低功率激光对Beagle犬胫骨种植体周骨愈合的影响

背景：低功率激光照射对种植体周骨愈合及骨结合的影响尚无确切的结论。 目的：探讨低功率氦氖激光局部照射对骨内种植体周骨愈合的影响。 方法：取6只Beagle犬,每只犬两侧胫骨分别植入3枚种植体,植入后分别采用低功率氦氖激光局部照射1周,2周或不照射。分别于第4,8,12周随机处死2只Beagle犬取材。 结果与结论：亚甲基蓝-酸性品红染色显示,给予低功率氦氖激光局部照射的种植体周骨组织愈合优于未照射者。骨形态计量学分析结果显示,随着种植体植入时间的延长,种植体-骨结合率逐渐增高;在相同时间点,种植体-骨结合率以照射2周组最高,照射1周组次之。提示低功率氦氖激光局部照射能显著促进种植体周骨组织愈合及其改建成熟,同时增加种植体骨结合面积。     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚己内酯电纺支架修复种植体周围骨缺损

背景：牙齿缺失导致牙槽嵴骨质的改建和持续吸收,严重影响种植体植入的条件和种植区软硬组织的美观。目的：评价纳米羟基磷灰石/聚己内酯电纺支架促进即刻种植体周围骨缺损的成骨效果。方法：制作犬骨髓间充质干细胞复合纳米羟基磷灰石/聚己内酯电纺支架的组织工程化骨。拔除6只实验犬双侧下颌第二前磨牙,在其近中根牙槽窝处制备种植床,即刻植入种植体,在钛钉颊侧制作三壁骨缺损,两侧骨缺损处分别植入组织工程化骨与Bio-Oss小牛无机骨粉,并在材料表面覆盖Bio-Gide胶原膜。术后即刻、4周、8周、12周X射线测量种植体周围骨灰度值;12周后完整取出下颌骨,甲苯胺蓝染色观察骨缺损区的微观结构,新生骨量、形态结构及种植体-骨结合情况。结果与结论：两组间术后各时间点骨密度变化无明显差异,表明两组材料在促进骨再生过程中的成骨效果基本一致。组织工程化骨组骨缺损区内形成致密板状骨,可见成熟骨细胞,哈弗氏管,新生骨-种植体结合较紧密;Bio-Oss小牛无机骨粉组板层骨致密,新骨中有少量Bio-Oss颗粒分布,成骨细胞较组织工程化骨组少,部分哈弗管结构内可见到毛细血管,新骨与植入材料之间形成桥形连接,与种植体结合紧密。表明纳米羟基磷灰石/聚己内酯支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞、Bio-Gide胶原膜可促进种植体周围牙槽骨再生。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

影响微种植体正畸治疗成功率的因素

文题释义： 支抗：正畸矫治中，任何施于被矫治牙使其移动的力必然产生一个反向、等大的反作用力，能抵抗该力的结构成为“支抗”。支抗控制对于正畸和颅颌面矫形的成败至关重要。多年来，正畸学者和临床医师设计了多种口外和口内支抗系统，但由于各种原因，实际临床应用不尽如人意。与传统支抗相比，微种植体具有体积小、植入移除简单、成本低、能行即刻或早期加载等明显优势，在正畸临床的应用越来越广泛。 骨整合&临床成功率：即显微镜下骨与种植体间的直接接触，是种植体生物学稳定性和临床成功率的决定因素。骨整合的程度主要由种植体自身设计、手术操作、应力载荷、临床用途及患者身体状况等多因素决定。影响微种植体骨整合乃至临床成功率的相关因素亟待进一步深入、系统的研究。 背景：在正畸治疗过程中，影响微种植体临床成功率的潜在危险因素的相关报道结果不尽一致，一些临床医师非常关注的影响因素未全部纳入研究，且动物实验所得结论难以直接运用于临床实践。因此，究竟哪些因素影响微种植体的临床成功率，亟待进一步深入、系统的研究。 目的：研究影响正畸支抗用微种植体临床成功率的相关因素。 方法：试验纳入114例口腔种植患者，其中男42例，女72例，年龄(19.26±9.19)岁，共植入253枚微种植体作为正畸支抗。纳入以下影响因素：包括性别、年龄、垂直和矢状骨面型、植入位点、植入牙弓、植入部位软组织类型、口腔卫生状况、微种植体的直径和长度、植入方式、植入角度、应力加载时机和强度及临床用途，运用logistic回归分析研究成功率和所有变量间的相关性，方差分析检测各变量对成功率的影响。试验方案经过四川大学伦理委员会批准。 结果与结论：①253枚微种植体的总临床成功率为88.54%，平均应力加载时长为9.5个月，其中29枚植入失败，植入失败微种植体的平均加载时长为2.3个月；②在卡方检验、Fisher精确检验和logistic回归分析中，年龄、口腔卫生状况、垂直骨面型及植入位点与临床成功率显著相关(P < 0.05)，而性别、矢状骨面型、植入牙弓、植入部位软组织类型、微种植体的直径和长度、植入方式、植入角度、应力加载时机和强度及临床用途11个变量与种植成功率无显著相关性(P > 0.05)；③结果提示为了最大程度降低微种植体失败率，需给予患者正确的口腔卫生保健指导和有效监督，特别是年轻(<12岁)、高角、下颌骨植入微种植体的患者。ORCID: 0000-0003-2318-3199(吴也可) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程     

影响微种植体支抗稳定性的现状研究北大核心

背景:微种植体在正畸治疗中作为"绝对支抗"而被广泛应用于临床,然而脱落率较高一直是其主要缺点。影响微种植体的稳定性主要包括微种植体的自身因素、微种植体周围炎、微种植体的植入方式、角度、位置和加载时机等。目的:就近年来国内外学者对影响微种植体支抗稳定性的因素做一综述。方法:第一作者应用计算机以"微种植体、稳定性、正畸支抗"为中文检索词,以"miniscrews、stability、orthodontic anchorage"为英文检索词,分别在CNKI和PubMed数据库检索近四年发表的有关文章。结果与结论:共纳入52篇文章。综合国内外学者有关微种植体稳定性的相关研究结果表明,微种植体表面的改性能有效增强骨结合能力,促进骨再生,提高微种植体的稳定性。在正畸临床治疗中,应该结合患者的骨质情况,选择合适的微种植体和植入方式,适宜的植入角度以提高微种植体的稳定性,同时避免损伤牙根、神经、血管和上颌窦,并注重术后愈合期的维护,适时加载。     

60Co放射及微量元素锌对钛种植体骨融合的影响

背景：前期实验证实补锌可以加速种植体的骨融合。目的：观察⁶⁰Co放射及微量元素锌对种植体骨融合的影响。方法：取成年雄性家兔36只,双侧胫骨近心端各植入1枚钛种植体,建立钛种植体动物模型,随机均分为4组,补锌组种植后24 h肌注10 g/L硫酸锌4 mg/kg,1次/d;对照组种植后24 h肌注9 g/L生理盐水4 mg/kg,1次/d;放射组于种植后第2,4,6天给予双侧胫骨近心段⁶⁰Co照射,15 Gy/d,同时种植后24 h肌注9 g/L生理盐水4 mg/kg,1次/d;放射补锌组于种植后第2,4,6天给予双侧胫骨近心段⁶⁰Co照射,15 Gy/d,同时种植后24 h肌注10 g/L硫酸锌4 mg/kg,1次/d。种植后1,4,12周利用显微镜观察种植体骨界面组织形态。结果与结论：在相同时间段内,与其他各组相比,放射组种植体周围成纤维细胞数量较多,纤维性结合较多,而骨性组织特别是成熟骨组织形成较少。在相同时间段内,与其他各组相比,补锌组种植体表面成骨细胞数量更多,骨性结合更多,在第4周时即可见成熟骨组织出现,说明补锌能在种植后早期(1-4周)即形成骨性愈合。放射补锌组在第4,12周时也较放射组产生更多骨性结合,说明即使在⁶⁰Co照射后,微量元素锌的补充仍可以促进种植体-骨融合。提示⁶⁰Co照射会延缓种植体骨愈合,放射治疗后适量补锌能够减轻其对种植体骨融合的不利影响。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

尼古丁对不同表面处理种植体骨结合的影响

背景：研究证实尼古丁会影响成骨细胞、破骨细胞、成纤维细胞和红细胞的活性。 目的：检测尼古丁对表面喷砂或酸蚀处理种植体植入后骨结合及骨保护素、骨形成蛋白2表达的影响。 方法：将24只SD大鼠随机均分为实验组和对照组,实验组大鼠每天2次背部皮下注射2 mg/kg尼古丁,对照组对应皮下注射等量生理盐水。2周后在两组大鼠胫骨近干骺端分别植入表面喷砂或酸蚀处理的钛种植体,实验组继续皮下注射尼古丁,对照组注射生理盐水。种植后第2,4周对种植体及其周围骨组织行CT、X射线、荧光定量PCR及苏木精-伊红染色观察。 结果与结论：与对照组相比,实验组骨结合程度及骨保护素和骨形成蛋白2表达明显下降(P < 0.05)。在尼古丁作用下,表面喷砂处理种植体组骨保护素和骨形成蛋白2表达、表面酸蚀处理种植体组骨保护素表达均随时间变化明显下调(P < 0.05),并且表面酸蚀处理种植体组植入2周时骨形成蛋白2表达高于表面喷砂处理种植体组(P < 0.05);X射线与CT结果提示,尼古丁干预对表面酸蚀处理种植体周围新生骨形成量和新生骨矿化程度的影响明显小于表面喷砂处理种植体。苏木精-伊红染色显示,两种种植体周围成骨细胞的数量与活性随时间变化均降低,但表面酸蚀处理种植体组效果好于表面喷砂处理种植体组。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

微型钛钉种植体支抗压低犬上前牙过程中牙周组织骨保护素的表达

背景：在微型钛钉种植体支抗压低上前牙过程中,骨保护素可否发挥抑制骨吸收的作用,尚不十分清楚。 目的：观察微型钛钉种植体支抗压低犬上前牙过程中牙周组织骨保护素的表达变化。 方法：9只犬分为5组,对照组未加正畸装置,于实验开始时处死;其余各组在上颌两侧第二切牙和第三切牙牙根之间唇侧的牙槽间隔处植入微型钛钉种植体作为支抗,每侧施加100 g的牵引力压低上颌两侧第一和第二切牙,分别于加力后1,2,4,12周(主动加力4周,撤力后保持8周)处死。选择一侧第一和第二切牙连同牙龈、牙槽骨完整切取,进行牙周组织内骨保护素的免疫组化染色。 结果与结论：牙周组织中骨保护素的表达在加力1周后开始增加,2周达最高峰,其后开始下降,4周后回落接近正常水平。12周后(撤力8周后),骨保护素阳性细胞数量少量回升,统计结果显示与加力4周后以及未加力时差异无显著性意义。提示微型钛钉种植体支抗压低犬上前牙过程中,骨保护素参与了牙周组织的改建,并随时间的改变,呈动态变化过程。     

SLA种植体表面喷涂钽形成纳米复合表面预防种植术后早期感染的动物体内实验研究

目的　探讨大颗粒酸蚀喷砂（Sandblasted/Large-grit/Acide -tched,SLA）表面处理的种植体与SLA表面喷涂钽（Ta）形成纳米复合表面的种植体对种植体周围炎发生发展的影响。 方法　6只Beagle犬双侧前磨牙延期植入2种不同表面种植体。从左侧远中到右侧远中依次将植体记为1~6号,3、4号种植体设置非绑线的基线组,其余于基台颈部丝线结扎的方法建立犬种植体周围炎模型。分别在建模后四次对植体进行菌斑指数（plaque index, PI）、改良出血指数（modified Sulcus Bleeding Index, mSBI）、种植体周探诊深度（probing depth, PD）等临床指标测量,通过手术直观评价、显微CT扫描、组织学评价相结合观察种植体周骨缺损程度,对实验结果采用重复测量方差分析。 结果　绑线的SLA组PI、mSBI、PD、垂直缺损与水平缺损深度等指标均显著高于绑线的SLA+Ta组（P<0.05）;显微CT扫描和组织学评价相结合观察可见绑线的SLA组较绑线的SLA+Ta组种植体周骨缺损明显。 结论　SLA表面喷涂钽形成纳米复合表面的种植体较SLA表面处理的种植体延缓种植体周围炎的发生发展并减轻其症状。     

天然上颌中切牙与种植体应力规律的三维有限元分析

背景：生物力学相容性是保证种植体与骨结合后长期稳定并行使功能的必要条件,因此,了解上颌中切牙与其周围骨组织应力应变分布情况对种植义齿修复尤为重要。 目的：根据天然牙5种不同解剖分型,探讨上颌中切牙牙根与种植体的应力分布规律。 方法：根据天然上颌中切牙5种不同解剖分型,通过UGNX、ANSYS等软件建立种植体及周围局部结构的三维有限元模型(B1、B2、M1、M2、P1),对种植体施加与牙长轴的夹角成0°、30°、45°、60°、90°的100 N静态荷载力,分析5类上颌中切牙牙根与种植体的应力分布情况。 结果与结论：5种分型中,天然中切牙与种植体等效应力随着加载力角度的增大而增大,种植体上升趋势高于天然牙。天然牙等效应力最大值集中在B1,最小值在M1,而种植体等效应力最大值在M1,最小值在M2。天然牙牙根等效应力有2%-31%的差距,种植体等效应力有4%-21%的差距,种植体的应力分布区间小于天然牙牙根的应力分布区间。说明种植体与天然牙随着咬合力角度的增大与受力呈正比,种植体所能承受的咬合力小于天然中切牙。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

超短种植体在上颌后牙区骨量严重不足中的应用

背景：目前大量研究证实短种植体与常规种植体的成功率无明显差异,但对于超短种植体应用在上颌后牙骨量严重不足中的临床效果并不明确。目的：短期观察超短种植体应用在上颌后牙区骨量严重不足中的临床效果。方法：纳入18例上颌后牙骨量严重不足患者,其中男10例,女8例,年龄25-68岁,平均余留牙槽骨高度为3.19 mm,均进行超短种植体植入结合上颌窦内提升治疗。通过用锥形束CT观察种植体修复后12 个月的骨结合能力,以及种植体周围边缘骨水平变化的情况。结果与结论：18例患者均完成12个月随访,植入的21颗种植体均获得良好骨结合,完成义齿修复,均未发生软组织炎症。随访修复后12个月,21枚种植体近、远中边缘骨高度变化分别为(-0.21±0.78),(-0.16±0.55) mm;种植体近、远中边缘骨高度与修复后即刻比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。表明在上颌后牙骨量严重不足的情况中应用超短种植体可取得良好的骨结合,同时能够维持种植体边缘骨量稳定,但仍需长期临床观察。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

Omega-3 as well as caloric restriction prevent the age-related modifications of cholesterol metabolism

Intracellular concentration of cholesterol is regulated by the balance between endogenous synthesis and exogenous uptake; endogenous synthesis is subject to feedback control of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity, while the exogenous supply is mainly controlled by the modulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. During ageing, hepatic lipid modifications occur and caloric restriction are able to prevent these changes. So, the aim of this work was to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the effect exerted both by caloric restrictions and by a diet enriched with Omega-3 fatty acids, on the cholesterol plasma levels during ageing, by studying the regulation of the protein involved in cholesterol homeostasis maintenance.Livers from diet restricted and Omega-3 supplemented diet fed 24-month-old rat were used to analyze, the protein complex of cholesterol homeostasis maintenance and those ones that are able to modulate 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase.The data obtained demonstrate that both caloric restriction and Omega-3 supplemented diets are able to prevent hypercholesterolemia, by regulating HMG-CoAR activation state by controlling ROS production and p38 phosphorylation. Moreover also the age-dependent loss of LDLr membrane exposition is prevented.     

BDNF as a pain modulator

At least some neurotrophins may be powerful modulators of synapses, thereby influencing short- and long-term synaptic efficiency. BDNF acts at central synapses in pain pathways both at spinal and supraspinal levels. Neuronal synthesis, subcellular storage/co-storage and release of BDNF at these synapses have been characterized on anatomical and physiological grounds, in parallel with trkB (the high affinity BDNF receptor) distribution. Histological and functional evidence has been provided, mainly from studies on acute slices and intact animals, that BDNF modulates fast excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic/glycinergic) signals, as well as slow peptidergic neurotrasmission in spinal cord. Recent studies have unraveled some of the neuronal circuitries and mechanisms involved, highlighting the key role of synaptic glomeruli in lamina II as the main sites for such a modulation.     

CD36 as a lipid sensor

CD36 is a multifunctional protein homologous to the class B scavenger receptor SR-B1 mainly found in tissues with a sustained lipid metabolism and in several hematopoieic cells. CD36 is thought to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes like angiogenesis, thrombosis, atherogenesis, Alzheimer's disease or malaria. An additive emerging function for CD36 is a role as a lipid sensor. Location of CD36 and orthologue molecules in plasma membrane of cells in contact with the external environment (e.g. gustatory, intestinal or olfactory epithelia) allows the binding of exogenous-derived ligands including dietary lipids, diglycerides from bacterial wall in mammals and even a lipid-like pheromone in insects. Similar function might also exist in the brain in which a CD36-dependent sensing of fatty acids has been reported in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons in rodents. Specific recognition of lipid-related molecules by a receptor-like protein highly conserved throughout the evolution strongly suggests that lipid-sensing by CD36 is responsible for basic physiological functions in relation with behavior, energy balance and innate immunity.     

温针灸镇痛的临床应用与进展

背景：温针灸是中国传统医学的一种有效的治疗方法,将针刺和灸法巧妙结合,对即刻镇痛效果明显,镇痛效果持久,临床常常用于急、慢性疼痛的治疗。 目的：分析温针灸与镇痛相关的研究进展,探讨温针灸对急、慢性疼痛的效应及其影响因素。 方法：以“温针;温针灸;针柄灸;烧针柄;疼痛;镇痛”为关键词检索1995年 1月至2015年7月中国知网、维普网、万方数据库相关文献,根据纳入和排除标准,对纳入的51条文献进行归纳分析。 结果与结论：与针刺、西药等治疗方法比较,单纯温针灸能在多系统发挥镇痛作用,优于普通针刺、西药。与药物、手法比较,温针灸常结合药物和手法后镇痛效果增加,关节功能活动明显增强。温针灸具有整体调节作用,在多个系统的疼痛中发挥有效的镇痛效应,缩短了治疗时间,是治疗疼痛的有效方法,值得在临床进一步推广与应用。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

腰椎间盘突出症MRI分级与F波及H反射的相关性

BACKGROUND: Lumbar spine MRI and electrophysiological test are reliable methods for evaluating nerve root injury caused by lumbar disc herniation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between the MRI-based grading system and the latency and frequency of F wave as well as latency and amplitude of H-reflex in patients with lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: MRI imaging of the lumbar spine was performed with a 3.0-T imager and a dedicated TCL coil to classify lumbar disc herniation and nerve root compression. F wave and H reflex were detected on the patient bilateral tibial nerves using Oxford myoelectricity evoked potential instrument. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Spearman correlation analysis showed that the MRI-based grading of patients with lumbar disc herniation had a negative correlation with F wave frequency (r=-0.594 0, P < 0.000 1), and a positive correlation with F wave latency (r=0.825 6, P < 0.000 1) and H-reflex latency (r=0.875 0, P < 0.000 1), but no correlation with H-reflex amplitude (R=0.117 4, P=0.257 3). With MRI grading increased, F wave frequency was decreased, and F wave and H-reflex latency were prolonged gradually, indicating aggravating nerve root compression. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Alpha-thiolamines such as cysteine and cysteamine act as effective transglycating agents due to formation of irreversible thiazolidine derivatives

Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and some phospholipids is considered to be an important factor in the genesis of diabetic complications. While this process has been viewed traditionally as entirely non-enzymatic and unidirectional, the discovery of fructosamine-3-phosphate (FN3K) and identification of FN3K-mediated deglycation mechanisms have made it apparent that non-enzymatic glycation is not unidirectional and that it can be reversed by deglycation reactions. While FN3K operates on ketosamines, the second intermediate in the non-enzymatic glycation cascade, we recently identified another potential deglycation mechanism that can operate on Schiff bases, the first intermediates of the non-enzymatic glycation process. The initial step in this postulated deglycation process is a transglycation reaction between a L.M.W. intracellular nucleophiles and a macromolecule-bound aldosamines, which regenerate unmodified proteins or phospholipids with a concomitant production of aldose-nucleophile transglycation byproducts. In vitro, transglycation occurs readily with amino acids, polyamines, thiols and thiolamines. There are indications that this reaction also occurs in vivo since in an initial GC/MS analysis of human urine we detected significant amounts of a transglycation product, glucose-cysteine (G-Cys), which was markedly increased in diabetics. Despite these encouraging early data, it is not yet clear to what extent transglycation is important in vivo and which intracellular nucleophiles are most relevant to this process. As discussed by us previously in this journal, one likely candidate for this role is glutathione since it is distributed universally and since there are well described mechanisms for removal of S-linked glutathione adducts from cells by the multi-drug-resistance (MDR) pumps. In this paper we report on another class of likely transglycating agents, alpha-thiolamines such as cysteine and cysteamine. While concentrations of these compounds in tissues are significantly lower than those of GSH, they react with Schiff bases more rapidly than GSH and, most significantly they form stable and irreversible thiazolidine products such as glucose-cysteine (G-Cys) and glucose-cysteamine (G-Ctm) that can subsequently be removed from cells. The possibility that alpha-thiolamines may play a physiological role as deglycating agents in vivo is very attractive since it suggests a possible strategy for inhibiting nonenzymatic glycation and diabetic complications that could be readily implemented through nutritional or pharmacological approaches. Such intervention is eminently feasible since there are at least three thiolamines already approved for human use. These include cysteamine used for the treatment of cystinosis; N-acetylcysteine utilized as a mucolytic and antioxidant agent, in the therapy of acetaminophen poisoning and radiocontrast-induced nephrotoxicity; and penicillamine used for treatment of Wilson's disease. Consequently, determining whether these compounds have the expected anti-glycating effects in vivo should be relatively straightforward.     

��Looking as Little Like Patients as Persons Well Could��: Hypnotism, Medicine and the Problem of the Suggestible Subject in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain

During the late nineteenth century, many British physicians rigorously experimented with hypnosis as a therapeutic practice. Despite mounting evidence attesting to its wide-ranging therapeutic uses publicised in the 1880s and 1890s, medical hypnosis remained highly controversial. After a decade and a half of extensive medical discussion and debate surrounding the adoption of hypnosis by mainstream medical professionals – including a thorough inquiry organised by the British Medical Association – it was decisively excluded from serious medical consideration by 1900. This essay examines the complex question of why hypnosis was excluded from professional medical practice by the end of the nineteenth century. Objections to its medical adoption rarely took issue with its supposed effectiveness in producing genuine therapeutic and anaesthetic results. Instead, critics’ objections were centred upon a host of social and moral concerns regarding the patient’s state of suggestibility and weakened ‘will-power’ while under the physician’s hypnotic ‘spell’. The problematic question of precisely how far hypnotic ‘rapport’ and suggestibility might depart from the Victorian liberal ideal of rational individual autonomy lay at the heart of these concerns. As this essay demonstrates, the hypnotism debate was characterised by a tension between physicians’ attempts to balance their commitment to restore patients to health and pervasive middle-class concerns about the rapid and ongoing changes transforming British society at the turn of the century.     

Mononuclear phagocytes as targets for cytolytic T lymphocytes

Mouse peritoneal macrophages and human blood monocytes are excellent targets for the assay of cytolytic T lymphocytes that develop in the murine and human mixed leukocyte reactions, respectively. ⁵¹Cr release in a standard 4 h assay is equivalent to the best release that is obtained with conA-induced T lymphoblasts. Spontaneous release is consistently less than 20% of the total cell label, and syngeneic macrophages are not lysed. Unlike lymphoblasts, mononuclear phagocytes can be used either as freshly isolated cells or after prolonged periods (1–7 days) in culture.