响应曲面法优化蛹虫草保健酒中甘露醇的提取工艺

目的研究基酒提取人工蛹虫草子实体中甘露醇的主要因素和最适条件,以取得满意的提取效率,作为保健酒制造工艺优化的参考。方法使用Design Expert 8.0软件进行实验设计,以投料比、提取时间、基酒酒精度、温度、原料粒度、提取方式等作为考察因素,响应曲面法对实验数据进行处理,建立蛹虫草子实体中甘露醇提取因素与提取效率之间的回归模型,得到甘露醇提取的最适条件,并加以确证。结果基酒提取人工蛹虫草子实体中甘露醇的最佳工艺为:投料比1∶55,蛹虫草原粒,使用酒精度为40度的基酒提取1 d,每天氮吹搅拌10 min。结论所建立的回归模型有效,在最佳提取条件下,甘露醇的理论最大得率为15.78 mg/g。     

硒对蛹虫草营养成分及活性成分的影响

以施加不同浓度亚硒酸钠的培养基来栽培出的蛹虫草子实体为对象,研究了硒对蛹虫草中主要营养成分蛋白质、氨基酸及其主要活性成分虫草酸、虫草多糖、腺苷含量的影响,并进一步探究硒对蛹虫草蛋白分布的影响。结果表明,硒可以提高蛹虫草子实体中蛋白质、虫草酸、虫草多糖和氨基酸的含量,硒对蛹虫草中腺苷的含量无影响。硒并不改变蛹虫草蛋白质的分布,硒在蛋白质中是以取代硫的形式而存在的。     

人工蛹虫草子实体醇提物遗传毒性分析

人工蛹虫草子实体是采用天然蛹虫草[Cordyceps militaris(L. er.Fr.)Link]中分离的拟青霉经人工培养所获得的子实体,其化学成分与天然虫草相似[1],为麦角菌科虫草属植物蛹虫草.近年来随着人们对人工蛹虫草子实体功效作用和药用价值的关注,各类以人工蛹虫草子实体为主要原料的产品不断涌现,其食用人群也逐年扩大.     

蛹虫草子实体的多糖含量测定研究

目的:探讨蛹虫草子实体中多糖的提取和含量的紫外分光光度测定方法。方法:采用水提醇沉再经过碱性硫酸铜纯化的方法进行制备,多糖在强酸性条件水解成单糖分子,在沸水浴中脱水生成羟甲基呋喃甲醛(羟甲基糖醛)再与苯酚缩合成淡橙黄色的化合物,其显色强度与溶液中单糖的浓度成正比,灵敏而稳定,比色测定溶液在485 nm波长处有最大吸收。结果:对照品葡聚糖计的检测浓度在0.0 mg/ml~0.1 mg/ml范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,得回归方程y=9.7717x-0.0006r=0.9996,平均回收率97.37%,RSD为2.73%。结论:紫外分光光度法灵敏、快速、准确、成本低。适用于蛹虫草子实体中多糖含量测定。在制备测定液中提取方法不同,多糖的测定值也所差异。     

响应面法优化蛹虫草多肽提取工艺研究

目的:对蛹虫草多肽提取工艺进行了优化研究;方法:以蛹虫草子实体提取多肽为对象,通过Box-Behnken设计星点响应面实验进行优化实验;结果:优化蛹虫草多肽提取工艺为提取最佳时间为5.39小时,加酶量1.65%,底物浓度9.3%,蛹虫草多肽提取的OD值为0.85g/L;结论:经实验得证,通过星点响应面实验方法进行蛹虫草多肽提取工艺条件优化,结果合理有效,优化效果良好。     

虫草花

冬虫夏草是名贵的补品,"冬为虫,夏为草",不少人一看到虫草花的名字,就顾名思义觉得它是冬虫夏草的花朵,这是一种误解。虫草花其实是在培养基里人工培育出的蛹虫草,是一种真菌,与香菇、平菇等食用菌很相似。虫草花也叫蛹虫草或蛹草、冬虫夏草花、金虫草,是一种人工培养的虫草子实体。从外观上看,虫草花全长一般为     

蛹虫草的人工富硒栽培技术研究

研究了不同浓度的亚硒酸钠对蛹虫草菌丝体、子实体发育和产量的影响。试验结果表明,培养基中添加亚硒酸钠时,能明显提高子实体中硒的含量,但对菌丝体和子实体的生长有一定的延迟与抑制作用。     

蛹虫草菌质绿茶的抗氧化活性及其营养成分分析

<正>蛹虫草[Cordyceps militaris(L.)Link],又名北冬虫夏草,属子囊菌亚门(Ascomycotina)核菌纲(pyrenomycetes)球壳目(Sphaerinles)麦角菌科(claviticpitaceae)虫草属(Coedyceps)。现代科学研究表明,蛹虫草不仅具有特殊的营养价值,而且有重要的药用价值,其中尤以虫草酸、虫草素、虫草多糖和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等多种生物活性物质的药用价值最为显著,具有增强机体免疫力[1]、抗氧化[2]、消炎[3]、抗过敏[4]、改善记忆[5]及治疗糖尿病[6]等作用。菌质是药用真菌固体发酵的产物[7]。蛹     

蛹虫草对免疫低下小鼠红细胞免疫粘附能力影响

蛹虫草与天然冬虫夏草药理功效相似.研究表明,蛹虫草对特异性、非特异性免疫有明显增强作用[1].红细胞是非专职天然免疫细胞,在血循环中数量巨大.美国Siegel I[2]提出"红细胞免疫系统(RCIS)"新概念,认为红细胞是淋巴细胞活性调节器,通过调节红细胞免疫活性可改善T淋巴细胞活性,红细胞不但能免疫粘附酵母菌和肿瘤细胞,而且胞浆中具有含量丰富自然杀伤细胞(NK)增强因子(NKEF),可明显增强NK细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤[3].本研究以环磷酰胺为造模剂建立小鼠免疫功能低下模型,观察蛹虫草2种制剂对免疫功能低下小鼠红细胞免疫功能影响.     

灵芝制品中粗多糖含量测定影响因素的研究

目的对测定灵芝子实体及其制成品中粗多糖前处理条件影响因素进行研究。方法以葡聚糖计的粗多糖含量为评价指标,对灵芝子实体、灵芝破壁孢子粉、孢子粉和提取物的混合物(以下简称混合物)采用不同的提取方式,测定其中粗多糖含量。结果用苯酚硫酸法测定不同的灵芝子实体及其制成品时采取不同的前处理方式,在测定灵芝子实体时以沸水浴4 h,然后静置4 h为最佳,在此条件下粗多糖含量平均值为0.8%,相对标准偏差为1.90%;测定灵芝孢子粉、混合物样品中粗多糖时以沸水浴2 h,然后静置4 h为最佳,在此条件下粗多糖含量分别为1.41%和5.34%,相对标准偏差分别为1.09%和1.53%。结论本试验优化后的前处理方式具有准确性高、可重复性、稳定性强的特点,并能有效节约试剂使用量,在较短的时间内完成分析,具有实际应用价值。     

微波法从香蕉皮中提取果胶的工艺研究

以香蕉皮为原料,在微波条件下,采用酸醇沉淀的实验工艺,探讨了微波辐射时间、微波辐射温度、提取液pH值、液料比及脱色条件的选择对果胶产率的影响。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳工艺条件。     

Low prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in wine drinkers--is it the alcohol beverage or the lifestyle?

OBJECTIVE: To study how the intake of alcohol and the choice of wine, beer, and spirits is related to lifestyle factors and the metabolic syndrome in 60-y-old men and women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population based study. SETTING: Stockholm County, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Sixty-year-old men and women (n=4232). RESULTS: Moderate intake of wine (10-30 g/day) was associated with a lifestyle characterized by being married, having a university education, being employed, being Swedish-born, having a good quality of life according to economy, leisure time and health, compared with a group with low alcohol intake. The opposite characteristics were seen among the non-drinkers. Drinkers of spirits were more often smokers and also reported higher intake of sausage and fried potatoes compared with a group with low alcohol intake. In women, the metabolic syndrome was significantly more common in non-drinkers (20%), P<0.05, and less common among wine drinkers (8%), P<0.01, compared with a group with low alcohol intake. After adjustments, a significant lower odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome were seen in wine drinkers in women (OR=0.60, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with low alcohol drinkers, moderate wine drinkers exhibited a more favorable pattern according to both lifestyle factors and metabolic parameters. The close link between alcohol drinking behaviour and lifestyle habits illustrate the complex relationship between alcohol and health.     

武当山野生半枝莲多糖的提取及含量测定

目的 优选武当山野生半枝莲多糖提取工艺,并对其多糖含量进行测定.方法 以多糖得率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上选定温度、时间、提取次数和固液比4因素进行L9(34)正交试验;蒽酮-硫酸分光光度法测定半枝莲中多糖含量.结果 在实验设计水平范围内,提取多糖最佳工艺条件为温度80℃、提取3次、时间4h、固液比1:25.该工艺条件下半枝莲多糖得率为7.60％,RSD=2.12％(n=3).半枝莲中多糖含量为4.31％,RSD=1.67％ (n=5),加样回收率平均值为(99.76±1.43)％,RSD=1.35％ (n=5).结论 该优化工艺可用于半枝莲多糖的提取,得率稳定,提取率高;武当山野生半枝莲多糖含量较高,有进一步开发利用价值.     

Alcohol and breast cancer in an area with high alcohol consumption

The association between alcohol drinking and breast cancer risk was investigated in 132 breast cancer cases and 499 controls with acute conditions unrelated to alcohol or any of the suspected risk factors for breast cancer, in an area which shows among the highest levels of alcohol consumption and prevalence of alcohol-related diseases in Europe (i.e. Pordenone Province, Northeastern part of Italy). Compared with non-drinkers, the multivariate odds ratio (OR) for ever drinkers was 1.5 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.8-2.6). The risks for wine (the almost exclusive source of alcohol in the present investigation) were 1.2 for up to 1 drink, 1.4 for up to two drinks, 1.9 for up to 3 and 1.6 for over 3 drinks per day. Time-related factors (i.e. drinking habit duration and age at start of drinking) did not seem to be risk indicators.     

Effect of red wine and red grape extract on blood lipids, haemostatic factors, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease

OBJECTIVE: Some epidemiological studies found a lower risk of cardiovascular disease among wine drinkers than among drinkers of other types of ethanol. This difference might be due to an effect of nonalcohol compounds in wine on important cardiovascular risk factors. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of red wine, nonalcohol compounds of red wine and placebo on established cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: A parallel, four-armed intervention study. SUBJECTS: A total of 69 healthy 38-74-y-old men and women. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomised to either 1: red wine (males: 300 ml/day, 38.3 g alcohol/day, female subjects: 200 ml/day, 25.5 g alcohol/day), 2: water + red grape extract tablets (wine-equivalent dose), 3: water + red grape extract tablets (half dose), or 4: water + placebo tablets for a period of 4 weeks. No other sources of alcohol or anthocyanin were allowed. Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, fibrinogen, factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc), blood pressure, and body weight were determined before and after intervention. RESULTS: Wine consumption was associated with a significant 11-16% increase in fasting HDL-C and 8-15% decrease in fasting fibrinogen relative to not drinking wine. There were no significant treatment effects on fasting LDL-C, HDL-C/LDL-C-ratio, VLDL-triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, FVIIc, or blood pressure. Drinking wine was associated with relative body weight increments closely corresponding to the energy contributed by the alcohol component. CONCLUSION: Moderate red wine consumption for 4 weeks is associated with desirable changes in HDL-C and fibrinogen compared with drinking water with or without red grape extract. The impact of wine on the measured cardiovascular risk factors thus seems primarily explained by an alcohol effect. Our finding suggests that the putative difference in cardiac risk associated with wine vs other alcoholic beverages might be rather explained by other life-style confounders than by red wine contents of nonalcohol components.     

Wine and other types of alcoholic beverages and the risk of esophageal cancer

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the separate and combined effect of wine-drinking and other alcoholic beverages on esophageal cancer, in a high wine-consuming population. DESIGN: Combined analysis of two hospital-based case-control studies. SETTING: Major teaching and general hospitals in the greater Milan area and in the province of Pordenone, in northern Italy. SUBJECTS: A total of 714 incident cases of esophageal cancer, and 3137 controls admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to alcohol consumption. INTERVENTION: Trained interviews identified and questioned cases and controls using standardized structured questionnaires, including information on the average number of days per week each type of alcoholic beverages (wine, beer, spirits) was consumed, and the average number of drinks per day. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using unconditional multiple logistic regression equations. RESULTS: With reference to total alcohol drinking, as compared to non- or moderate drinkers (<3 drinks per day), the multivariate ORs were 1.98 for drinkers of 3-4 drinks per day, 4.22 for 5-7, 7.60 for 8-11, and 12.35 for > or =12 drinks per day. Higher risks were observed for wine-only drinkers and the corresponding values were 1.70, 4.21, 8.76 and 17.90. After allowance for wine intake, no association was observed between beer and spirit drinking and esophageal cancer, in a population in which 80% of alcohol came from wine. CONCLUSION: The amount of ethanol determines the risk of esophageal cancer, and the most commonly used alcoholic beverage appear to be most strongly associated.     

Consumption of alcoholic beverages and subjective health in Spain

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between alcohol and main alcoholic beverage consumption and subjective health in Spain. DESIGN: Logistic regression analysis using a cross sectional survey based on self reported data on alcohol and alcoholic beverage consumption, subjective health and the principal confounding factors (age, sex, civil status, educational level, job status, social support, region of residence, size of town or city, tobacco consumption, physical activity during leisure time and work hours, and chronic disease). SETTING: The 1993 Spanish National Health Survey. PARTICIPANTS: A 19 573 person sample, representative of the non-institutionalised Spanish population aged 16 years and over. MAIN RESULTS: Among Spaniards, 31.4% reported their health as suboptimal (fair, poor or very poor) and 56.9% consumed alcohol regularly, with the majority having a preference for wine. Light (1-2 drinks per day) or moderate consumption (3-4 drinks per day) was the most frequent pattern. After adjusting for confounding factors, a negative dose-response relation was observed between consumption of total alcohol, wine and beer, and prevalence of suboptimal health (linear trend: p<0.001 for total alcohol, p=0.023 for wine, and p=0.030 for beer). In contrast, for consumption of spirits the prevalence of ill health in moderate drinkers was lower than in non-drinkers, with no clear relation at higher consumption. While persons reporting a preference for wine had a lower frequency of suboptimal health than did abstainers, they showed no difference in frequency of subjective ill health with respect to persons with preference for other types of drink or no preference whatsoever. CONCLUSIONS: The higher the consumption of total alcohol, wine and beer, the lower the prevalence of suboptimal health. These results differ from those obtained in several Nordic countries, where a "J shaped" relation has been observed for total alcohol and wine, and suggest that the relation between alcohol consumption and subjective health may be different in Mediterranean countries.     

The effect of red wine on plasma leptin levels and vasoactive factors from adipose tissue: a randomized crossover trial

AIMS: It has been reported that alcohol has multiple effects on appetite. To elucidate potential mechanisms we measured the levels of plasma leptin and the vasoactive factors after red wine intake. METHODS: We conducted a randomized crossover trial to study the effect of red wine on the levels of leptin, TNF-alpha, TGF- beta(1), IL-6, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in healthy, non-smoking individuals. The subjects were randomized to drinking one glass of red wine (150 ml, 15 g alcohol) every day ('wine period') or to undergo a period of total abstention from alcohol ('abstention period'). After 3 weeks they switched the intervention group. Eighty-seven volunteers completed the study (mean age 50 years). RESULTS: After 3 weeks' daily intake of red wine, plasma leptin was significantly increased (from 6308 pg/ml to 7402 pg/ml, P = 0.05). There was a marked gender difference, as leptin levels increased only in females (P = 0.012). When calculated as leptin/body mass index (BMI) ratio, the trend and results were similar. Red wine consumption had no significant effect on other vasoactive factors measured in this study. CONCLUSION: Red wine increases levels of the appetite-regulating hormone leptin in females, but not in males. Whether red wine has an effect on appetite-regulation in its own right, remains to be solved.     

Wine versus ethanol in human nutrition. II. Fluid, sodium, and potassium balance.

Six healthy males were studied under metabolic unit conditions to determine the effects of wine vs ethanol on the absorption of various elements. Fluid, sodium, and potassium data are reported here. The following test beverages in the amount of 1 liter/day were administered in random order to each of the subjects during four 18-day experimental periods: Zinfandel wine (9.3% w/v alcohol); dealcoholized Zinfandel wine; pure ethanol (9.3% w/v aqueous alcohol solution); and deionized water. A strictly controlled isocaloric formula diet was given with the test beverage in four equal feedings over a 12-hr period. No diuretic effect of alcohol was detected in any of the subjects. Urinary sodium was significantly less during the dealcoholized wine period than during the ethanol and water periods. Urinary potassium was significantly greater during ethanol administration as compared with the other test beverages. Fecal and serum sodium and potassium were essentially unchanged throughout the study.     

Alcohol consumption and risk of lung cancer in the VITamins And Lifestyle Study

The effect of alcoholic beverage consumption on lung cancer risk was investigated in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study. The VITAL study is a prospective cohort of residents aged 50-76 yr in Washington state. Five hundred and eighty incident lung cancer cases diagnosed between study baseline (2000-2002) and 2007 were identified among 66,186 participants without previous cancer through the Washington Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result cancer registry. Multivariable Cox's regression was used to examine the effects of beer, red wine, white wine, liquor, combined alcoholic beverage intake at study baseline, and alcohol intake at age 30 and 45 on lung cancer risk, with careful adjustment for smoking. There was no clear association between lung cancer and consumption of beer, red wine, white wine, or liquor at ≥1 drink/day. Combined alcoholic beverage intake of up to ≥3 drink/day was not associated with elevated overall lung cancer risk. Heavy consumption of alcohol at study baseline and at age 45 was, however, associated with more than doubling of risk for squamous cell carcinoma (hazard ratio for ≥3 drink/day at study baseline = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.36-4.73, P value for linear trend = 0.002) but not for adenocarcinoma. Alcohol intake at age 30 was not associated with lung cancer risk.