腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊管结石142例

目的总结胆囊管结石的腹腔镜手术处理技巧。方法 2000年2月～2011年6月对142例胆囊管结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。术中常规采用胆囊管挤捏法,将胆囊管结石挤入胆囊内;若失败,则切开结石上方处部分胆囊管,取出结石,残端钛夹夹闭;若残端较粗、偏短,丝线结扎缩小管腔后再用钛夹夹闭或Hem-o-lok结扎钉夹闭。结果 142例完成LC,无中胆管损伤、大出血及胆管结石残留等严重并发症。术后6例发生胆漏,引流2～3周胆漏停止,拔除引流管痊愈。142例术后随访3～12个月,平均6个月,未发生胆道狭窄、胆总管结石及术后出血等严重并发症。结论术中仔细探查胆囊管,警惕胆囊管结石的存在,熟练掌握胆囊管挤捏法、胆囊管部分切开法及胆囊管预先结扎法等手术技巧是腹腔镜胆囊管结石手术成功的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残株胆囊及胆囊管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残株胆囊／胆囊管结石的原因、诊断、处理及预防方法。方法回顾总结我院 1992-2005年间收治的8例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残株胆囊／胆囊管结石病例的临床资料。结果 8例病人术前经B超、MRI、 ERCP检查确诊后,均经再次手术治愈。残株胆囊结石2例;残株胆囊管结石6例,其中2例合并胆总管结石;2例行残余胆囊切除术,6例行残株胆囊管切除、其中4例附加胆总管切开探查和／或取石、T型管引流。随访1．1-13年,效果良好。结论判断失误是腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残株胆囊结石的主要原因,过长的炎性及畸形的胆囊管残留是腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残株胆囊管结石的主要原因;其症状和体征类似于结石性胆囊炎、合并胆管结石时可有黄疸;B超、CT、ERCP等检查可确诊;再次手术切除(或取出)残株胆囊／胆囊管(结石)是有效可靠的治疗方法;娴熟的腹腔镜技术、术中胆道造影、正确掌握中转开腹指征以及丰富的胆道外科经验是预防其发生的关键。     

顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 :探讨顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中的应用价值。方法 :对 6 0 0例结石性胆囊炎、胆囊息肉患者 ,采用顺逆结合法行LC手术。结果 :6 0 0例患者术后均顺利康复 ,无胆管损伤等并发症发生。术中将胆囊完全游离后发现 ,把 8例的胆总管误认为胆囊管夹闭 ,2例各有一与肝总管平行的副肝管汇入钛夹远端的胆囊管 ,11例在钛夹近端的胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ,而术前B超未提示胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ;均及时取除钛夹后 ,重新夹闭胆囊管的近端和远端 ,再切除胆囊。结论 :在LC手术中 ,采用顺逆结合法切除胆囊 ,可有效地减少胆管损伤、胆囊管残余结石等并发症的发生     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊颈管残留结石10例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊颈管结石漏诊的原因及其预防.方法 回顾性分析我院自1999年1月～2005年1月收治的腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊颈管残留结石10例的临床资料.结果 本组病例术前均经B型超声、MRCP、ERCP确诊,均经再次手术治愈.结论 手术中忽视或判断失误;急性炎症胆囊三角解剖不清;遗留过长的胆囊管及胆囊管畸形、变异是腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管结石漏诊的主要原因.术中胆道造影、术前B型超声筛查、术中B型超声引导是及时发现胆囊颈管结石残留的主要方法.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊管残留结石或结石再发的治疗

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊管残留结石或结石再发的发生原因和处理方法.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2012年10月腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊管残余结石或结石再发5例的治疗情况.结果 5例中影像检查均有胆囊管结石,测量胆囊管长度为2～7 cm,2例胆囊管远端明显扩张.4例再次手术治愈;1例经保守治疗后好转出院,9个月后死于胆道感染合并重症胰腺炎.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管残留过长是导致术后胆囊管结石残留或结石复发的主要原因,一旦发生应积极手术治疗.     

合并胆囊管结石的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨胆囊管结石的腹腔镜处理方法及手术技巧。方法对巢湖市第二人民医院普外二科2006～2011年收治的52例胆囊管结石患者临床资料加以总结分析。结果本组资料中,采用挤压法处理35例,胆囊管切开取石+钛夹闭合处理10例,胆囊管切开取石+胆囊管残端缝合5例,中转开腹二例;本组无手术并发症,随访1～2年,无胆囊管残留结石,胆管损伤、胆总管继发结石等并发症发生。结论掌握正确的术中处理方法及良好的手术技巧,绝大多数胆囊管结石可以通过腹腔镜成功完成手术,效果满意。     

腹腔镜胆囊管残端部分开放联合胆道造影在胆囊管结石治疗中的应用

目的探讨胆囊管残端部分开放联合胆道造影在胆囊管结石治疗中的临床应用价值。方法2010年2月～2012年12月,对55例胆囊管结石行四孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术。全麻,术中明确“三管”关系后夹闭胆囊管近侧端,剪开远侧部分胆囊管管壁,钝性挤压远端,挤出可能残留结石直至清亮胆汁流出,自胆囊管开放口置管行术中胆道造影,判断有无结石残留。术后观察腹部症状体征、肝功能指标,常规行B超复查,必要时行MRCP检查,明确有无胆囊管结石残留或继发胆总管结石残留。结果55例手术均获成功。术中经胆囊管残端开放钝性挤压,15例有残留小结石挤出。术中胆道造影,1例发现继发胆总管结石残留,多次反复挤压取石失败,术后第3日行ERCP＋EST取石成功,余54例无结石残留。术后2例不明原因上腹疼痛,肝功能、B超及MRCP检查均无异常,予以对症解痉治疗后腹痛缓解,余均顺利康复。结论对胆囊管结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术时,采用胆囊管残端开放法,通过钝性挤压胆汁溢出,冲出可能残留结石,辅以经胆囊管残端插管胆道造影,及早发现胆囊管结石残留或继发胆总管结石残留,增加腹腔镜胆囊切除术的安全性。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管造影网篮胆总管结石取出术

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除时经胆囊管取出胆总管结石的可行性. 方法回顾性分析2003年1月～2004年7月经胆囊管胆道造影18例的临床资料.腹腔镜下切除胆囊之前切开胆囊管,插入造影管行胆道造影,发现胆总管结石后,经胆囊管插入金属网篮,取出胆总管结石. 结果经胆囊管行胆总管造影18例,发现胆总管结石11例,其中2例因结石明显大于胆囊管直径,2例因导管无法经胆囊管进入胆总管,1例因结石嵌顿于壶腹部套篮无法套取结石而放弃腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管结石取出,余6例成功完成腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管结石取出术.6例随访6～18个月,B超检查未发现胆总管结石残留,无胆总管狭窄或扩张. 结论腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管结石取出术可作为部分继发性胆总管结石的术中诊断和治疗手段.     

腹腔镜胆囊管结石及胆囊管残株结石的处理体会

目的:总结胆囊管结石的术前诊断及腹腔镜胆囊切除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)、胆总管探查术的处理措施与技巧,并探讨LC术后早期胆囊管残留结石行腹腔镜胆囊管残株切除术的手术方式、技巧与注意事项。方法:回顾分析27例LC、2例腹腔镜胆总管探查术、2例LC术后早期腹腔镜胆囊管残株切除术的临床资料。结果:31例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。LC术中1例肝总管针孔样损伤,用4-0可吸收线缝合修补一针,术后无胆漏发生。结论:胆囊管结石较常见,术前、术中容易漏诊,对于术后早期发生的胆囊管残留结石可行腹腔镜胆囊管残株切除。     

熟悉胆囊管解剖特点预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的临床价值

目的:探讨胆囊管的解剖特点在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中预防胆道损伤的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2011年12月施行2 140例LC的临床资料。结果:2 140例均成功完成LC,无一例肝外胆管损伤。2 072例有典型胆囊管解剖学特点,短胆囊管43例,胆囊管汇入胆总管过低10例,胆囊管开口于胆总管后壁9例,胆囊管与胆总管共同一侧壁并行6例。术后8例发生并发症,其中发生胆漏再次手术4例,穿刺孔出血1例,切口感染1例,胆总管残留结石2例,术后经ERCP取出结石。结论:熟悉胆囊管解剖特点是预防LC肝外胆管损伤的重要措施之一。LC术中在重视胆囊三角区仔细解剖的基础上,离断胆囊管前,不论胆囊管有无变异,均应根据胆囊管的解剖特点,明确无误后离断,以防止发生肝外主要胆管损伤。     

Postcholecystectomy syndrome in the laparoscopic era

sWe describe the management of a cystic duct remnant calculus in a 45-year-old male patient who had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and re-presented with abdominal pain and jaundice. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was utilized to confirm the diagnosis of an impacted calculus within the remnant cystic duct along with several small retained common bile duct stones. Four sequential endoscopic procedures successfully removed all retained common bile duct calculi to alleviate the biliary obstruction; however, we were unable to treat the cystic duct remnant calculus endoscopically. The patient finally underwent successful laparoscopic excision of a 2.5-cm cystic duct remnant containing its impacted calculus. It remains unclear if cystic duct remnant calculi may become more prevalent as a cause of postcholecystectomy syndrome in future due to the large numbers of laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in the past 2 decades.     

Laparoscopic management of remnant cystic duct calculi: a retrospective study

INTRODUCTION

Even though cholecystectomy relieves symptoms in the majority of cases, a significant percentage suffer from ‘postcholecystectomy syndrome’. Cystic duct/gall bladder remnant calculi is a causative factor. We present our experience with the laparoscopic management of cystic duct remnant calculi.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We managed 15 patients with cystic duct remnant calculi from 1996 to 2007 in our institute. All these patients had earlier undergone laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy at our centre. They were successfully managed by laparoscopic excision of the remnant.

RESULTS

The mean duration between first and second surgery was 8.35 months (range, 6–10.7 months). The mean operating time was 103.5 min (range, 75–132 min). Duration of hospital stay was 4–12 days. There was a higher incidence of remnant duct calculi following laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy than conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy 13/310 (4.19%) versus 2/9590 (0.02%). The morbidity was 13.33%, while there were no conversions and no mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Leaving behind a cystic duct stump for too long predisposes stone formation, while dissecting too close to the common bile duct and right hepatic artery in acute inflammatory conditions is dangerous. We believe that the former is a wiser policy to follow, as cystic duct remnant calculi are easier to manage than common bile duct or vessel injury. Laparoscopic excision of the remnant is effective, especially when performed by experienced laparoscopists. ‘T’-tube is used to canulate the common bile duct in case the tissue is friable. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography is the imaging modality of choice, and is mandatory.     

微创治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石57例报告

目的:探讨胆囊结石合并胆管结石的微创治疗方式及如何选择最佳的治疗方案。方法:回顾分析2010年1月至2013年6月57例胆囊结石合并胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果:本组57例均顺利完成手术。49例行腹腔镜胆囊切除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)+腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE),其中3例术后发生胆漏,1例为胆总管T管引流,经保守治疗后治愈;2例行胆总管一期缝合,于术后2~3 d急诊开腹手术探查,术后恢复良好;术后经T管造影发现胆管残余结石2例,于术后8~9周经T管窦道取石成功。术前影像学检查发现2例患者胆总管直径<0.8 cm,行内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术(endoscopic sphincterotomy for lithotomy,EST-L)+LC,术后恢复良好。3例LC术中经扩张的胆囊管置入胆道镜取石后直接结扎。LC术后确诊继发胆总管结石3例,均行EST-L,患者恢复良好。结论:胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的微创治疗,应根据患者病情、术者所掌握的技能及设备条件等个体化选择具体术式,一般术前及术中确诊的患者应以"LC+LCBDE"为首选,而LC术后确诊的继发胆总管结石应首选EST-L。由于Oddi括约肌结构的复杂性、功能的特殊性及不可复制性,术者在选择具体手术方式时,应注意保护Oddi括约肌的结构与功能,尽量避免行EST-L。     

腹腔镜下处理胆囊管结石的技术要点探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜下处理胆囊管结石的技术要点。方法:回顾分析我院近3年71例胆囊管结石患者的临床资料。主要通过术中器械触探,术后剖检胆囊管将结石连同部分胆囊管切除,必要时修复胆总管缺损。结果:所有患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术。术后恢复顺利,随访3～12个月未发继发胆总管结石和腹痛等。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应常规探查胆囊管有无结石,避免结石残留。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎（附238例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作的疗效。方法2003年5月-2007年11月对238例急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作施行四孔法LC,腹腔内压力控制在11-13mm Hg,对一些年老体弱的患者,气腹压力控制在10mm Hg。若术中探查发现胆囊三角水肿明显,解剖困难,则逆行切除胆囊;若术中发现胆囊管内结石嵌顿,则尽量将结石挤入胆囊后切除胆囊,为防止胆囊管内结石进入胆总管,术中经胆囊管行胆道造影,除外胆管结石。结果220例LC成功;18例中转开腹：术中出血及解剖困难12例,术中发现胆管结石6例。2例术后出血,经二次手术止血后康复出院。6例术后2-4d发生胆漏,引流量较少,每天50-80ml,采取保守治疗（禁食,静脉补液和静脉用抗生素）后治愈。238例术后随访1-12个月,平均6个月,未出现术后并发症。结论LC治疗急性胆囊炎或慢性胆囊炎急性发作可行且有效,但应选择恰当的手术时机,解剖胆囊三角显露胆囊管是手术的关键,当腹腔镜手术遇困难时,应适时中转开腹手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中隐匿性胆总管结石行微创治疗的可行性。方法2007年7月-2012年5月对27例LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石采用微创治疗。胆囊管内径＞5 mm者经胆囊管胆道镜取石;胆总管内径＞6 mm者行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合或留置造影管;胆囊管内径≤5 mm、胆总管内径≤6 mm者直接留置造影管,术后再次造影,必要时行十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（ endoscopic sphincterotomy ,EST）取石。结果手术均获成功。8例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石;11例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合7例,留置造影管4例,1周后造影均阴性;8例直接留置造影管,1例术后36 h滑出,1周后ERCP造影胆囊管残端无渗漏,EST取石,术后1周再次造影3例结石消失,4例仍有结石,均经EST取出。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。24例随访6-24个月,平均16个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论熟练运用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜技术,对LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石实施微创治疗是安全、可行的。     

胆囊管结石残留的原因分析及其解剖学基础

目的 探讨导致胆囊管结石残留的原因及其与胆囊管解剖异常的关系。方法 我院2009年1月至2012年1月期间施行LC术2235例,回顾性分析LC术后患者胆囊管结石残留情况。结果 2235例中共发现胆囊管解剖异常63例,结石残留15例：其中胆囊管与肝总管伴行过长远端低位汇合37例,发生结石残留8例;开口于肝总管左侧壁者11例,结石残留4例;开口于肝总管前壁9例,结石残留1例;开口于胆总管后壁4例,残留1例;胆囊管极短2例,残留1例。无解剖异常的2172例中仅8例发生结石残留。另,2 235例中,急诊手术105例,发生结石残留5例;泥沙样结石134例,发生结石残留11例;颈部及胆囊管结石嵌顿213例,发生结石残留9例。结论 胆囊管解剖异常增加了LC的操作难度及胆囊管结石残留的潜在风险,正确辨认和处理解剖异常的胆囊管是减少胆囊管结石残留的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的转归

目的:研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)后胆总管残留结石的处理及转归。方法:回顾分析我院1992年4月至2006年6月15 000余例LC术后28例胆总管残留结石的原因、治疗及转归。结果:LC术后28例胆总管残留结石中结石自行排出3例,ERCP确诊25例,25例通过EST成功取石,其中1例为术后胆漏并发胆管结石。结论:通过加强术前检查、术中仔细操作和术后积极处理,可减少LC术后胆总管残留结石及其他严重并发症的发生。     

Retained gallbladder/cystic duct remnant calculi as a cause of postcholecystectomy pain

Background: Pain following cholecystectomy can pose a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. We reviewed our experience with calculi retained in gallbladder and cystic duct remnants that present with recurrent biliary symptoms. Methods: Over the last 6 years, seven patients were referred to us for the evaluation of recurrent biliary colic or jaundice. There were four men and three women ranging in age from 35 to 70 years. All seven had biliary pain similar to the symptoms that precede cholecystectomy; two of them also had also associated jaundice and one had pancreatitis. The time from cholecystectomy to onset of symptoms ranged from 14 months to 20 years (median, 8.5 Years). Four had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy and three had had an open cholecystectomy; none had an operative cholangiogram. Results: Five of seven underwent diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), which revealed obvious filling defects in the cystic duct or gallbladder remnant. The final patient was diagnosed by laparoscopic ultrasound after eight negative radiographic studies. Four patients underwent laparotomy and resection of a retained gallbladder and/or cystic duct. Two patients were treated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL); one of them also required endoscopic biliary holmium laser lithotripsy. One patient underwent successful repeat laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There were no treatment-related complications. At a median follow-up of 11.5 months, all have achieved complete stone clearance and are asymptomatic. Conclusion: Retained gallbladder and cystic duct calculi can be a source of recurrent biliary pain, and a heightened suspicion may be required to make the diagnosis. This entity can be prevented by accurate identification of the gallbladder–cystic duct junction at cholecystectomy and by routine use of cholangiography. A variety of therapeutic options can be employed to obtain a successful outcome.