Cardioprotective effects of Nigella sativa oil on cyclosporine A-induced cardiotoxicity in rats

Cyclosporine A is a well-known immunosuppressor agent universally used in allotransplantation. However, it has been demonstrated that this drug produces side-effects in several organs, particularly in the kidney and in the heart. Nigella sativa oil has long been used in folk medicine for a wide range of illnesses. One of the potential properties of N. sativa oil is the ability of one or more of its constituents to reduce toxicity due to its antioxidant activities. The antioxidant effects of N. sativa oil have been examined using different hepatic and kidney toxicity in in vivo murine models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of N. sativa oil in the antioxidant enzyme status and myocardium of cyclosporine-A-treated rats. This study included 24 male Wistar albino young healthy rats (8-12 weeks) weighing 150-200 g. The control group received sunflower oil (21 days, 2 ml/kg/day, orally) without any treatment. The second group received only N. sativa oil (21 days, 2 ml/kg, orally) (N. sativa oil group). The animals in the third group received only cyclosporine A (21 days, 25 mg/kg, orally) (cyclosporine A group). The animals in the fourth group were treated with cyclosporine A (21 days, 25 mg/kg, orally) and starting one day before cyclosporine A administration were treated with N. sativa oil (21 days, 2 ml/kg, orally) (cyclosporine A +N. sativa oil group). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the heart tissues were significantly reduced in the cyclosporine A group compared to control values. Nigella sativa oil treatment caused an increase in the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px compared to the control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide and protein carbonyl (PC) levels were increased in the cyclosporine A-treated group in comparison with the control and N. sativa groups. Co-administration of N. sativa oil and cyclosporine A abrogated the cyclosporine A-induced MDA, N. sativa oil and PC increase compared to the cyclosporine A group. The results of our study show that pre-treatment with N. sativa oil reduced the subsequent cyclosporine A injury in rat heart, demonstrated by normalized cardiac histopathology, decrease in lipid peroxidation, improvement in antioxidant enzyme status and cellular protein oxidation.     

Ellagic acid prevents cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in liver and heart tissue of rats

Cisplatin is one of the most active cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer. High doses of cisplatin have also been known to produce hepatotoxicity, and several studies suggest that supplemental antioxidants can reduce cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the effects on the liver and heart oxidant/antioxidant system and the possible protective effects of ellagic acid on liver and heart toxicity induced by cisplatin. The control group received 0.9% saline; animals in the ellagic acid group received only ellagic acid (10 mg/kg); animals in the cisplatin group received only cisplatin (7 mg/kg); animals in cisplatin + ellagic acid group received ellagic acid for 10 days after cisplatin. The rats were killed at the end of the treatment period. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined in liver and heart tissue. While administration of cisplatin increased the MDA levels in liver and heart tissues, it decreased the GSH, GSH-Px and CAT in these samples when compared to the control group. The administration of ellagic acid to cisplatin-treated rats decreased the MDA levels, and increased GSH, GSH-Px and CAT in these samples. Cisplatin caused marked damages in the histopathological status of liver and heart tissues. These damages were ameliorated by ellagic acid administration. In conclusion, ellagic acid may be used in combination with cisplatin in chemotherapy to improve cisplatin-induced oxidative stress parameters.     

Lycopene, a carotenoid, attenuates cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of antioxidant treatment with lycopene on cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity using biochemical and histopatological approaches. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received physiological saline; animals in the lycopene group received only lycopene (10 mg/kg); animals in the cyclosporine A group received only cyclosporine A (15 mg/kg) and animals in cyclosporine plus lycopene group received cyclosporine and lycopene for 21 days. The effects of lycopene on cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity were evaluated by plasma creatinine, urea, sodium and calcium concentrations; kidney tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive species, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activities and histopatological examinations. Administration of cyclosporine A to rats induced a marked renal failure, characterized with a significant increase in plasma creatinine and urea concentrations. Cyclosporine A also induced oxidative stress as indicated by increased kidney tissue concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive species and GSH, and reduced activities of GSH-Px and catalase. Moreover, the kidneys of cyclosporine A-treated rats showed tubular necrosis, degeneration, dilatation, thickened basement membranes, luminal cast formation and inter-tubular fibrosis. Lycopene markedly reduced elevated plasma creatinine, urea levels and counteracted the deleterious effects of cyclosporine A on oxidative stress markers. In addition, lycopene ameliorated cyclosporine A-induced pathological changes including tubular necrosis, degeneration, thickened basement membranes and inter-tubular fibrosis when compared to the alone cyclosporine A group. These data indicate that the natural antioxidant lycopene might have protective effect against cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rat.     

参麦注射液治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并心源性休克的疗效及机制研究

目的:探讨参麦注射液治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)合并心源性休克(CS)的疗效及机制。方法:将STEMI合并CS(STEMI+CS)患者112例随机分为2组,即对照组和实验组,每组各56例。对照组患者实施常规治疗方案,实验组患者实施常规治疗联合参麦注射液治疗方案。观察2组患者治疗前后心功能评价指标,包括平均动脉压(MAP)、心排血量(CO)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏输出量(SV)和心率(HR),血清心肌损伤标志物,包括乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肌红蛋白(MYO)和心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTNI)以及血清氧化应激参数,包括丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。结果:与治疗前相比,对照组和实验组患者分别经2种治疗方案治疗后心功能评价指标MAP、CO、LVEF、CI和SV均显著增加(P<0.01),HR均显著降低(P<0.01),血清心肌损伤标志物LDH、CK-MB、AST、MYO和cTNI均显著降低(P<0.01)。与对照组治疗后相比,实验组治疗后MAP、CO、LVEF、CI和SV分别增加了15%、7%、12%、12%和9%(P<0.01),HR降低了5%(P<0.01),血清LDH、CK-MB、AST、MYO和cTNI分别降低了9%、42%、28%、34%和25%(P<0.01),实验组治疗后效果要明显优于对照组治疗后效果。氧化应激参数结果显示,与对照组治疗前相比,对照组治疗后血清MDA、GSH-Px、CAT和SOD的含量无明显变化(P>0.05);与实验组治疗前相比,实验组治疗后血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.01),GSH-Px、CAT和SOD含量显著增加(P<0.01)。与对照组治疗后相比,实验组治疗后MDA降低了47%(P<0.01),GSH-Px、CAT和SOD分别增加了26%、42%和29%(P<0.01)。结论:参麦注射液能够改善STEMI+CS患者的心功能,降低血清心肌损伤标志物以及改善血清氧化应激参数,其效果明显优于常规治疗效果,参麦注射液改善STEMI+CS患者临床疗效的作用机制可能与其降低患者体内氧化应激水平有关。     

The protective effect of erdosteine against cyclosporine A-induced cardiotoxicity in rats

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a frequently used immunosuppressive agent in transplant medicine to prevent rejection and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, CsA generates reactive oxygen species, which causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The use of antioxidants reduces the adverse effects of CsA. The aim of this study is to determine the protective effects of erdosteine on CsA-induced heart injury through tissue oxidant/antioxidant parameters and light microscopic evaluation in rats. CsA cardiotoxicity was induced by administrating an oral dose of 15mg/kg CsA daily for 21 days. The rats were divided into four groups: control group (n=4), CsA administrated group (15mg/kg, n=5), CsA+erdosteine administrated group (10mg/kg day orally erdosteine, n=4) and only erdosteine administrated group (10mg/kg day orally n=5). CsA treated rats showed increase in the number of infiltrated cells and disorganization of myocardial fibers with interstitial fibrosis. The number of infiltrated cells, disorganization of myocardial fibers and interstitial fibrosis was diminished in the hearts of CsA-treated rats given erdosteine. The malondialdehyde, the protein carbonyl content and nitric oxide levels were increased in the cyclosporine A group in comparison with the control and CsA plus erdosteine groups. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were higher in CsA plus erdosteine group than CsA group. However, the CAT, GSH-Px and SOD activities were significantly lower in CsA group than in control group and erdosteine group. These results suggest that erdosteine has protective effect against CsA-induced cardiotoxicity.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的实验研究

目的：研究骨髓间充质干细胞是否具有抗衰老作用。方法：采用5％D-半乳糖（0．25ml／10g）连续8周皮下注射建立衰老小鼠模型,并于模型建成后给予骨髓间充质干细胞输注。检测间充质干细胞治疗前后衰老相关指标：小鼠体重,免疫器官重量,肝组织、血清SOD活力和MDA含量,全血GSH—Px活力的变化,全面考察骨髓间充质干细胞的抗衰老作用。结果：骨髓间充质干细胞能对抗D-半乳糖所致小鼠肝组织和血清中MDA含量的升高,提高肝和血清SOD、全血GSH—Px的活力,并对抗小鼠体重、胸腺及脾脏指数下降。结论：骨髓间充质干细胞能改善D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的衰老相关指标,提示具有抗衰老作用。     

鲎血中超氧化物歧化酶对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的研究鲎血中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide Dis-mutase,SOD)对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用。方法将96只昆明小鼠随机分为空白对照组、衰老模型组、维生素E组和鲎血SOD高、中、低剂量组。空白对照组颈背部注射生理盐水,其余各组颈背部注射D-半乳糖[120 mg.(kg.d)-1]造模,同时维生素E组和鲎血SOD处理组分别灌胃给药,连续造模给药42 d后各组小鼠眼球采血并取肝脏、脑组织。检测血清、肝脏、脑中的SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与空白对照组相比,衰老模型组小鼠血清、肝脏、脑中SOD、GSH-Px活力明显降低(P<0.01),MDA含量明显升高(P<0.01)。与衰老模型组相比,鲎血SOD处理组在给药后均能明显提高小鼠血清中SOD和GSH-Px、肝脏中SOD、脑中GSH-Px的活力(P<0.05),降低血清和脑中MDA含量,肝脏中GSH-Px活力、MDA含量和脑中SOD活力无明显变化。维生素E组与SOD给药组效果相当。结论鲎血中SOD对D-半乳糖所致衰老模型小鼠有一定程度的抗氧化作用,对血清抗氧化作用较强,对肝脏和脑组织的效果不明显。     

A comparative study of Laennec by intravenous or subcutaneous injection on CCl4-induced acute or chronic liver injury in rats

The effect of Laennec (human placenta hydrolysate) on CCl4-induced acute or chronic liver injury in rats was examined. In the acute liver injury induced by CCl4, 0.5 ml/kg for 4 days, intravenous injection of Laennec increased total protein and decreased nonesterified fatty acid in the liver. Subcutaneous injection of Laennec inhibited the decrease of liver phospholipid by CCl4 administration. Both intravenous and subcutaneous injections of Laennec inhibited the increases of serum transaminase (GOT, GPT) levels caused by CCl4. Furthermore, intravenous Laennec inhibited the increase of serum alkaline phosphatase level. Pathological examinations of the liver indicated that both intravenous and subcutaneous injections of Laennec inhibited the loss of cytoplasma and nuclei, vacuolation, swelling and necrosis in the centrizonal hepatocytes caused by CCl4. Intravenous and subcutaneous injection of Laennec also inhibited the increases of GOT and GPT levels in rats with chronic liver injury caused by CCl4, 0.5 ml/kg for 7 weeks. Both intravenous and subcutaneous injections of Laennec minimized the pathological changes of the liver by CCl4 such as vacuolation, necrosis and swelling of nuclei, but did not inhibit the formation of pseudolobules. Thus, no therapeutic difference was noted between intravenous and subcutaneous injections of Laennec.     

Cyclosporine A-induced changes to erythrocyte redox balance is time course-dependent

Cyclosporine A-treated transplant recipients develop pronounced cardiovascular disease and have increased oxidative stress and altered antioxidant capacity in erythrocytes and plasma. These experiments investigated the time-course of cyclosporine A-induced changes to redox balance in plasma and erythrocytes. Rats were randomly assigned to either a control or cyclosporine A-treated group. Treatment animals received 25 mg/kg of cyclosporine A via intraperitoneal injection for either 7 days or a single dose. Control rats were injected with the same volume of the vehicle. Three hours after the final injections, plasma was analysed for total antioxidant status, alpha-tocopherol, malondialdehyde, and creatinine. Erythrocytes were analysed for reduced glutathione (GSH), alpha-tocopherol, methaemoglobin, malondialdehyde, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Cyclosporine A administration for 7 days resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) in plasma malondialdehyde, methaemoglobin, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in erythrocyte GSH concentration and G6PD activity in cyclosporine A animals. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between groups following a single dose of cyclosporine A in any of the measures. In summary, cyclosporine A alters erythrocyte redox balance after 7 days administration, but not after a single dose.     

不同干燥方式的九制何首乌对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用

探究不同干燥方式的九制何首乌对D-半乳糖诱导衰老小鼠的影响。方法：将50只ICR小鼠随机分成空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、九蒸九晒制首乌组、九蒸九烘制首乌组,每日腹腔注射D-半乳糖（0.5 g·kg-1）构建小鼠衰老模型,造模同时给药,持续12周。应用Morris水迷宫实验方法测定小鼠的空间记忆和学习水平,计算各组小鼠胸腺、脾脏指数,检测小鼠血清及脑、肝、肾匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,检测小鼠肝肾功能水平。结果：与空白对照组相比,模型组空间记忆和学习能力明显降低,体质量、脏器指数明显下降,血清以及全脑、肝、肾匀浆中 SOD、GSH-Px水平明显下降,而MDA水平显著上升,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酐、尿素水平显著性上升;药物干预组与模型组相比,空间记忆和记忆水平明显改善,体质量、脏器系数显著增加,改善D-半乳糖诱导的氧化应激,提高SOD、GSH-Px水平,抑制 MDA含量的升高,肝肾功能趋于正常。两种干燥方式的给药组小鼠的指标相当,无明显差异。结论：不同干燥方法的九制何首乌的水煎液对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠具有抗衰老作用,且两种方法的抗衰老作用无显著差异。     

Cyclosporine reduces hepatic antioxidant capacity: protective roles of antioxidants

The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA) has been reported to exert measurable hepatotoxic effects. One of the causes leading to hepatotoxicity is thought to be reactive oxygen radical formation. Therefore, this study was designed to elucidate possible relation between cyclosporine A treatment and antioxidant capacity (AOC) of hepatic tissue and, to determine if antioxidant supplementation is beneficial. Cyclosporine A was given to 20 rabbits orally for 10 days. Vitamins E and C combination were given intramuscularly. Vitamin therapy was started 3 days before cyclosporine A treatment and continued for 10 days. In each group (control, cyclosporine A, cyclosporine A+vitamin, and vitamin only) there were five animals. After the animals were sacrificed, their livers were removed to be used in the AOC measurement. AOC was found to be lower in cyclosporine A group compared to control and vitamin groups. Results suggest that reduced antioxidant capacity may play part in the cyclosporine A-induced hepatotoxicity and use of some antioxidants may give beneficial results.     

尿石汤配方颗粒改善肾草酸钙结石大鼠肾功能效果及其机制

目的:探讨尿石汤配方颗粒改善肾草酸钙结石(CaXO)大鼠肾功能效果及其机制.方法:建立草酸钙肾结石大鼠模型,检测大鼠造模前后体质量变化,肾脏质量、脏器系数变化,排尿量、尿液pH、尿液Ca2+、尿液结晶数量及类型,观察肾结石模型在大鼠机体上的宏观变化.采用He染色和Von-Kossa'S染色,观察尿石汤配方颗粒对肾结石模...     

牛樟叶水提物对D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠的作用机制研究

目的 探讨牛樟叶水提物(AECL)对D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠的作用机制.方法 取KM小鼠,于颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖(100 mg/kg,连续20 d),建立衰老小鼠模型.另取10只同批健康小鼠作为正常对照组(A组);模型小鼠随机分为模型组(B组),阳性对照组(C组,维生素E 200 mg/kg),AECL高、中、低剂...     

葛根素对老年难治性心力衰竭病人血中三种酶活性及脂质过氧化物含量的影响

目的探讨葛根素对老年难治性心力衰竭病人血中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及血浆脂质过氧化物(LPO)及其终产物丙二酰二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法选取健康老年人36例,检测全血SOD、GSH-Px和CAT的活性及血浆LPO和MDA的浓度,然后与老年难治性心力衰竭组治疗前的相同5项指标进行对应比较;选择78例老年难治性心力衰竭病人,随机分成两组,试验前均监测全血SOD、GSH-Px和CAT的活性及血浆LPO和MDA的浓度,并评价心功能.然后试验组在给予常规治疗的同时给予葛根素注射液300 mg/d,稀释后静脉滴注,疗程2周;病人对照组只给予常规治疗.2周后,复测上述指标并比较各组治疗前后的变化.结果(1)老年难治性心力衰竭病人全血SOD、GSH-Px和CAT的活性比健康对照组低,而血浆LPO及MDA的浓度比健康对照组高,均P<0.001.(2)葛根素组治疗后,全血SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性明显增高,且血浆LPO和全血MDA浓度明显降低,均P<0.001;而病人对照组则无显著变化(P>0.05).(3)葛根素组心力衰竭纠正的有效率显著高于病人对照组(P<0.001).结论老年难治性心力衰竭病人机体的抗氧化防御能力降低,葛根素可通过提高机体的抗氧化能力,消除氧自由基和脂质过氧化物起到治疗心力衰竭的作用.     

Protective effect of lycopene on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats

A potential therapeutic approach to protect or reverse gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity would have more importance for clinical consequences. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the possible protective effects of lycopene against gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each one; first group served as control. The other groups were treated intraperitoneally with gentamicin alone (100 mg kg(-1) per day) for six successive days, gentamicin for 6 days following 10 days of orally lycopene (4 mg kg(-1) per day) pre-treatment and 6-days of simultaneous lycopene and gentamicin. Biochemical and histopathological examinations were utilized for evaluation of the oxidative stress and renal nephrotoxicity. Creatinine, urea, Na(+) and K(+) levels in plasma and malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined in kidney tissue. Administration of gentamicin to rats induced a marked renal failure, characterized by a significant increase in plasma creatinine and urea concentrations. The animals treated with gentamicin alone showed a significantly higher kidney MDA and lower GSH-Px and CAT activities but unaffected GSH concentrations when compared with the control group. Pre-treatment with lycopene produced amelioration in biochemical indices of nephrotoxicity in plasma. However, little changes were observed in the kidney MDA and GSH levels and GSH-Px and CAT activities when compared with the gentamicin treated group. The histological structures of the renal proximal tubules showed similar patterns. On the other hand, administration of simultaneous lycopene to rats produced amelioration in MDA and GSH levels and GSH-Px and CAT activities when compared with gentamicin group. In addition, simultaneous lycopene was found to reduce the degree of kidney tissue damage in histopathological findings. These results indicate that specially simultaneous treatment of lycopene might have produced amelioration in biochemical indices and oxidative stress parameters against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, but pre-treatments with lycopene had no beneficial effects on these parameters. It was concluded that lycopene as a novel natural antioxidant might have protective effects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.     

人参根和茎叶皂苷对孤独饲养小鼠自发运动及攻击行为的影响

目的探讨乌贼墨提取物对氧化性损伤小鼠心、脑组织的保护作用以及在不同剂量条件下的作用效果。方法40只昆明系健康小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、低、高剂量组。模型组腹腔注射环磷酰胺造氧化性损伤模型。检测各组小鼠心肌和脑组织中SOD(超氧化物歧化酶),MDA(丙二醛),CAT(过氧化氢酶),GSH-Px(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)变化,血液中SOD,MDA变化。结果环磷酰胺均能不同程度的影响上述指标的变化(P<0.01或P<0.05),说明造模成功。与模型组比较,不同剂量的乌贼墨提取物均能不同程度的抑制由环磷酰胺所致的上述指标的变化(P<0.01或P<0.05),但部分数据表明,较高浓度的提取物的抑制作用有所减弱,有的甚至不起作用。结论适当浓度的乌贼墨提取物对氧化性损伤小鼠心肌和脑组织具有一定的保护作用。     

Beneficial effects of nilotinib,tyrosine kinase inhibitor on cyclosporine-A induced renal damage in rats

Nilotinib is a known tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been approved for treatment of leukemia. The possible protective effect of nilotinib on cyclosporine A-induced nephropathy was investigated in this study and the possible underlying mechanism was explored. Nilotinib (25 mg/kg, orally) and cyclosporine A (15 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous) were given to male SD rats for 28 days. Cyclosporine A alone was found to significantly increase serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, urinary micrototal protein, renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, Bax, cytosol cytochrome c release and nuclear factor kappa B activation. Moreover, cyclosporine A significantly reduced serum albumin, creatinine clearance, urinary total antioxidant, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and Bcl2 protein levels. Pathological results showed that in the model group; there was an obvious shrinkage and congestion of the glomeruli and widening of urinary spaces of renal corpuscles, in addition to marked renal tubular injury and fibrosis, while in the group pretreated with nilotinib all measured serum, renal and pathological changes were significantly reduced. This protective effect of nilotinib is linked to the enhanced antioxidant status and reduced inflammation and apoptosis induced by cyclosporine A.     

莲心总碱对脂多糖和D-氨基半乳糖诱导小鼠急性肝衰竭肝脏的保护作用

目的：研究莲心总碱（TAENN）对脂多糖和D-氨基半乳糖（LPS/GalN）诱导小鼠急性肝衰竭肝脏的保护作用及可能作用机制。方法：昆明种雄性小鼠随机分为4组：正常对照组、模型组、TAENN高剂量组（100 mg·kg^-1）、TAENN低剂量组（30 mg·kg^-1）。腹腔注射LPS/GalN建立小鼠急性肝衰竭模型;通过生存曲线分析、HE组织化学染色、肝脏指数和血清转氨酶活性分析评价动物肝损伤程度;通过检测血清及肝脏内中SOD、GSH、MDA、ROS、CAT、GSH-Px水平评价小鼠整体和肝脏内氧化应激的状况。结果：口服TAENN能有效降低LPS/GalN诱导的小鼠死亡,HE染色观察显示TAENN能明显减轻LPS/GalN诱导的肝脏显微结构变化;此外,TAENN明显缓解了LPS/GalN诱导的肝脏肿大,降低了小鼠血清中ALT和AST活性水平（P<0.01）。进一步研究表明,TAENN明显降低了模型小鼠血清中MDA的含量,而血清GSH和SOD水平则明显增加（P<0.01）;经TAENN处理后,小鼠肝组织中ROS和MDA的相对含量降低,而肝脏GSH、SOD、CAT和GSH-Px水平则显著增加（P<0.01）。结论：TAENN能有效缓解LPS/GalN诱导的小鼠肝衰竭,且这种对肝脏的保护作用与其抑制LPS/GalN诱导的肝脏氧化应激相关。     

L-carnitine ameliorates oxidative damage due to chronic renal failure in rats

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with oxidative stress that promotes production of reactive oxygen species. L-Carnitine is a cofactor required for transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. Recent research has shown that some clinical conditions (i.e., anorexia, chronic fatigue, coronary heart disease, diphtheria, hypoglycemia, and male infertility) benefit from exogenous supplementation of L-carnitine. The aim of this study was to examine the role of L-carnitine in protecting the aorta, heart, corpus cavernosum, and kidney tissues against oxidative damage in a rat model of CRF. Male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to either the CRF group or the sham-operated control group, which had received saline or L-carnitine (500 mg/kg, i.p.) for 4 weeks. CRF was evaluated by BUN and serum creatinine measurements. Aorta and corporeal tissues were used for contractility studies or stored along with heart and kidney tissues for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Plasma MDA, GSH levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were also studied. In the CRF group, the contraction and the relaxation of aorta and corpus cavernosum samples decreased significantly compared with controls and were partially reversed by L-carnitine treatment. In the CRF group, there were significant increases in tissue MDA with marked reductions in GSH levels in all tissues and plasma compared with controls. In the plasma SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were also reduced. All these effects were reversed by L-carnitine as well. The increase in MDA level and the concomitant decrease in GSH level of tissues and plasma and also suppression of the antioxidant enzyme activities in plasma demonstrate that oxidative mechanisms are involved in CRF-induced tissue damage. L-carnitine, possibly via its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, ameliorates oxidative organ injury and CRF-induced dysfunction of the aorta and corpus cavernosum. These results suggest that L-carnitine supplementation may have some benefit in CRF patients.     

Effect of chronic restraint stress and alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat peripheral organs.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic restraint stress and alpha-lipoic acid (LA) administration on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat peripheral organs. METHODS: Forty male wistar rats, aged 3 months were randomized to one of the following groups: control, restraint stress, LA treated and restraint stress+LA treated. Chronic restraint stress was applied for 21 days (1h/day) and LA (100 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally for the same period. RESULTS: Restraint stress had no statistically significant effect on lipid peroxidation, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in rat liver and heart, when compared to the control group. Lipid peroxidation, determined by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, was found to be increased in the kidney of restraint stress treated rats, compared to controls. Restraint stress-induced lipid peroxidation in the kidney was significantly decreased via LA treatment. Administration of LA also enhanced GPx and decreased Cu/Zn SOD activity in rat kidney, liver and heart, compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The presented data shows that LA is a protective agent against restraint stress--the inducer of lipid peroxidation in the kidney. These findings also suggest that LA-induced changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in rat peripheral organs may contribute to their versatile effects observed in vivo.