juice (100% juice only), milk, carbonated beverages, and other drinks (e.g., lemonade, tea, juice drinks). The following growth parameters were determined for each child at age 72 months: height, weight, body mass index (measured as kg/m2), and ponderal index (measured as kg/m3); the 3 latter are measures of overweight. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Associations between longitudinal juice intake and each growth parameter were tested with general linear models. Repeated measures analysis of variance tested changes in beverage intakes over time. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant associations between juice and children's height, weight, or body mass index, as tested by general linear models. Children's longitudinal juice intake was negatively related to ponderal index (beta = 0.065, P = .050). Children's juice intake decreased significantly between ages 2 and 6 years, from 6.8 to 3.6 oz/day (P = .0001); intakes of carbonated beverages and other drinks increased from 1.7 to 3.8 oz/day (P = .0016) and from 2.7 to 6.2 oz/day (P = .0001), respectively. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Children's longitudinal juice intake was not associated with either short stature or overweight. As juice consumption decreased, intakes of less nutritious beverages increased. Consumption of 100% juices should be encouraged by health professionals and parents/caregivers.     

National survey beverage consumption data for children and adolescents indicate the need to encourage a shift toward more nutritive beverages

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently issued recommendations for 100% fruit juice consumption for children and adolescents. National survey data (1994-1996, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals) were used to evaluate intake of 100% fruit juice for comparison with AAP recommendations. Mean daily intakes of 100% fruit juice were 0.9, 4.6, and 3.4 ounces in children aged <6 months, 6 months-6 years, and 7-18 years, respectively, which fall within AAP recommendations for these age groups. At age 5, mean intake of fruit drinks and ades exceeded that of 100% fruit juice (P=.009). Carbonated soft drink intake exceeded that of 100% fruit juice at age 5 and of milk at age 13 (P<.04). By age 13, adolescents drank more carbonated soft drinks than 100% fruit juice, milk, or fruit drinks and ades. Increased consumption of nutrient-dense beverages (100% fruit juice, milk) and water as part of a varied diet should be encouraged.     

Beverage consumption is not associated with changes in weight and body mass index among low-income preschool children in North Dakota

OBJECTIVE: To examine prospectively the association between beverage consumption (fruit juice, fruit drinks, milk, soda, and diet soda) and changes in weight and body mass index among preschool children. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study that collected dietary, anthropometric, and sociodemographic data.Subjects/Setting The study population included 1,345 children age 2 to 5 years participating in the North Dakota Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on two visits between 6 to 12 months apart.Statistical analyses We performed linear regression analyses to examine whether beverage consumption was associated with annual change in weight and body mass index. Intakes were measured as continuous (oz/day) and we also dichotomized fruit juice, fruit drinks, and milk at high intakes. RESULTS: In multivariate regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, change in height, and additional sociodemographic variables, weight change was not significantly related to intakes (per ounce) of fruit juice (beta=0.01 lb/year, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.20, P=.28), fruit drinks (beta=-0.03 lb/year, 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.01, P=.28), milk (beta=0.00 lb/year, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.02, P=.86), soda (beta=-0.00 lb/year, 95% CI: -0.08 to 0.08, P=.95), or diet soda (beta=0.01 lb/year, 95% CI: -0.11 to 0.13, P=.82). Findings remained null when we examined associations with body mass index and when fruit juice, fruit drinks, and milk were dichotomized at high intake levels in both analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Our study does not show an association between beverage consumption and changes in weight or body mass index in this population of low-income preschool children in North Dakota.     

Risk of inadequate intakes of vitamins A, B1, B6, C, E, folate, iron and calcium in the Spanish population aged 4 to 18

A meta-analysis of the most representative Spanish nutrition studies was carried out to identify inadequate intakes of vitamins, A, B1, B6, C, E, folate, iron, and calcium in children aged 4 to 18. Information on vegetable, fruit and fruit juice/beverage intake was also solicited. Data drawn from the selected studies yielded a total of 6540 children and adolescents in eight geographical areas. The sample was stratified by age (children: 4 to 14 years old and adolescents: 13-18 years old) and sex. Inadequate intakes (below two-thirds of the recommended values) were notable in children for vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin A and in girls, iron. In adolescents, low intakes were especially marked for vitamin E and vitamin A, and in girls, calcium, folate, and iron. Adolescents consumed more vegetables, fruit juice, and fruit drinks whereas children had higher fruit intakes. Regional differences in consumption were also detected. Strategies for improving nutrient intake in these vulnerable populations are discussed.     

山东6～14岁儿童软饮料消费及其游离糖摄入分析

目的评估山东省6~14岁儿童软饮料饮用情况及由此摄入游离糖的风险,为指导儿童软饮料摄入及控制肥胖发生提供科学参考。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,选择山东省内东营、济南、济宁、莱芜、聊城、临沂、青岛、泰安、威海、潍坊、烟台11个地区为调查点,其中各市调查点分城市和农村人口分别调查。结果共调查山东6~14岁儿童2 044人,男性1 039人,女性1 005人,城市556人,农村1 488人。碳酸饮料饮用率和饮用量男性均大于女性(χ2=5.582,t=2.625,P均0.05),果汁和蔬菜汁、咖啡或咖啡味饮料和含乳饮料饮用率女性大于男性(χ2=7.588,7.386,8.252,P均0.05)。城市儿童的饮用率总体高于农村(χ2=4.983,P0.05)。女性酸奶和咖啡类饮料的饮用量明显高于男性(t=-1.980,-2.555,P均0.05)。城市和农村均有特定种类饮料饮用量高于对方(P0.05)。城市儿童单双糖及游离糖(26.0 g/d,17.1 g/d)摄入量明显高于农村儿童(16.9 g/d,11.8 g/d)(t=8.14,5.30,P均0.05)。结论儿童经饮料摄入游离糖的供能未超过世界卫生组织、中国居民膳食指南和美国心脏协会的建议值,但所占比例较高。     

A Longitudinal Study of Children’s Juice Intake and Growth: The Juice Controversy Revisited

Objectives To determine associations between children’s longitudinal juice intake and growth parameters at age 72 months and to determine children’s beverage intake patterns over time.Subjects/setting White children (n=72) residing in the vicinity of a Southern US city participated in a longitudinal study.Methods Seven in-home interviews were conducted per child when each child was between 24 and 72 months of age. The 7 sets of 3-day dietary data were analyzed for beverage intake, categorized as juice (100% juice only), milk, carbonated beverages, and other drinks (eg, lemonade, tea, juice drinks). The following growth parameters were determined for each child at age 72 months: height, weight, body mass index (measured as kg/m²), and ponderal index (measured as kg/m³); the 3 latter are measures of overweight.Statistical analyses Associations between longitudinal juice intake and each growth parameter were tested with general linear models. Repeated measures analysis of variance tested changes in beverage intakes over time.Results There were no statistically significant associations between juice and children’s height, weight, or body mass index, as tested by general linear models. Children’s longitudinal juice intake was negatively related to ponderal index (β=0.065, P=.050). Children’s juice intake decreased significantly between ages 2 and 6 years, from 6.8 to 3.6 oz/day (P=.0001); intakes of carbonated beverages and other drinks increased from 1.7 to 3.8 oz/day (P=.0016) and from 2.7 to 6.2 oz/day (P=.0001), respectively.Applications/conclusions Children’s longitudinal juice intake was not associated with either short stature or overweight. As juice consumption decreased, intakes of less nutritious beverages increased. Consumption of 100% juices should be encouraged by health professionals and parents/caregivers. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001; 101:432-437.     

Beverage Intake and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The SECOST

The contribution and impact of beverage intake to total nutrient and energy intake may be substantial. Given the link between lifestyle, diet, and the risk of pregnancy complications, this study investigated the association between the quantity and types of beverages with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. The study included 452 women from the Seremban Cohort Study (SECOST). The mean energy by beverage intake was 273 ± 23.83 kcal/day (pre-pregnancy), 349 ± 69.46 kcal/day (first trimester) and 361 ± 64.24 kcal/day (second trimester). Women significantly increased intake of maternal milks and malted drinks, but significantly reduced the intake of carbonated drinks and other drinks from before until the second trimester of pregnancy. For chocolate drinks, carbonated drinks, and soy milk, women increased intake from pre-conception to the first trimester, but reduced their intake from the first to the second trimester. While higher intake of cultured-milk drinks was associated with an increased risk of GDM, higher fruit juice intake was associated with a lower risk of GDM. However, these associations were only observed for intake prior to pregnancy and during the first trimester. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings and investigate the contributions of different beverages to overall diet quality as well as adverse health outcomes during pregnancy.