Activity of alpha-amylase in serum and urine of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus type I]

The investigations covered 33 women in the III trimester of pregnancy with diagnosed, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and 108 healthy women in the control group. The alpha-amylase activity was measured in the blood-serum and urine samples using the Caravay technique. An increased activity was demonstrated in the blood-serum samples in the examined group. The values were not related to the levels of glycemia. The urinary alpha-amylase activity was similar to that in the control patients. No coincidence between the activity and glycemia or acetone levels could be demonstrated.     

Serum leptin levels in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Leptin is an important weight regulator and during pregnancy leptin is not only synthesized in adipose tissue but also in the placenta. AIM: To examine changes in serum leptin levels in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and post delivery in relation to concomitant changes in maternal body weight, birth weight, glycemic control, and blood pressure. METHODS: Non-fasting serum leptin from 45 women with type 1 diabetes mellitus were studied consecutively throughout pregnancy and 3 months post partum. RESULTS: Serum leptin was positively associated with HbA1c in week 18, 22 and 30 (r=0.38, 0.41, and 0.54, respectively, p<0.05, adjusted for body weight). Moreover, serum leptin correlated positively with maternal body weight and BMI (0.4525 kg/m2), the changes during pregnancy and the level of serum leptin were significantly greater compared to lean women (p<0.05). The women with low ambulatory blood pressure (lower tertile, mean arterial blood pressure <83.4 mmHg) showed the lowest level of serum leptin throughout pregnancy and it changed significantly differently from the women with higher blood pressure (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Changes in serum leptin levels of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus were associated with parallel changes in maternal body weight and glycemic control. Women with low blood pressure had the lowest serum leptin levels throughout pregnancy.     

Medical nutritional therapy in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic women now can have the same chances as nondiabetic women to have a healthy infant. The reduction of risk associated with pregnancies complicated by diabetes can only be assured if normoglycemia is achieved before and during pregnancy. This review is intended to provide guidelines and scientific evidence for the optimal diet for the Type 1 or Type 2 diabetic woman. METHODS: The literature over the past 10 years is presented. Those diets which achieved the best outcome of pregnancies complicated by diabetes (as evidenced by term delivery of a healthy, normal weight infant) are then outlined. RESULTS: Diets which provide adequate calories without causing postprandial hyperglycemia or premeal ketosis are found to be based on body weight and gestational week of the pregnancy. Quantity of carbohydrate in the meal plan emerges as the most important component in achieving and maintaining glucose control. CONCLUSIONS: The medical nutritional therapy for the Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic woman is a necessary component of the overall strategy to achieve and maintain normoglycemia and thus achieve the best outcome of pregnancy.     

The risk of preeclampsia beyond the first pregnancy among women with type 1 diabetes parity and preeclampsia in type 1 diabetes

AimTo estimate the incidence of preeclampsia (PE) among nulliparous and multiparous patients with type 1 diabetes and to study predictors of PE.MethodsWe prospectively collected data on all pregnancies of patients with pregestational type 1 diabetes, followed at our Prenatal Medicine Unit between 1993 and 2008. Medical records were prospectively reviewed by two obstetricians for maternal demographics, pregnancy data, maternal and fetal outcomes. Data were analyzed according to the development of PE and parity.ResultsWe identified and collected data on 291 eligible pregnancies (195 among nulliparae and 96 among multiparae). The incidence of PE was 9.2% (95% CI: 5.6–14.2) among nulliparae and 9.4% (95% CI: 4.4–17.0) among multiparae. Patients who developed PE had higher HbA1c during pregnancy compared to patients who did not (p = 0.026 among nulliparae and p = 0.032 among multiparae). Chronic hypertension [OR 17.12 (3.22, 91.00)], microalbuminuria at the beginning of the pregnancy [OR 3.77 (1.22, 11.61)], weight gain during pregnancy [OR 1.13 (1.04, 1.23)] and HbA1c in the first trimester [2.81 (1.12, 7.05)], but not parity, were significant predictors of PE.ConclusionsAmong patients with type 1 diabetes the incidence of PE was similar among nulliparae and multiparae, unlikely in the general population where PE is a disease of the first pregnancy. An increased risk of PE should be assumed for both nulliparous and multiparous women with pregestational diabetes.     

Maternal and paternal family history of diabetes in women with gestational diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type I

Animal studies have shown that prenatal exposure to a diabetic intrauterine milieu leads to an increased risk in the female offspring of developing gestational diabetes (GD). In the present study, the family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type II (NIDDM) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type I (IDDM) was evaluated in 106 women with GD, as compared to 189 women with IDDM. In GD patients, the prevalence of diabetes was significantly greater in mothers than in fathers (p = 0.03). This was mainly due to a greater prevalence of NIDDM in the mothers (p = 0.05). Furthermore, a significant aggregation of NIDDM was also observed in the maternal-grandmaternal line of GD women, as compared to the paternal-grandpaternal side (p = 0.02). In patients with IDDM no significant difference concerning the prevalence of any type of diabetes between mothers and fathers was observed. In conclusion, an aggregation of NIDDM in mothers and grandmothers of women with GD is reported here. A history of NIDDM on the maternal side of pregnant women should be considered as a particular risk factor for GD and, hence, for intergenerative transmission of NIDDM, which therefore might be prevented, at least in part, by strict avoidance of GD.     

Impaired vascular reactivity in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular function of pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, using a noninvasive method. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study that examined vascular function, which was assessed by flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, in 37 pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in 37 healthy pregnant women at 20 weeks of gestation. The control of diabetes was also assessed by the measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin. Data were analyzed by 2-sided unpaired t test and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: In the pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery was significantly lower than in healthy pregnant women (6.43% +/- 3.66% vs 9.43% +/- 3.69%, respectively; P =.0008). This difference was apparent even after an adjustment was made for blood vessel diameter, which was different between the 2 populations (P =.01). Flow-mediated dilatation in diabetic women was significantly correlated with the duration of diabetes (P =.01) but not with the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. CONCLUSION: Maternal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with an impaired vasodilatory response to a blood flow stimulus. This vascular dysfunction is associated with the duration of the diabetes.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇与正常孕妇血清铬含量的研究

目的　通过对血清铬含量的测定 ,探讨妊娠期糖尿病孕妇是否缺铬。方法　 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年 ,选择妊娠期糖尿病孕妇 5 0例 ,正常孕妇 4 7例 ,以电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法 (ICP AES)测定两组孕妇血清铬含量。结果　妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清铬含量较正常孕妇明显降低 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　建议妊娠期糖尿病孕妇适量补铬     

妊娠期糖尿病患者的分娩时机及方式

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的发病率逐年上升,已成为妊娠期最常见的合并症之一,严重影响了围产期母儿的妊娠结局.合适的分娩时机及分娩方式,能有效降低GDM围产期并发症的发生率,有利于改善孕妇和新生儿不良结局.本文主要就近年来关于GDM的分娩时机、分娩方式及其影响因素研...     

Serum homocysteine levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is one of the most common and severe pregnancy complications, which ethiology remains unclear. It is certain that endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in the development of preeclampsia. Homocysteine is an important independent cardiovascular risk factor, which might induce the endothelial dysfunction observed in preeclampsia. 26 pregnant women--14 with preeclampsia (group 1) and 12 healthy term pregnant controls (group 2) were enrolled in the study between December 2003 and August 2004. Six of the women in this group had a superimposed preeclampsia. The mean homocysteine level in the first group was 11,04 mol/l, while in the control group it was 6,24 micromol/l (p < 0.05). The women with a severe preeclampsia had a significantly higher serum homocysteine levels than those with mild form (F = 0.025). Seven of the patients (50%) gave birth before 34th weeks of gestation. The study finds a link between the serum homocysteine as an endothelial dysfunction marker and the development of preeclampsia and a relation between the severity of preeclampsia and the degree of the elevation of the serum homocysteine levels.     

Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor is elevated in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: In reports, abnormal macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) production has been associated with several diseases. Furthermore, despite scarce data, increasing evidence suggest that MIF plays a central role in glucose homeostasis and in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, serum MIF levels in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have not yet been investigated. To address this question, we performed a prospective study between a group of pregnant women with GDM and healthy pregnant controls. Materials and methods: GDM group consisted of 43 pregnant women, whereas the control group consisted of 40 healthy pregnant women. In the morning after an overnight fast, venous blood was sampled for the measurement of serum concentrations of insulin and MIF. Serum was separated by centrifugation and immediately stored at ?80°C until the assay. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups for maternal characteristics. Women with GDM had significantly higher levels of serum insulin (14.37?±?9.92 µU/ml vs. 8.78?±?4.35 µU/ml; p?=?0.001) and serum MIF concentrations (11.31?±?4.92?ng/ml vs. 5.31?±?4.07?ng/ml; p?<?0.001) when compared with healthy pregnant control group. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that serum levels of MIF are significantly elevated in patients with GDM. Our findings indicate that MIF might have a role in GDM; however, there is a need for further investigation.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠晚期血脂水平变化与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠晚期血脂水平变化与新生儿出生体重的关系。方法采用酶法测定40例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇(妊娠期糖尿病组)、30例1型糖尿病孕妇(1型糖尿病组)、30例2型糖尿病孕妇(2型糖尿病组)及30例正常孕妇(正常妊娠组)妊娠晚期血脂水平。同时测定4组孕妇所分娩的新生儿出生体重。结果(1)妊娠期糖尿病组、1型糖尿病组、2型糖尿病组及正常妊娠组血清甘油三酯水平分别为(40±14)mmol/L、(29±08)mmol/L、(41±25)mmol/L及(27±09)mmol/L;总胆固醇水平分别为(65±30)mmol/L、(62±28)mmol/L、(64±32)mmol/L及(60±31)mmol/L;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平分别为(33±13)mmol/L、(32±13)mmol/L、(33±11)mmol/L及(32±10)mmol/L;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平分别为(16±05)mmol/L、(14±05)mmol/L、(15±04)mmol/L及(16±04)mmol/L。妊娠期糖尿病组及2型糖尿病组甘油三酯水平明显高于正常妊娠组及1型糖尿病组(P<001)。(2)妊娠期糖尿病组、1型糖尿病组、2型糖尿病组及正常妊娠组的新生儿出生体重分别为(4108±544)g、(3323±457)g、(4111±263)g及(3463±516)g。(3)妊娠期糖尿病组、1型糖尿病组、2型糖尿病组新生儿出生体重,与血清甘油三酯水平呈明显的正相关(r=039,P<001)。结论妊娠期糖尿病及2型糖尿病孕妇