Drugs, alcohol and crime: A response to M. Goode

Matthew Goode argued in this journal last year that grossly intoxicated people who commit criminal acts should be treated in the same way as other offenders. If they can not be proved, beyond reasonable doubt, to have acted consciously, voluntarily and with the mental element required to be proved for the offence charged, then they should be acquitted. The law generally does not impose criminal liability in the absence of fault and it makes no difference that the lack of voluntariness or intention arose from self-induced intoxication. This is indeed the law in the common law states of Australia and Goode believes that it is right and should not be changed or modified. This article examines Goode's arguments, challenges some of his assertions and suggests that he is unduly sanguine in concluding that no change is necessary. It is the present writer's view that a new statutory offence should be created to deal with offenders who are acquitted of criminal offences because their gross intoxication 'negatived' the mental element of the principal offence charged.     

Iodine labelling of sea anemone toxin II,and binding to normal and denervated diaphragm

Summary Newborn rats were treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT; 2×100 mg/kg s.c., 24 h interval) after pretreatment with desipramine (20 mg/kg s.c.) for depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 3×100 mg/kg s.c., 24 h interval) for selective reduction of brain noradrenaline (NA). The 5,7-HT treatment resulted in a 53% reduction in endogenous 5-HT in the cerebral cortex and a 60% increase in the ponsmedulla when determined in adult rats. The 5-HT content in the midbrain was not affected. Endogenous NA in the 6-OHDA treated animals was selectively reduced by 100% in the cerebral cortex, 35% in the midbrain and increased by 117% in the pons-medulla. No difference was found between the voluntary ethanol selection of these groups and that of the controls when measured at the age of 3 months. In a tilting-plane test, ethanol (2 g/kg i.p.) impaired the performance of the 6-OHDA treated rats significantly more than that of the controls. Moreover ethanol (4 g/kg i.p.) produced significantly longer narcosis in these rats. In contrast, the 5,7-HT treated rats were not affected significantly more than the controls in these tests. These results suggest that catecholamine neuronal systems interact with the expression of alcohol intoxication.     

经济刑法学视野下生产销售假药的规制问题研究

目的：从经济刑法学角度探讨生产销售假药的法律责任问题,为提高对生产、销售假药违法犯罪的行为处罚效果提供参考。方法：通过药监部门公开的药品违法处罚数据结合经济刑法学领域的知识,对刑事移送比例、处罚力度、处罚效果等方面进行深入分析。结果：当前生产、销售假药犯罪的处罚未能遵循经济犯罪处罚的原则、法律适用不当,涉及生产销售假药的经济刑事立法存在缺陷。结论：对生产、销售假药犯罪的处罚,应把握经济刑法的相关原则。     

Drugs, alcohol and driving.

Driving a car is a complex psychomotor and perceptual task which is subject to impairment by many factors. Several workers have studied the potential effects of drugs and alchol in crash production by epidemiological and laboratory studies. Both types of studies have yielded useful data but their limitations must be borne in mind when applying the results in pratice. Alcohol is obviously the most common single cause of traffic accidents. A progessively increased risk with increasing blood alcohol levels is well documented; fatigue and/or drugs increase this risk. Drugs are related much more infrequently to traffic accidents although on the basis of statistics, there is a potential risk with drug use. However, drugs alone are not as important as alcohol. The most significant drugs as regards driving risk are obviously certain antianxiety agents, hypnotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, marihuana, lithium and narcotic analgesics, as well as ganglionic blocking agents, insulin and sulphonylurea derivates. Patients should not drive after taking these drug until they are objectively fully alert and capable. Anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, phenybutazone, indomethacin, alpha-methyldopa, and beta-blockers may in some cases cause central side effects (e.g. drowsiness) strong enough to affect driving performance. After starting therapy with these drugs, or after a significant change in dose, driving should be avoided until it is known that unwanted effects do not occur. Psychotropic drugs may enhance the deleterious effect of alcohol, and with most hypnotics there is still an effect the next morning. Some drugs (e.g. anticonvulsants or antiparkinsonian drugs) may make driving safer, but the disease (epilepsy, Parkinsonism, cardiovascular diseases, psychic disorders, etc.) ofter precludes driving. Clinicians should warn their patients about an impairment of driving skills if this is likely to occur due to the drug or the illness concerned.     

论非法生产经营药品医疗器械行为的刑事责任

本文讨论了《药品管理法》、《医疗器械监督管理条例》等药品、医疗器械法规中与刑法有关的刑事责任问题，归纳总结了刑法中与药品（医疗器）监督管理有关的七个罪名，并一一加以深入阐述，对药品（医疗器械）监督执法工作具有实际借鉴作用。     

Mood effects of alcohol

Doses of 0.41, 0.63, and 0.85 g alcohol/kg body weight were administered using a double-blind Latin square design to subjects who made mood ratings at seven points in time during 3 h subsequent to administration. The subjects felt more euphoric and extraverted and less tense at mainly the highest dose levels. Lower dose levels tended to induce more negative feelings. Frequent consumers of alcohol derived greater affective benefit than rare drinkers. Intercorrelations between ratings of subjective intoxication and mood variables indicated that the meaning of the variable subjective intoxication was different for the three dose levels and for different points in time.     

急性酒精中毒的抢救与护理

目的:探讨急性酒精中毒的抢救与护理的有效方法。方法:对42例急性酒精中毒患者的抢救与护理过程进行回顾总结,即快速建立静脉通道、吸氧、生命体征监测、纳洛酮的应用、保持呼吸道通畅、病情观察、并发症的预防等。结果:42例急性酒精中毒患者1~3 d后全部痊愈出院。结论:及时、正确地采取有效措施是抢救成功的关键。     

解酒合剂作用研究

目的:探讨解酒合剂的作用。方法:观察和比较解酒合剂对小鼠的攀爬活动、翻正反射和睡眠的影响。结果:解酒合剂能明显缓解小鼠因醉酒引起的平衡失调现象,延长小鼠睡眠耐受时间,缩短睡眠维持时间,降低急性酒精中毒的死亡率。结论:解酒合剂具有良好的解酒作用。     

长期大量饮酒对注意网络的影响

目的 探讨长期大量饮酒对注意网络的影响.方法 运用注意网络测验,对长期大量饮酒者(饮酒组,33例)和无饮酒嗜好者(对照组,27例)进行注意网络功能的检查.结果 长期大量饮酒组定向网络效率为(26.7±38.6)ms,显著低于对照组的(51.8±22.3)ms(t=-3.72,P＜O.01);警觉网络、执行控制网络较对照组有改变,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 长期大量饮酒者存在定向网络的损害,提示过量饮酒可能会对顶叶产生毒性作用,或影响胆碱能系统导致注意功能障碍.     

我国天然解酒制品的研究进展

酗酒和酒精中毒已经成为我国的公共卫生问题,开发有效的解酒药物具有重要的意义和广阔的市场前景。当前天然解酒药物的作用机制是通过抑制乙醇胃肠吸收和加速代谢以降低机体血醇浓度,解除醉酒状态。文章论述了开口箭、蛇菰、人参、葛花等多种天然解酒药物的解酒作用及药理研究的最新进展,探讨其活性成分的药效作用,并对此类天然药物在今后的研制方向上提出了浅见。     

甲氯芬酯在急性酒精中毒治疗中的应用

目的：探讨甲氯芬酯在急性酒精中毒治疗中的效果。方法：收集我院2005年1月1日-2007年12月31日收治的急性酒精中毒病人1716例中应用注射用盐酸甲氯芬酯的686例作为治疗组,而应用纳洛酮治疗的834例为对照组,通过对临床症状：动作协调性、中毒症状、谵妄、意识障碍程度等的改善程度进行两组治疗效果比较。结果：年龄分布、血清酒精浓度两组均数经t检验,显示两组无显著性差异（P〉O．05）。入院时的临床表现分值经t检验无显著性差异。两组均达到临床治愈。结论：甲氯芬酯在临床治疗急性酒精中毒疗效上与纳洛酮相当。     

不同剂量纳洛酮治疗安眠药与酒精混合中毒的疗效比较

目的观察不同剂量纳洛酮治疗急性安眠药、酒精混合中毒的临床疗效。方法72例安眠药、酒精混合中毒患者随机分为纳络酮大剂量治疗组和常规剂量对照组，分别给予纳洛酮0．8-1．6mg／d和4-12mg／d治疗。结果大剂量纳络酮治疗组催醒时间、症状持续时间比常规剂量对照组短（P〈0．05），催醒后头痛头晕、胃肠不适等症状比例比常规剂量对照组少（P〈0．05），且未见明显药物不良反应。结论大剂量纳络酮治疗安眠药、酒精混合中毒的疗效优于常规剂量。     

纳络酮与醒脑静联合治疗急性乙醇中毒156例临床分析

目的观察纳络酮与醒脑静联合治疗急性乙醇中毒的临床效果。方法将312例急性乙醇中毒的患者随机分成对照组组、对照组各156例,所有患者均行常规治疗,对照组给予纳络酮进行促醒,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上加用醒脑静注射液治疗。分别观察治疗后2h、6h的治疗效果及两组患者的意识状态、症状消失情况。结果治疗2h后,两组患者疗效有效率比较,差距具有统计学意义(χ2=11.28,P<0.01);治疗组平均清醒时间、平均症状消失时间均显著优于对照组,两组差异显著具有统计学意义(t=231.50,P<0.001;t=154.48,P<0.001);两组用药期间未出现任何不良反应。结论醒脑静与纳络酮联合治疗急性乙醇中毒具有有效、快速地解除急性乙醇中毒的症状,缩短治疗时间,且无不良反应,值得在临床急救中推广应用。