对比评价实时三维超声心动图与磁共振成像检测左心室质量

目的:对比评价实时三维超声心动图与磁共振(MRI)成像在测量左心室质量中的地位.方法:选取进行心脏MRI成像检查且显示左心室射血分数＞45%的患者37例,同时进行实时三维超声心动图检查.实时三维超声心动图检查采用Philips iE-33型超声心动图仪,左心室质量的分析通过TomTec工作站用人工描记法完成,并与MRI成像所得结果相比较.结果:与MRI成像相比,实时三维超声心动图轻度高估左心室质量(r=0.868,y=0.845x 27.33,SEE=20.77 g),两者平均相差(11.98±43.00)g,但有良好的相关性.在不同观察者间及观察者自身不同时间内测量的实时三维超声心动图结果显示良好的重复性.结论:实时三维超声心动图测量左心室质量有较好的准确性和较好的重复性.     

二维超声、实时三维超声和磁共振测量室壁瘤患者左心室容积和功能的对比研究

目的:探讨实时三维超声(RT-3DE)测量冠心病合并左心室室壁瘤患者左心室容积和功能的价值.方法:应用二维超声(2DE)、实时三维超声及磁共振成像(MRI)测量左心室室壁瘤患者手术前后左心室舒张末容积、左心室收缩末容积、左心室射血分数,进行容量测定及功能评价的对比研究.结果:术前二维超声及实时三维超声测得的左心室舒张末容积、左心室收缩末容积均较MRI偏低,左心室射血分数较MRI偏高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后二维超声测得的左心室舒张末容积、左心室收缩末容积较MRI偏低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),实时三维超声测得的左心室舒张末容积、左心室收缩末容积与MRI所测值之间差异无统计学意义.术后二维超声及实时三维超声测得的左心室射血分数差异无统计学意义.结论:实时三维超声测定左心室容量与功能准确可靠,较目前临床普遍采用的二维超声(Simpson's双平面法)测量左心室容积更接近MRI测量值,但在术前室壁瘤患者,所测左心室容积与磁共振相比仍有明显低估.     

实时三维超声心动图评价左心室功能新进展

近年发展起来的实时三维超声心动图技术是超声成像领域内的一项重大的技术突破,它使临床医师能够采用无创的方法,方便的、立体的、准确的观察心脏的解剖和功能。本文回顾了实时三维超声心动图技术评价左心室形状、左心室质量、左心室局部功能、左心室整体功能及左心室非同步性分析等方面的临床应用。     

实时三维超声心动图与磁共振对比评价老年患者的左心室质量

目的 评价实时三维超声心动图测量老年患者左心室质量的准确性和重复性,并与磁共振对比.方法 选取因各种不同原因进行心脏磁共振检查的老年患者31例,同时进行实时三维超声心动图检查.实时三维超声心动图检查采用Philips iE-33型超声心动图仪,左心室质量的分析通过TomTec工作站用人工描记法完成,并与磁共振所得结果相比较.结果 实时三维超声心动图测量所得的左心室质量与磁共振测量结果比较,有良好的相关性.磁共振测量的左心室质量为74.4～208.1 g,平均(123.9±35.0)g.实时三维超声心动图测量的左心室质量为67.0～222.9 g,平均(128.6±37.9)g.二者所测结果相似(r=0.869,y=0.943 x+11.69,标准误为19.09 g),平均相差(4.7±37.7)g.在不同观察者间及观察者自身不同时间内测量的实时三维超声心动图结果显示良好的重复性.结论 实时三维超声心动图可以用于测量老年患者的左心室质量.与磁共振比较,实时三维超声心动图测量老年患者的左心室质量有较好的准确性和重复性.     

实时三维超声心动图与磁共振对比评价左心室射血分数≥45%患者的左心室容量

目的:评价实时三维超声心动图(RT3D)测量左心室射血分数(LVEF)≥45% 成年人左心室容量的准确性和重复性.方法:选取因各种不同原因进行心脏磁共振(MRI)检查显示 LVEF ≥45%的患者37例,同时进行RT3D检查.RT3D检查采用Philips iE-33型超声心动图仪,左心室容量及左心室功能的分析通过TomTec工作站用人工描记法完成,并与MRI所得结果相比较.结果:MRI测量的左心室舒张末期容量(EDV)为:60～208.76(110.48±33.50)ml,左心室收缩末期容量(ESV)为:19～102.4(45.80±17.84 )ml,LVEF为:45.40～71.10(59.13±7.24)%.RT3D测量的EDV为:42.8～ 211.9(100.64±34.48)ml,ESV为:14.30 ～94.54(44.08 ±17.62)ml,LVEF为:35.1～73.4(56.70±7.02)%.与MRI相比,RT3D低估EDV(P＜0.01,r=0.842,y=0.867x+4.88,SEE=18.86ml),二者平均相差(-9.84±38.26) ml.RT3D同时低估ESV,二者相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05,r=0.846,y=0.835x+5.82,SEE=9.53 ml),二者平均相差(-1.71±19.68)ml.RT3D所测的LVEF稍小于MRI所测得的LVEF,二者相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,r=0.616,y=0.597x+21.38,SEE=5.61%),平均相差(-2.42±12.5 )%.在不同观察者间及观察者自身不同时间内测量的RT3D,结果显示良好的重复性.结论:与MRI相比,RT3D测量成人患者的左心室容量及LVEF有较好的准确性和重复性.     

多普勒组织速度成像和实时三维超声心动图评价中晚期肝硬化患者左心室舒张功能的研究

目的探讨应用多普勒组织速度成像（TVI）及实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）技术定量评价中晚期肝硬化患者左心室舒张功能的临床应用价值。方法检测中晚期肝硬化患者32例，正常对照组20例，应用多普勒组织速度成像技术检测室间隔及侧壁的二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度（Ea），舒张晚期峰值速度（Aa），并计算Ea/Aa比值，将两个位置的平均值作为平均Ea，Aa和Ea/Aa值。应用实时三维超声心动图进行时间-容积曲线分析，测量左室舒张末容积（EDV）、收缩末容积（ESV）、左室射血分数（LVEF）和左室最大充盈速率（PFR）。结果肝硬化组平均Ea降低、平均Aa增高，Ea/Aa比值降低，与对照组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。实时三维参数EDV、ESV、和LVEF两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05），与对照组比较PFR明显降低，差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。结论肝硬化高动力循环状态下，多普勒组织速度成像及实时三维超声心动图可以对肝硬化患者左室舒张功能减低进行综合的评价，是简便、实用的检测方法。     

实时三维超声心动图评估左心室功能

自从左心室射血功能作为预测生存期的重要指标以来，非侵人性方法准确估价左心室功能对患者的治疗成为必须。虽然，二维超声心动图常规地用于临床获得了一些左室功能的重要指标，如左室壁厚度及其活动度；但是，这项技术在评估左心室功能的测量上严重地受到几何形态的限制。为了避免几何形态的限制，在过去的30年中采用了多种方法来完成左心室的三维重建。     

三维经食管超声心动图对室壁瘤患者左心室容积与功能的评价

目的:探讨应用三维经食管超声心动图(3D-TEE)定量评价左心室室壁瘤形成后左心室的形态、结构与功能。方法:35例心肌梗死后合并左心室室壁瘤形成的患者,于术前3 d之内进行经胸三维超声心动图和三维经食管超声心动图检查。对所获得的左心室舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积、左心室射血分数、收缩期二尖瓣口反流面积和室壁瘤容积等数据进行处理,对照分析2种方法所测得的结果。结果:32例患者可以获得优质图像,三维经食管超声心动图所测得左心室舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积、室壁瘤容积较三维经胸超声心动图所测得的数据偏高,而三维经食管超声心动图所测得的左心室射血分数偏低,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:应用3D-TEE对心室重构、心腔扩大或室壁瘤形成的左心室评价更为精确。3D-TEE可以作为定量评价心肌梗死后室壁瘤形成患者的左心室容积、功能和室壁瘤大小的有效手段。     

评价新的实时三维超声心动图多平面成像测量体外心脏左室容积的准确性

目的:利用体外猪心,检测新的实时三维超声心动图多平面成像技术测量左室容积的准确性。方法:应用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定15个体外猪心,将其浸入水槽中,应用GE Vivid7Di mension实时三维超声心动图三平面成像技术测量其左室容积,并与其左室注入水的真实容积进行对比。结果:直线相关性分析及配对t检验表明:实时三维超声心动图所测左室容积与其注入水后真实容积相关性好(r=0·94),两者间差异无统计学意义。Alt man and Bland一致性分析表明两者所测容积具有较高的一致性。结论:新的实时三维超声心动图多平面成像技术能够快速、准确地测量左室容积,从而可以提高对左心功能测量的准确性。     

磁共振成像、超声心动图和心电图诊断心肌梗塞合并室壁瘤的比较

本文对急性心肌梗塞(AMI)后≥3个月者37例分别进行磁共振成像(MRI)、二维超声心动图(2-DE)和心电图(ECG)检查,按室壁(VA)诊断标准,MRI检出率为37.8%(14例),2-DE检出率为32.4%(12例)。将持续性ST段抬高≥3个导联和≥4个导联作为ECG诊断心肌梗塞并发VA的诊断条件,参照MRI结果,敏感性分别为85.7%和71.4%,特异性分别为69.6%和73.9%;以2-DE作对照,敏感性分别为75%和66.7%,特异性为60%和68%。本文还讨论了三种方法诊断心肌梗塞合并VA的临床应用和价值。     

Evaluation of Biventricular Volume and Systolic Function in Children with Ventricular Septal Defect and Moderate to Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Using Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Background: Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) could obtain ventricular volume and ejection fraction rapidly and non-invasively without relying on ventricular morphology. This study aims to use RT-3DE to evaluate the changes in biventricular volume and systolic function in children with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) before surgery. Methods: In this study 18 children with VSD and moderate to severe PH (VSD + PH Group) and 18 healthy children of the same age (Control Group) were recruited. Biventricular volume and systolic function were evaluated by RT-3DE. The measurements included: left and right ventricular volume indexed to body surface area (BSA), stroke volume (SV) indexed to BSA, and ejection fraction (EF). Results: The results showed left and right ventricular volume indexed to BSA and SV indexed to BSA were significantly increased in VSD + PH Group (VSD + PH Group vs. Control Group), LVEDV/BSA (ml/m² ): 48.67 ± 21.46 vs. 25.59 ± 6.96, RVEDV/BSA (ml/m² ): 55.98 ± 15.35 vs. 27.69 ± 4.37, LVSV/BSA (ml/m² ): 24.08 ± 9.30 vs. 15.14 ± 4.29, RVSV/BSA (ml/m² ): 26.02 ± 8.87 vs. 14.11 ± 2.89, (P < 0.05). While for EF in VSD + PH Group decreased (VSD + PH Group vs. Control Group), LVEF: 50.93 ± 7.50% vs. 59.38 ± 7.24%, RVEF: 45.84 ± 7.71% vs. 51.05 ± 6.90% (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In children with VSD and moderate to severe PH, increased biventricular volume and decreased systolic function were observed with RT-3DE, but biventricular systolic function remained within acceptable limits. The children in this study recovered well after surgery without serious perioperative complications, suggesting that biventricular systolic function may help facilitate the surgical decision-making process in children with VSD and moderate-tosevere PH.     

Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for Quantitative Analysis of Left-Ventricular Aneurysm

Background: Quantitative analysis of left-ventricular (LV) aneurysms after myocardial infarction is prognostically relevant and assists in planning surgery. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography facilitates clear visualization of cardiac anatomy and accurate assessment of functional parameters. The aim of the present study was to determine the ability of 3D echocardiography to quantify LV aneurysms. Methods: Ten patients with a known LV-aneurysm after myocardial infarction underwent 3D echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at 1.5 Tesla within 3 days. For 3D echocardiography, a multiplanar transesophageal examination was performed with full LV coverage and the 3D dataset was analyzed offline. The LV-aneurysm was defined by a wall thickness <5 mm. The following quantitative parameters were determined: left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, LV myocardial mass (LV-mass) and mass of the LV-aneurysm. LV ejection fraction and percentage of aneurysm mass (%-aneurysm) were calculated. Results: LV volumes and ejection fraction showed a strong correlation between 3D echocardiography and CMR (r = 0.94–0.97; P < 0.01). Importantly, the mass and percentage of mass of the LV-aneurysm demonstrated a high correlation as well (r = 0.94 and r = 0.86, respectively; P < 0.01). For all parameters, the calculated bias between both methods was found to be minimal (0.8–7.6%). Conclusions: Three-dimensional echocardiography proved to be a reliable tool for quantitative analysis of LV volumes, ejection fraction and aneurysm size in patients with prior myocardial infarction. In addition, 3D visualization of the complex cardiac anatomy in patients with LV-aneurysm may assist surgical procedure planning. (Echocardiography 2010;27:64-68)     

Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Evaluation of Left Ventricular Indices

Accurate determination of left ventricular mass, volume, ejection fraction, and wall motion is important for clinical decision making. Currently, M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) have been routinely used for this purpose. Although these 1D or 2D modalities provide excellent diagnostic and prognostic information, they have a number of technical limitations including the time required to perform the procedure and operator-dependent image acquisitions. In addition, they are inherently limited by geometric assumption of three-dimensional (3D) left ventricular structures based on 2D slices. With the improvement in transducer technology and software development, 3D echocardiography (3DE) has become widely available. Left ventricular quantitation by 3DE has been demonstrated to be accurate by multiple studies that compared 3DE with reference techniques. In addition, 3DE measurements were found to be more reproducible and less variable than 2DE. Real time 3DE imaging has potential advantages in stress echocardiography including rapid acquisition, unlimited number of planes, avoidance of foreshortening, and precise segment matching. This is a major step forward in our diagnostic armamentarium for the evaluation of ischemia. In this review, we summarized the current evidence of 3DE for left ventricular evaluation. (Echocardiography 2012;29:66-75)     

Reference Techniques for Left Ventricular Volume Measurement by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Determination of Precision, Accuracy, and Feasibility

The use of multiple in vitro reference methods to validate three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiographic techniques makes comparison difficult. In an attempt to establish a reference standard, we studied precision, accuracy, and feasibility of a true left ventricular (LV) volume measurement in six dog heart specimens using three techniques, called fluid, sheath, and cast. LV volumes ranged from 30 to 105 mL. Intraobserver variability was minimal in all combinations (1.26% to 2.8%) with a statistically insignificant tendency to higher values in the cast method. The cast method, however, exhibited significantly higher interobserver variability (5.78%) as compared to that ranging from 1.47% to 1.59% in the remaining two techniques. Regression analysis demonstrated high correlations among the three techniques assessed by 95% confidence limits and correlation coefficient (R² > 0.98, P < 0.01). Mean differences among the techniques (0.12 to 1.08 mL) were not significant. The fluid technique was easy to perform. The sheath technique required some practice. The cast method was sensitive to accurate preparation of a gelatin mixture. We conclude that the fluid and sheath techniques are precise, accurate, and feasible. We recommend their use as reference standards in laboratory LV volume measurement. Validation 3-D echocardiographic studies using either of these two techniques will be comparable. Although the accuracy of the cast technique is excellent, its lower precision makes it a second choice. It could be used in cases where an LV cavity cast is required and higher interobserver variability is acceptable.     

实时三维超声心动图与临床

实时三维超声成像是心脏超声发展的重大飞跃,可为心血管疾病的准确诊断提供更多的有用信息。实时三维超声无论在定性和定量两个方面都对临床诊断具有重要作用。现就实时三维超声心动图在心脏瓣膜、先天性心脏病、心脏占位、心肌病、主动脉夹层、左室室壁瘤、Bental术后人造血管吻合口漏、左心功能评价等方面的临床价值做一综述。     

Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Precision and Accuracy of Left Ventricular Volume Measurement Using Rotational Geometry with Variable Numbers of Slice Resolution

We developed a new, rapid (6 seconds) acquisition technique allowing collection of approximately six through nine apical rotational tomograms for three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiography. To justify an appropriate sampling density for precise and accurate measurement of chamber volumes in left ventricles with complicated shape, we designed a validation study in vitro using six canine heart specimens with irregular, asymmetric left ventricles with known volumes (28.5 to 104.3 ml; mean, 71.2 ml). The number of equally spaced slices were incrementally deleted from the original high resolution scans (48 slices) to 2 slices in 3-D reconstruction. We created subgroups of 48- and 36-, 24- and 16-, 12- and 8-, 6- and 4-, and 3- and 2-component slices to compare left ventricular (LV) volumes measured in 3-D images with different slice resolution with the reference standard measured in the specimen. The accuracy and precision of LV volume were relatively constant in the subgroup of 4- and 6- through 36- and 48-component slices. When the subgroup with 6- and 4-component slices was used, the correlation was r = 0.991, P < 0.0001, root mean-square percent error of 5.0%, bias of 0.5 ± 3.7 ml, and interobserver variability of 5.0%. With the reduction in component slices equal or less than three, the accuracy decreased significantly (root-mean-square percent error = 8.1% and bias = -2.0 ± 5.7 ml) compared with higher slice resolutions. This study demonstrated that 3-D echocardiography using apical rotational techniques can accurately quantify LV volume in the canine heart specimens with irregular shapes with as few as 4–6 axial slices. The rapid 3-D acquisition technique is therefore anticipated to yield precise and accurate LV volumetry.     

Side-by-Side Viewing of Anatomically Aligned Left Ventricular Segments in Three-Dimensional Stress Echocardiography

Background: Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) suffers from high interobserver and inter-institution variability in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Therefore, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) analysis tool that makes it possible to anatomically align 3D rest and stress data systematically, to generate optimal, nonforeshortened standard anatomical cross sections and to analyse the images synchronized and side-by-side. Aim of the study: To investigate whether this 3D analysis tool could improve interobserver agreement on myocardial ischemia during 3D DSE. Methods: The study comprised 34 consecutive patients with stable chest pain who underwent both noncontrast and contrast 3D DSE. Two observers scored segmental wall motion using a conventional analysis and the novel analysis with the new 3D tool. Results: The two observers agreed on the presence or absence of myocardial ischemia in 81 of 102 coronary territories (agreement 79%, kappa (κ) 0.28) during noncontrast 3D imaging and 92 of 102 coronary territories (agreement 90%, kappa 0.65) during contrast-enhanced 3D imaging. With the new 3D analysis software these numbers improved to 98 of 102 coronary territories (agreement 96%, kappa 0.69) during noncontrast 3D imaging and 98 of 102 coronary territories (agreement 96%, kappa 0.82) during contrast-enhanced 3D imaging. Conclusion: The use of a 3D DSE analysis tool improves interobserver agreement for myocardial ischemia both for noncontrast and contrast images.     

实时三维超声参数在评价稳定性冠心病患者左心室舒张功能中的作用

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图（real—timethree—dimensional echocardiography,RT-3DE）技术在稳定性冠心病患者左心室舒张功能评价中的应用价值。方法将65例稳定性冠心病患者根据造影检查所示冠状动脉狭窄程度分组。应用RT-3DE技术获取患者左心室容积-时间曲线（volume—timecurve,VTC）,观察整体及各节段VTC形态,计算舒张早期峰值充盈率（peak filling rate,PFR）、平均充盈率（meanfillingrate,MFR）、1,3充盈分数（I／3 filling fraction,1／3 FF）等参数,比较组间差异,选择有效参数进行相关性分析,并计算ROC曲线下面积。结果RT-3DE所测左心室容积、射血分数、峰值射血率（peak ejection rate,PER）及MFR在各组患者中无明显差异。PFR、1／3 FF随着冠状动脉狭窄程度的加重逐渐降低．冠状动脉明显狭窄者与造影结果正常者相比较,差异具有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。PFR、1／3 FF与E／E’比值及NT—proBNP浓度均呈负相关,1/3 FF相关性优于PFR（与E／E’比值,r=-0．751．P〈0．01;与NT—proBNP浓度,r=0．612,P〈0．01）。以1/3FF判断无显著冠状动脉狭窄（即狭窄程度〈70％）的曲线下面积为0．772（P=0．001）．95％置信区间为0．633—0．911。1/3 FF≥36．75％判断冠状动脉狭窄程度〈70％的敏感性为73％,特异性为76％。氨基末端脑钠肽前体（N—terminal pro—B—type natriuretic peptide,NT—proBNP）。结论RT-3DE可定性、定量反映稳定性冠心病患者左心室舒张功能的变化,1／3FF可在一定程度上检测此类患者初期出现的以舒张早期心肌弛缓异常为主的轻度舒张功能受损。     

Left Ventricular Thrombus After Pregnancy: Choice of Surgical Access Using Dynamic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Two idiopathic thrombi loosely attached to the left ventricular wall were detected by dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography. Because the thrombi were shown to be lobulated and extremly mobile, urgent surgical treatment was mandatory. Three-dimensional image reconstruction enhanced appreciation of left ventricular thrombi by enabling accurate imaging of the spatial relationship between the thrombus, the myocardial wall, and the valvular apparatus, so that the most advantageous surgical access could be chosen.     

超声心动图评价左心室功能的研究进展

左室功能的准确测定对临床诊断和治疗有着重要意义,超声心动图是目前最常用于测量左室功能的工具,其具有无创、廉价、重复性好等优点,更为重要的是它不仅可用于评价左室整体收缩功能,还能更加完善地评价左室舒张功能和局部心肌运动,现对近年来超声心动图评价上述心功能的主要方法进行回顾。