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1.
A Sufficient and Necessary Condition of the Existence of WENO-Like Linear Combination for Finite Difference Schemes
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Jian Kang & Xinliang Li 《Communications In Computational Physics》2021,29(2):534-570
In the finite difference WENO (weighted essentially non-oscillatory) method, the final scheme on the whole stencil was constructed by linear combinations of
highest order accurate schemes on sub-stencils, all of which share the same total count
of grid points. The linear combination method which the original WENO applied was
generalized to arbitrary positive-integer-order derivative on an arbitrary (uniform or
non-uniform) mesh, still applying finite difference method. The possibility of expressing the final scheme on the whole stencil as a linear combination of highest order accurate schemes on WENO-like sub-stencils was investigated. The main results include:
(a) the highest order of accuracy a finite difference scheme can achieve and (b) a sufficient and necessary condition that the linear combination exists. This is a sufficient
and necessary condition for all finite difference schemes in a set (rather than a specific
finite difference scheme) to have WENO-like linear combinations. After the proofs
of the results, some remarks on the WENO schemes and TENO (targeted essentially
non-oscillatory) schemes were given. 相似文献
2.
Adaptive Order WENO Reconstructions for the Semi-Lagrangian Finite Difference Scheme for Advection Problem
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Jiajie Chen Xiaofeng Cai Jianxian Qiu & Jing-Mei Qiu 《Communications In Computational Physics》2021,30(1):67-96
We present a new conservative semi-Lagrangian finite difference weighted
essentially non-oscillatory scheme with adaptive order. This is an extension of the
conservative semi-Lagrangian (SL) finite difference WENO scheme in [Qiu and Shu,
JCP, 230 (4) (2011), pp. 863-889], in which linear weights in SL WENO framework
were shown not to exist for variable coefficient problems. Hence, the order of accuracy is not optimal from reconstruction stencils. In this paper, we incorporate a recent
WENO adaptive order (AO) technique [Balsara et al., JCP, 326 (2016), pp. 780-804]
to the SL WENO framework. The new scheme can achieve an optimal high order of
accuracy, while maintaining the properties of mass conservation and non-oscillatory
capture of solutions from the original SL WENO. The positivity-preserving limiter is
further applied to ensure the positivity of solutions. Finally, the scheme is applied to
high dimensional problems by a fourth-order dimensional splitting. We demonstrate
the effectiveness of the new scheme by extensive numerical tests on linear advection
equations, the Vlasov-Poisson system, the guiding center Vlasov model as well as the
incompressible Euler equations. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, we introduce a new type of troubled-cell indicator to improve
hybrid weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes for solving the hyperbolic conservation laws. The hybrid WENO schemes selectively adopt the high-order
linear upwind scheme or the WENO scheme to avoid the local characteristic decompositions and calculations of the nonlinear weights in smooth regions. Therefore,
they can reduce computational cost while maintaining non-oscillatory properties in
non-smooth regions. Reliable troubled-cell indicators are essential for efficient hybrid
WENO methods. Most of troubled-cell indicators require proper parameters to detect
discontinuities precisely, but it is very difficult to determine the parameters automatically. We develop a new troubled-cell indicator derived from the mean value theorem
that does not require any variable parameters. Additionally, we investigate the characteristics of indicator variable; one of the conserved properties or the entropy is considered as indicator variable. Detailed numerical tests for 1D and 2D Euler equations are
conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed indicator. The results with
the proposed troubled-cell indicator are in good agreement with pure WENO schemes.
Also the new indicator has advantages in the computational cost compared with the
other indicators. 相似文献
4.
High-Order Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Methods with a New Type of Multi-Resolution WENO Limiters on Tetrahedral Meshes
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In this paper, the second-order and third-order Runge-Kutta discontinuous
Galerkin (RKDG) methods with multi-resolution weighted essentially non-oscillatory
(WENO) limiters are proposed on tetrahedral meshes. The multi-resolution WENO
limiter is an extension of a finite volume multi-resolution WENO scheme developed
in [81], which serves as a limiter for RKDG methods on tetrahedral meshes. This new
WENO limiter uses information of the DG solution essentially only within the troubled cell itself which is identified by a new modified version of the original KXRCF
indicator [42], to build a sequence of hierarchical $L^2$ projection polynomials from zeroth degree to the second or third degree of the DG solution. The second-order and
third-order RKDG methods with the associated multi-resolution WENO limiters are
developed as examples for general high-order RKDG methods, which could maintain
the original order of accuracy in smooth regions and keep essentially non-oscillatory
property near strong discontinuities by gradually degrading from the optimal order
to the first order. The linear weights inside the procedure of the new multi-resolution
WENO limiters can be set as any positive numbers on the condition that they sum
to one. A series of polynomials of different degrees within the troubled cell itself
are applied in a WENO fashion to modify the DG solutions in the troubled cell on
tetrahedral meshes. These new WENO limiters are very simple to construct, and can
be easily implemented to arbitrary high-order accuracy on tetrahedral meshes. Such
spatial reconstruction methodology improves the robustness in the simulation on the
same compact spatial stencil of the original DG methods on tetrahedral meshes. Extensive one-dimensional (run as three-dimensional problems on tetrahedral meshes)
and three-dimensional tests are performed to demonstrate the good performance of
the RKDG methods with new multi-resolution WENO limiters. 相似文献
5.
High Order Finite Difference WENO Methods with Unequal-Sized Sub-Stencils for the Degasperis-Procesi Type Equations
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Jianfang Lin Yan Xu Huiwen Xue & Xinghui Zhong 《Communications In Computational Physics》2022,31(3):913-946
In this paper, we develop two finite difference weighted essentially
non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes with unequal-sized sub-stencils for solving the
Degasperis-Procesi (DP) and $\mu$-Degasperis-Procesi ($\mu$DP) equations, which contain
nonlinear high order derivatives, and possibly peakon solutions or shock waves. By
introducing auxiliary variable(s), we rewrite the DP equation as a hyperbolic-elliptic
system, and the $\mu$DP equation as a first order system. Then we choose a linear finite
difference scheme with suitable order of accuracy for the auxiliary variable(s), and
two finite difference WENO schemes with unequal-sized sub-stencils for the primal
variable. One WENO scheme uses one large stencil and several smaller stencils, and
the other WENO scheme is based on the multi-resolution framework which uses a series of unequal-sized hierarchical central stencils. Comparing with the classical WENO
scheme which uses several small stencils of the same size to make up a big stencil, both
WENO schemes with unequal-sized sub-stencils are simple in the choice of the stencil
and enjoy the freedom of arbitrary positive linear weights. Another advantage is that
the final reconstructed polynomial on the target cell is a polynomial of the same degree as the polynomial over the big stencil, while the classical finite difference WENO
reconstruction can only be obtained for specific points inside the target interval. Numerical tests are provided to demonstrate the high order accuracy and non-oscillatory
properties of the proposed schemes. 相似文献
6.
Jun Zhu Xinghui Zhong Chi-Wang Shu & Jianxian Qiu 《Communications In Computational Physics》2016,19(4):944-969
In this paper, we propose a new type of weighted essentially non-oscillatory
(WENO) limiter, which belongs to the class of Hermite WENO (HWENO) limiters, for
the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) methods solving hyperbolic conservation
laws. This new HWENO limiter is a modification of the simple WENO limiter
proposed recently by Zhong and Shu [29]. Both limiters use information of the DG
solutions only from the target cell and its immediate neighboring cells, thus maintaining
the original compactness of the DG scheme. The goal of both limiters is to obtain
high order accuracy and non-oscillatory properties simultaneously. The main novelty
of the new HWENO limiter in this paper is to reconstruct the polynomial on the target
cell in a least square fashion [8] while the simple WENO limiter [29] is to use the entire
polynomial of the original DG solutions in the neighboring cells with an addition of
a constant for conservation. The modification in this paper improves the robustness
in the computation of problems with strong shocks or contact discontinuities, without
changing the compact stencil of the DG scheme. Numerical results for both one and
two dimensional equations including Euler equations of compressible gas dynamics
are provided to illustrate the viability of this modified limiter. 相似文献
7.
A Hermite WENO Method with Modified Ghost Fluid Method for Compressible Two-Medium Flow Problems
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Zhuang Zhao Yong-Tao Zhang Yibing Chen & Jianxian Qiu 《Communications In Computational Physics》2021,30(3):851-873
In this paper, we develop a novel approach by combining a new robust finite difference Hermite weighted essentially non-oscillatory (HWENO) method [51]
with the modified ghost fluid method (MGFM) [25] to simulate the compressible two-medium flow problems. The main idea is that we first use the technique of the MGFM
to transform a two-medium flow problem to two single-medium cases by defining the
ghost fluids status based on the predicted interface status. Then the efficient and robust
HWENO finite difference method is applied for solving the single-medium flow cases.
By using immediate neighbor information to deal with both the solution and its derivatives, the fifth order finite difference HWENO scheme adopted in this paper is more
compact and has higher resolution than the classical fifth order finite difference WENO
scheme of Jiang and Shu [14]. Furthermore, by combining the HWENO scheme with
the MGFM to simulate the two-medium flow problems, less ghost point information
is needed than that in using the classical WENO scheme in order to obtain the same
numerical accuracy. Various one-dimensional and two-dimensional two-medium flow
problems are solved to illustrate the good performances of the proposed method. 相似文献
8.
On the Order of Accuracy and Numerical Performance of Two Classes of Finite Volume WENO Schemes
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Rui Zhang Mengping Zhang & Chi-Wang Shu 《Communications In Computational Physics》2011,9(3):807-827
In this paper we consider two commonly used classes of finite volume
weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes in two dimensional Cartesian
meshes. We compare them in terms of accuracy, performance for smooth and shocked
solutions, and efficiency in CPU timing. For linear systems both schemes are high
order accurate, however for nonlinear systems, analysis and numerical simulation results
verify that one of them (Class A) is only second order accurate, while the other
(Class B) is high order accurate. The WENO scheme in Class A is easier to implement
and costs less than that in Class B. Numerical experiments indicate that the resolution
for shocked problems is often comparable for schemes in both classes for the same
building blocks and meshes, despite of the difference in their formal order of accuracy.
The results in this paper may give some guidance in the application of high order finite
volume schemes for simulating shocked flows. 相似文献
9.
This paper presents a new and better suited formulation to implement the
limiting projection to high-order schemes that make use of high-order local reconstructions
for hyperbolic conservation laws. The scheme, so-called MCV-WENO4 (multi-moment
Constrained finite Volume with WENO limiter of 4th order) method, is an
extension of the MCV method of Ii & Xiao (2009) by adding the 1st order derivative
(gradient or slope) at the cell center as an additional constraint for the cell-wise local
reconstruction. The gradient is computed from a limiting projection using the WENO
(weighted essentially non-oscillatory) reconstruction that is built from the nodal values
at 5 solution points within 3 neighboring cells. Different from other existing methods
where only the cell-average value is used in the WENO reconstruction, the present
method takes account of the solution structure within each mesh cell, and thus minimizes
the stencil for reconstruction. The resulting scheme has 4th-order accuracy and
is of significant advantage in algorithmic simplicity and computational efficiency. Numerical
results of one and two dimensional benchmark tests for scalar and Euler conservation
laws are shown to verify the accuracy and oscillation-less property of the
scheme. 相似文献
10.
Weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) methods have been developed to simultaneously provide robust shock-capturing in compressible fluid flow and
avoid excessive damping of fine-scale flow features such as turbulence. Under certain conditions in compressible turbulence, however, numerical dissipation remains
unacceptably high even after optimization of the linear component that dominates
in smooth regions. Of the nonlinear error that remains, we demonstrate that a large
fraction is generated by a "synchronization deficiency" that interferes with the expression of theoretically predicted numerical performance characteristics when the WENO
adaptation mechanism is engaged. This deficiency is illustrated numerically in simulations of a linearly advected sinusoidal wave and the Shu-Osher problem [J. Comput. Phys., 83 (1989), pp. 32-78]. It is shown that attempting to correct this deficiency
through forcible synchronization results in violation of conservation. We conclude
that, for the given choice of candidate stencils, the synchronization deficiency cannot
be adequately resolved under the current WENO smoothness measurement technique. 相似文献
11.
Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Method Using WENO-Type Limiters: Three-Dimensional Unstructured Meshes
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This paper further considers weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) and Hermite weighted essentially non-oscillatory (HWENO) finite volume methods as limiters for Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) methods to solve problems involving nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. The application discussed here is the solution of 3-D problems on unstructured meshes. Our numerical tests again demonstrate this is a robust and high order limiting procedure, which simultaneously achieves high order accuracy and sharp non-oscillatory shock transitions. 相似文献
12.
Yifei Wan & Yinhua Xia 《Communications In Computational Physics》2023,33(5):1270-1331
For steady Euler equations in complex boundary domains, high-order shockcapturing schemes usually suffer not only from the difficulty of steady-state convergence but also from the problem of dealing with physical boundaries on Cartesian
grids to achieve uniform high-order accuracy. In this paper, we utilize a fifth-order
finite difference hybrid WENO scheme to simulate steady Euler equations, and the
same fifth-order WENO extrapolation methods are developed to handle the curved
boundary. The values of the ghost points outside the physical boundary can be obtained by applying WENO extrapolation near the boundary, involving normal derivatives acquired by the simplified inverse Lax-Wendroff procedure. Both equivalent expressions involving curvature and numerical differentiation are utilized to transform
the tangential derivatives along the curved solid wall boundary. This hybrid WENO
scheme is robust for steady-state convergence and maintains high-order accuracy in
the smooth region even with the solid wall boundary condition. Besides, the essentially non-oscillation property is achieved. The numerical spectral analysis also shows
that this hybrid WENO scheme has low dispersion and dissipation errors. Numerical
examples are presented to validate the high-order accuracy and robust performance of
the hybrid scheme for steady Euler equations in curved domains with Cartesian grids. 相似文献
13.
Fifth-Order A-WENO Path-Conservative Central-Upwind Scheme for Behavioral Non-Equilibrium Traffic Models
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Shaoshuai Chu Alexander Kurganov Saeed Mohammadian & Zuduo Zheng 《Communications In Computational Physics》2023,33(3):692-732
Non-equilibrium hyperbolic traffic models can be derived as continuum
approximations of car-following models and in many cases the resulting continuum
models are non-conservative. This leads to numerical difficulties, which seem to have
discouraged further development of complex behavioral continuum models, which is
a significant research need.In this paper, we develop a robust numerical scheme that solves hyperbolic traffic
flow models based on their non-conservative form. We develop a fifth-order alternative weighted essentially non-oscillatory (A-WENO) finite-difference scheme based
on the path-conservative central-upwind (PCCU) method for several non-equilibrium
traffic flow models. In order to treat the non-conservative product terms, we use a
path-conservative technique. To this end, we first apply the recently proposed second-order finite-volume PCCU scheme to the traffic flow models, and then extend this
scheme to the fifth-order of accuracy via the finite-difference A-WENO framework.
The designed schemes are applied to three different traffic flow models and tested on
a number of challenging numerical examples. Both schemes produce quite accurate results though the resolution achieved by the fifth-order A-WENO scheme is higher. The
proposed scheme in this paper sets the stage for developing more robust and complex
continuum traffic flow models with respect to human psychological factors. 相似文献
14.
Performance Enhancement for High-Order Gas-Kinetic Scheme Based on WENO-Adaptive-Order Reconstruction
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Xing Ji & Kun Xu 《Communications In Computational Physics》2020,28(2):539-590
High-order gas-kinetic scheme (HGKS) has been well-developed in the past
years. Abundant numerical tests including hypersonic flow, turbulence, and aeroacoustic problems, have been used to validate its accuracy, efficiency, and robustness.
However, there is still room for its further improvement. Firstly, the reconstruction
in the previous scheme mainly achieves a fifth-order accuracy for the point-wise values at a cell interface due to the use of standard WENO reconstruction, and the slopes
of the initial non-equilibrium states have to be reconstructed from the cell interface
values and cell averages again. The same order of accuracy for slopes as the original
WENO scheme cannot be achieved. At the same time, the equilibrium state in space
and time in HGKS has to be reconstructed separately. Secondly, it is complicated to get
reconstructed data at Gaussian points from the WENO-type method in high dimensions. For HGKS, besides the point-wise values at the Gaussian points it also requires
the slopes in both normal and tangential directions of a cell interface. Thirdly, there exists visible spurious overshoot/undershoot at weak discontinuities from the previous
HGKS with the standard WENO reconstruction. In order to overcome these difficulties, in this paper we use an improved reconstruction for HGKS. The WENO with
adaptive order (WENO-AO) [2] method is implemented for reconstruction. Equipped
with WENO-AO reconstruction, the performance enhancement of HGKS is fully explored. WENO-AO not only provides the interface values, but also the slopes. In other
words, a whole polynomial inside each cell is provided by the WENO-AO reconstruction. The available polynomial may not benefit to the high-order schemes based on the
Riemann solver, where only points-wise values at the cell interface are needed. But,
it can be fully utilized in the HGKS. As a result, the HGKS becomes simpler than the
previous one with the direct implementation of cell interface values and their slopes
from WENO-AO. The additional reconstruction of equilibrium state at the beginning
of each time step can be avoided as well by dynamically merging the reconstructed non-equilibrium slopes. The new HGKS essentially releases or totally removes the
above existing problems in the previous HGKS. The accuracy of the scheme from 1D
to 3D from the new HGKS can recover the theoretical order of accuracy of the WENO
reconstruction. In the two- and three-dimensional simulations, the new HGKS shows
better robustness and efficiency than the previous scheme in all test cases. 相似文献
15.
Comparative Study of Three High Order Schemes for LES of Temporally Evolving Mixing Layers
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Helen C. Yee Bjorn Sjö green & Abdellah Hadjadj 《Communications In Computational Physics》2012,12(5):1603-1622
Three high order shock-capturing schemes are compared for large eddy
simulations (LES) of temporally evolving mixing layers for different convective Mach
numbers ranging from the quasi-incompressible regime to highly compressible supersonic regime. The considered high order schemes are fifth-order WENO (WENO5),
seventh-order WENO (WENO7) and the associated eighth-order central spatial base
scheme with the dissipative portion of WENO7 as a nonlinear post-processing filter
step (WENO7fi). This high order nonlinear filter method of Yee & Sjogreen is designed for accurate and efficient simulations of shock-free compressible turbulence,
turbulence with shocklets and turbulence with strong shocks with minimum tuning
of scheme parameters. The LES results by WENO7fi using the same scheme parameter agree well with experimental results compiled by Barone et al., and published
direct numerical simulations (DNS) work of Rogers & Moser and Pantano & Sarkar,
whereas results by WENO5 and WENO7 compare poorly with experimental data and
DNS computations. 相似文献
16.
High Order Numerical Simulation of Detonation Wave Propagation Through Complex Obstacles with the Inverse Lax-Wendroff Treatment
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Cheng Wang Jianxu Ding Sirui Tan & Wenhu Han 《Communications In Computational Physics》2015,18(5):1264-1281
The high order inverse Lax-Wendroff (ILW) procedure is extended to boundary
treatment involving complex geometries on a Cartesian mesh. Our method ensures
that the numerical resolution at the vicinity of the boundary and the inner domain
keeps the fifth order accuracy for the system of the reactive Euler equations with the
two-step reaction model. Shock wave propagation in a tube with an array of rectangular
grooves is first numerically simulated by combining a fifth order weighted essentially
non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme and the ILW boundary treatment. Compared
with the experimental results, the ILW treatment accurately captures the evolution of
shock wave during the interactions of the shock waves with the complex obstacles.
Excellent agreement between our numerical results and the experimental ones further
demonstrates the reliability and accuracy of the ILW treatment. Compared with the
immersed boundary method (IBM), it is clear that the influence on pressure peaks in
the reflected zone is obviously bigger than that in the diffracted zone. Furthermore,
we also simulate the propagation process of detonation wave in a tube with three different
widths of wall-mounted rectangular obstacles located on the lower wall. It is
shown that the shock pressure along a horizontal line near the rectangular obstacles
gradually decreases, and the detonation cellular size becomes large and irregular with
the decrease of the obstacle width. 相似文献
17.
Angelo L. Scandaliato & Meng-Sing Liou 《Communications In Computational Physics》2012,12(4):1096-1120
In this paper we demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of combining the
advection upwind splitting method (AUSM), specifically AUSM+-UP [9], with high-order upwind-biased interpolation procedures, the weighted essentially non-oscillatory
(WENO-JS) scheme [8] and its variations [2, 7], and the monotonicity preserving (MP)
scheme [16], for solving the Euler equations. MP is found to be more effective than the
three WENO variations studied. AUSM+-UP is also shown to be free of the so-called "carbuncle" phenomenon with the high-order interpolation. The characteristic variables are preferred for interpolation after comparing the results using primitive and
conservative variables, even though they require additional matrix-vector operations.
Results using the Roe flux with an entropy fix and the Lax-Friedrichs approximate Riemann solvers are also included for comparison. In addition, four reflective boundary
condition implementations are compared for their effects on residual convergence and
solution accuracy. Finally, a measure for quantifying the efficiency of obtaining high
order solutions is proposed; the measure reveals that a maximum return is reached
after which no improvement in accuracy is possible for a given grid size. 相似文献
18.
Jun Zhu & Jianxian Qiu 《Communications In Computational Physics》2020,27(3):897-920
In this paper, a new type of third-order and fourth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes is designed for simulating the Hamilton-Jacobi equations on triangular meshes. We design such schemes with the use of the nodal information defined on five unequal-sized spatial stencils, the application of monotone Hamiltonians as a building block, the artificial set of positive linear weights to make up high-order approximations in smooth regions simultaneously avoiding spurious oscillations nearby discontinuities of the derivatives of the solutions. The spatial reconstructions are convex combinations of the derivatives of a modified cubic/quartic polynomial defined on a big spatial stencil and four quadratic polynomials defined on small spatial stencils, and a third-order TVD Runge-Kutta method is used for the time discretization. The main advantages of these WENO schemes are their efficiency, simplicity, and can be easily implemented to higher dimensional unstructured meshes. Extensive numerical tests are performed to illustrate the good performance of such new WENO schemes. 相似文献
19.
Chaoqun Liu Ping Lu Maria Oliveira & Peng Xie 《Communications In Computational Physics》2012,11(3):1022-1042
Standard compact scheme and upwinding compact scheme have high order accuracy and high resolution, but cannot capture the shock which is a discontinuity. This work developed a modified upwinding compact scheme which uses an effective shock detector to block compact scheme to cross the shock and a control function to mix the flux with WENO scheme near the shock. The new scheme makes the original compact scheme able to capture the shock sharply and, more importantly, keep high order accuracy and high resolution in the smooth area which is particularly important for shock boundary layer and shock acoustic interactions. Numerical results show the scheme is successful for 2-D Euler and 2-D Navier-Stokes solvers. The examples include 2-D incident shock, 2-D incident shock and boundary layer interaction. The scheme is robust, which does not involve case related parameters. 相似文献
20.
Conservative Semi-Lagrangian Finite Difference WENO Formulations with Applications to the Vlasov Equation
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In this paper, we propose a new conservative semi-Lagrangian (SL) finite
difference (FD) WENO scheme for linear advection equations, which can serve as a
base scheme for the Vlasov equation by Strang splitting [4]. The reconstruction procedure
in the proposed SL FD scheme is the same as the one used in the SL finite volume
(FV) WENO scheme [3]. However, instead of inputting cell averages and approximate
the integral form of the equation in a FV scheme, we input point values and approximate
the differential form of equation in a FD spirit, yet retaining very high order
(fifth order in our experiment) spatial accuracy. The advantage of using point values,
rather than cell averages, is to avoid the second order spatial error, due to the shearing
in velocity (v) and electrical field (E) over a cell when performing the Strang splitting
to the Vlasov equation. As a result, the proposed scheme has very high spatial accuracy,
compared with second order spatial accuracy for Strang split SL FV scheme for
solving the Vlasov-Poisson (VP) system. We perform numerical experiments on linear
advection, rigid body rotation problem; and on the Landau damping and two-stream
instabilities by solving the VP system. For comparison, we also apply (1) the conservative
SL FD WENO scheme, proposed in [22] for incompressible advection problem, (2)
the conservative SL FD WENO scheme proposed in [21] and (3) the non-conservative
version of the SL FD WENO scheme in [3] to the same test problems. The performances
of different schemes are compared by the error table, solution resolution of sharp interface,
and by tracking the conservation of physical norms, energies and entropies,
which should be physically preserved. 相似文献