Pamidronate increases bone mineral density in women with postmenopausal or steroid-induced osteoporosis

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of a cyclic intravenous therapy with pamidronate in patients with postmenopausal or glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. METHODS: We enrolled 86 Austrian female patients with postmenopausal (n = 69, mean age 68.13 +/- 1.14) or glucocorticoid-induced (n = 17, mean age 66.89 +/- 2.03) osteoporosis defined as a T-score of < -2.5 for bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine L1-L4. Patients received a single intravenous dose of 30 mg pamidronate at 3 months intervals. The per cent change in BMD was primary, whereas the safety and the biological response were secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Seventy-six female patients (88%) completed study. Sixty patients received pamidronate therapy for the treatment of late postmenopausal osteoporosis and 16 patients received the same treatment for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. At the end of the trial, lumbar spine (L1-L4) BMD increased significantly in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (P = 0.000067), whereas in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis no significant change was observed (P = 0.724). The increase in the Ward's triangle BMD did not reach significance level in postmenopausal women receiving pamidronate (P = 0.0740). However, pamidronate treatment for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis resulted in a significant increase in Ward's triangle BMD (P = 0.0029). The efficacy of pamidronate treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis was also reflected in a decrease in circulating biochemical markers for bone formation, including alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. In addition, pamidronate was well tolerated with no incidence of severe gastrointestinal events. CONCLUSION: Cyclic intravenous administration of pamidronate is well-tolerated therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis, and increases spinal BMD. Randomized controlled studies with adequate number of patients are needed to test the efficacy of the compound in the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.     

绝经后妇女骨质疏松危险因素的临床分析

目的：分析妇女绝经后骨质疏松的相关因素。方法：用双能X线骨密度仪测量78名绝经扫无骨折妇女（A组）、34例绝经后骨折妇女（B组）、20名围绝经期妇女（C组）和52名青年健康妇女（D组）的骨密度,并对临床资料作分析对比。结果：A、B两组各部位的骨密度值和骨质疏松发病率的均低于C、D两组（P＜0．05）,B组各部位的骨密度值（除第一腰椎外）均低于A组（P＜0．05）,C组的第一腰椎、第二腰椎、沃德三角（Ward triangle）和全身骨密度值显著低于D组（P＜0．05）,绝经后妇女的骨密度值与其年龄、绝经所限和孕、产次呈显著负相关（P＜0．01）,与体重和体重指数呈显著性正相关（P＜0．01）。结论：妇女在绝经后骨密度显著降低,年龄越大、绝经年限越长和孕、产次越多,其骨密度越低,而体重和体重指数越大,其骨密度越高。     

Relationship between trunk muscle torque and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and hip in healthy postmenopausal women

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between trunk muscle strength and bone mineral density (BMD). Fifty-six postmenopausal women, aged 38 to 73 years, were examined. The BMD of lumbar vertebrae L2-4, the femoral neck, the Ward's triangle, and the greater trochanter was measured with dual-photon absorptiometry. Isometric and isokinetic torque and work measurements obtained on a trunk testing unit were used to assess trunk flexor and extensor strength. Correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between most trunk torque and work measurements and BMD. The trunk extensors generally provided higher correlations with BMD than did the trunk flexors, and the isokinetic extension torque values demonstrated higher correlations than the isometric extension values in every case. Linear backward-regression models, based on the subjects' weight and trunk flexor and extensor torque and work measurements, demonstrated multiple-correlation coefficients of .67, .58, .43, and .65 in predicting the BMD of the L2-4 region, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and greater trochanter region, respectively. Estrogen therapy status did not affect the linear regression models. These data suggest a positive relationship in postmenopausal women between flexor and extensor torque values and BMD at the lower lumbar spine and proximal femur.     

护骨素基因T245G多态性与老年人骨密度关系的部位及性别差异

背景:作为骨折发生的重要临床预测因子,骨密度在一定程度上由遗传因素决定.护骨素基因是骨质疏松症发病中的重要候选基因.目的:探讨护骨素基因T245G多态性与骨密度的相关性.方法:选取2008-09/2010-04在北京大学人民医院进行常规查体的老年人281名,其中男182名,女99名.应用PCR-RFLP结合DNA测序检测护骨素基因T245G多态性,使用双能X射线骨密度测量仪测定受试者腰椎、髋部标准位置及前臂的骨密度.同时收集受试者的生化指标及临床观察项目.应用ANOVA方法分析护骨素基因T245G多态性与各检测指标的关系.结果与结论:在老年男性及绝经后女性中,T245G基因T,G等位基因频率分布差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05).在老年男性中,GG和TG基因型具有较高的腰椎骨密度,而TT基因型的腰椎骨密度较低(P < 0.05),Ward's三角区及前臂骨密度在各基因型间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05).在绝经后女性中,T245G多态性与骨密度无关,说明护骨素基因与老年男性腰椎骨密度有关.     

绝经后妇女雌激素受体基因多态性与骨密度的相关性

目的:探讨雌激素受体(ER)基因XbaⅠ及PvuⅡ多态性与广州地区部分汉族绝经后妇女骨密度相互关系。方法:随机筛选年龄42～75岁广州汉族妇女157例,采用双能X线吸收法测其全身、腰椎2～4、股骨颈、Ward'三角和大转子区等部位的骨密度值,并采用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性方法检测其外周血白细胞基因组ER基因型。结果:157例受试对象中,ER基因XbaⅠ及PvuⅡ基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg定律。携带XXPp基因型的个体在多个部位拥有较高的骨密度值,差异有统计学意义。结论:ER基因XbaⅠ及PvuⅡ多态性与广州汉族绝经后妇女的骨密度有一定的相关性,XXPp是一种对骨量有益的基因型。     

北京地区汉族妇女绝经前后护骨素基因多态性与骨密度的关系

背景:原发性骨质疏松症是多基因遗传性疾病,但是调节骨量的基因需进一步研究。目的:探讨护骨素基因启动子区基因多态性与中国北京地区绝经前后妇女骨密度之间的关系。设计:前瞻性调查研究。单位:北京协和医院。对象:选择2002-07在北京协和医院健康体检的495名北京地区无亲缘关系的汉族妇女,其中绝经前妇女为306名,年龄20～39岁,绝经后妇女(指自然停经1年以上者)为189名,年龄50～84岁。所有受试对象均对检测项目知情同意。方法:①骨密度测量:应用双能X线骨密度测量方法,观察对象均采取仰卧位,采用骨密度仪测量其后前位第1～4腰椎及股骨近端,包括股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子部位的骨密度值。②基因分型:提取两组受试对象外周血DNA,初步确定护骨素基因分型。并取部分PCR产物送上海博亚有限公司测序,验证基因型,观察两组受试对象护骨素基因型的分布频率及其与骨密度的关系,并用Logistic回归作病因学进一步分析观察绝经后妇女护骨素基因多态性与骨质疏松的关系。主要观察指标:①两组受试对象护骨素基因型的分布频率,及其与骨密度的关系。②绝经后妇女护骨素基因多态性与骨质疏松的关系。结果:纳入受试对象495名,全部进入结果分析。①两组受试对象OPG基因型和等位基因分布频率无明显差异,两组总体基因型分布频率依次为163A→G位点,AA型为70.1%,AG型为26.9%,GG型为3.0%;245T→G位点TT型为71.3%,TG型为25.9%,GG型为2.8%。绝经前妇女在163A→G位点,AA组在L2-4、股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度低于GG AG组,在245T→G位点,TT组与GG TG组相比各部位的骨密度也低,但均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。绝经后妇女163位点AG GG组在L2-4、股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度均显著低于AA组(P<0.05);245位点TG GG组在股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度显著低于TT组(P<0.05)。②绝经后妇女163位点AG GG组在L2-4、Ward’s三角是骨质疏松的危险因素(OR=2.045,2.956,P<0.05,95%可信限1.05-6.7),245位点TG GG组在L2-4、Ward’s三角、大转子是骨质疏松的危险因素(OR=2.059,2.859,2.123,P<0.05,95%可信限1.04-6.5)。结论:北京地区绝经后妇女护骨素基因启动子区的163和245位点为变异型G等位基因时,股骨颈、Ward’s三角和大转子的骨密度较低,变异型G等位基因与绝经后妇女骨密度降低相关。     

Effects of lumbar disc surgery on bone mineral density in women with lumbar disc disease

This prospective study evaluated 60 reproductive-age and postmenopausal women with lumbar disc disease to demonstrate the short-term effects of lumbar disc surgery on bone mineral density (BMD). Lumbar BMD was measured preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Surgery was performed at only one level (L3-L4) and consisted of partial hemilaminectomy, discectomy, and, if necessary, partial facetectomy. Before surgery, 50% of the patients had osteopenia, and 31.7% had osteoporosis. After surgery, BMD decreased 5.5% in L3 vertebrae (P=.07), 14% in L4 vertebrae (P=.003), and 4.6% in L1-L4 (P=.039). Six of 11 patients with normal BMD before surgery became osteopenic postoperatively; 9 of 30 women with osteopenia fulfilled criteria for osteoporosis after surgery. Reproductive-age and postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for lumbar disc disease are at risk of bone loss and should be spared an extensive procedure, which can further increase the amount of bone lost. All women for whom a surgical intervention is planned should be evaluated by DEXA preoperatively and postoperatively.     

Relation of parity and homocysteine to bone mineral density of postmenopausal women

Osteoporosis is a major problem in contemporary society. However, there is not enough data on multiparity and osteoporosis from developing and/or undeveloped countries on a large scale. Selection of participants in this study was aimed at the detection of bone status in healthy (normal bone mineral density) postmenopausal (n = 46, 55.3 +/- 6.7 years) and osteoporotic postmenopausal women (n: 33) of similar age. Bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. At the DEXA evaluation, 33 women had osteoporotic (T score below -2.5) and 46 had normal BMD values. The number of pregnancies was found to range from 3 to 12 (with an overall mean of 6.7 +/- 2.5), while 2.6 +/- 1.9 (range, 1-7) were miscarriages in all of the 33 postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Serum homocysteine (t-Hcy) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels were significantly higher in osteoporotic postmenopausal women (11.96 +/- 3.84 micromol/L, 15.4 +/- 7.0 nM/mM cr) than in non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women (10.93 +/- 3.6 micromol/L, 10.6 +/- 9.1 nM/mM cr), p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively. Surprisingly, in postmenopausal osteoporotic women the homocysteine (t-Hcy) levels were positively associated with the number of deliveries (multiparity; 6.7 +/- 2.5), and positively associated with the number of curettages (2.6 +/- 1.9), r = 0.401, p < 0.038 and r = 0.520, p < 0.029, respectively. The mechanism linking serum t-Hcy to the number of pregnancies is unclear, and the relationship may only be by chance. In conclusion, the present study firstly suggests that the number of pregnancies has an effect on the t-Hcy levels. In addition, our study indicates that there is a significant negative correlation between the number of pregnancies and the lumbar spine BMD.     

Normative data of bone mineral density in an unselected adult Austrian population

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that correct interpretation of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) requires a population-specific reference range. We therefore collected data on age-related BMD in a random sample of the normal adult Austrian population to establish an appropriate normative database. METHODS: We measured BMD by DEXA at five different skeletal sites in 1089 subjects, i.e. 654 females and 435 males, aged between 21-76 years, who had been recruited by 17 centres across Austria. RESULTS: Age-related bone loss was observed until age 65 years with significant changes at the lumbar spine (r = -0.23), total hip (r = -0.07), trochanter (r = -0.10), femoral neck (r = -0.30) and Ward's triangle (r = -0.40) in the women but only at the femoral neck (r = -0.23) and at Ward's triangle (r = -0.40) in the men. When we calculated T scores from the BMD data of the young normal adult study population and used the T score set points according to the WHO classification of osteopenia and osteoporosis, we found that, depending on the skeletal site measured, 7.6-27.4% of the women and 16-41% of the men in our study group had low bone mass, whereas 0.6-2.7% of the female and 0.2-1.0% of the male study population were osteoporotic. However, osteoporosis was indicated in 4-9-fold more females and 5-15-fold more males when we based our estimates on the normative data provided by the manufacturers of the DEXA systems. CONCLUSION: Our data underscore the importance of using a population-specific reference range for DEXA measurements to avoid overdiagnosis of osteoporosis.     

老年男性慢性阻塞性肺疾病骨密度及骨显像改变的初步研究

目的了解骨密度(BMD)改变与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的关系,并探讨结合核素影像分析的诊断意义。方法对男性COPD患者47例和对照组30例分别以双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测定BMD值,并行放射性核素骨显像。结果老年COPD组的L2～4、股骨颈、Ward's区、大转子骨密度均较对照组明显减低,两组股骨颈、Ward's区骨质疏松的发生率比较有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。26例患者全身骨显像呈弥漫性骨放射性分布减低。6例近期压缩性骨折患者见胸椎或腰椎异常放射性分布浓聚。结论老年COPD患者骨质疏松的发生率高于同龄对照组,应预防和治疗骨质疏松;骨显像可反映骨代谢的情况,对压缩性骨折的检出及新旧压缩性骨折的区分有帮助。     

护骨素基因T245G多态性与老年人骨密度关系的部位及性别差异水

背景：作为骨折发生的重要临床预测因子,骨密度在一定程度上由遗传因素决定。护骨素綦凶是骨质疏松症发病中的晕要候选摹闲。目的：探讨护骨索基因T245G多念性与骨密度的相关性。方法：选取2008-09／2010-04往北京大学人民医院进行常规查体的老年人281名,其中男182名,女99名。应用PCR-RFLP结合DNA测序榆测护骨素基因T245G多态件,使用-烈能X射线骨密度测量仪测定受试者腰椎、髋部标准位置及前臂的。旨密度。同时收集受试者的生化指标及临床观察项目。应用ANOVA方法分析护骨素基因T245G多态性与各检测指标的关系。结果与结论：在老年男性及绝经后女性中,T245G基因T,G等化基凶频率分布差异无显苫性意义（P〉0.05）。在老年男性中,GG和TG基凶型具仃较高的腰椎骨密度,而TT基吲型的腰椎骨密度较低（P〈0.05）,Ward＇S三角区及前臂骨密度在各基因型问差异无显著件意义（P〉0.05）。北绝经后女性中,T245G多念性与骨密度无关,说明护骨索基凶与老年男性腰椎骨密度仃关。     

Age-related changes of serum bone alkaline phosphatase and cross-linked C-telopeptides of type I collagen and the relationship with bone mineral density in Chinese women

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that bone turnover rate changes with age. At the same time, there is no definitive research regarding age-related changes of bone turnover level and its association with bone mineral density (BMD) in Chinese mainland women. METHODS: In a cohort of 663 Chinese mainland women aged 20-70 years, serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and serum cross-linked C-telopeptides of type I collagen (sCTX) were measured to evaluate the state of bone formation and resorption, respectively. BMD was measured in the posteroanterior spine, supine lateral spine, hip and forearm using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The cubic polynomial regression model best fit age-related changes in serum BAP (R2=0.398, p<0.001) and sCTX concentrations (R2=0.148, p<0.001) with largest R2 from comparison 8 different regression models. Their values reached a minimal level in the 30-39 years age group, and increased dramatically in the 40-59 years groups. There was a decreasing trend of BAP in women >60 years. The levels of BAP and sCTX were inversely correlated to BMD in various skeletal regions over the entire population (r=-0.096 to -0.357, p<0.05). sCTX was a significant predictor of a T-score< or =-2.5 of BMD in postmenopausal women with sCTX levels above mean+2 SD of women aged 30-39 years compared with other postmenopausal women, which indicated by odds ratios 1.9-3.7 (p<0.05) for various skeletal regions, especially for the lateral lumbar spine (2.2, p<0.01), Ward's triangle (3.7, p<0.01), and ultradistal end of radius + ulna (2.8, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Age-dependent serum BAP and sCTX were inversely correlated to BMD, and sCTX was a useful parameter for the prediction of a low T-score of BMD at skeletal sites with abundant cancellous bone in postmenopausal women.     

武汉市一般人群腰椎骨密度调查研究

目的了解武汉市正常人群骨密度的变化特点,分析骨密度及骨质疏松变化规律,提高对骨质疏松症诊断的可预测性和可靠性。方法采用美国生产的双能X线骨密度仪对进行体检的2 285人进行骨密度测定,其中男性1410例,女性875例。检测部位为第1~4腰椎椎体。年龄20~79岁,按年龄、性别进行分组以10岁为一个年龄段进行统计,分别计算各年龄段的骨密度T值、低骨量及骨质疏松发病率,并用SPSS软件比较各年龄段之间的差异性。结果男性腰椎骨密度T值峰值出现在20~29岁,峰值为-0.440±0.7198,随后随着年龄的增长缓慢下降,60岁以后男性骨质疏松发病率明显增加。女性腰椎骨密度T值峰值出现在30~39岁,峰值为-0.1173±0.8198,40~49岁年龄段缓慢下降,在50岁以后呈加速下降趋势。女性在50岁以后骨质疏松发病率明显增加。结论随着年龄的增长,男女性骨密度均呈下降趋势,男性60岁以后,女性50岁以后骨质疏松患病风险增大。     

Bone mineral density and its relationship to skin colour in Caucasian females

Abstract. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with a high risk of osteoporosis and fracture. While women with darker skin, such as women of American African origin, are reputed to have lower risk osteoporosis and fractures compared with women with fair skin such as Caucasian women, with Oriental women having intermediate levels of risk, the reasons for these differences are not clear. We examined the relationship between BMD and skin colour in a population based study of 2005 Caucasian women with a mean age of 58–1 years, resident in Cambridge and categorized into fair, medium and dark complexions by self-report. There was no difference between the three categories of skin colour with regard to body size or life-style characteristics. Women with self-reported fair skin had lowest BMD values, women with self-reported dark skin had highest BMD values, and women with self-reported medium skin colour had intermediate values at all sites. These differences were significant at the trochanter and Ward's triangle of the hip ( P values of 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). These associations were independent of age and weight. The associations remained after stratifying for smoking habit and years since menopause. In a cohort of Caucasian women resident at latitude 52 North, fair-skinned women have lower BMD values than darker-skinned women. This association between skin colour and BMD may reflect sunlight exposure times and underlying vitamin D status.     

Accelerated decrease in bone mineral density in women aged 52-57 years

Bone mineral density (BMD) has been known to decline in middle-aged and elderly individuals, but when this decline begins and the rate at which it occurs remain unclear. We thus undertook this study to examine the association between BMD and age by their mean values in women visiting the Shimane Institute of Health Science for medical examination. We performed dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measurement of lumbar vertebrae in 1,167 women, and of the entire skeleton in 1,038 women. The ages of subjects ranged from 30 to 70 years. We found that the mean value of whole-body and lumbar BMD changed little in the age range of 30-51 years, and any change after 58 years was a gradual decrease, unlike the sharp decrease found between 52 and 57 years of age. The effects of endocrine kinetics may be reflected in women by the decrease of bone density relative to age. In conclusion, BMD declines more rapidly in women within the age range of 52-57 years than in those 58 years and over. This regression line is considered useful in predicting BMD of whole-body skeleton and lumbar vertebrae relative to age for the prevention of osteoporosis in women.     

Parathyroid hormone treatment can reverse corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis is the most common secondary cause of osteoporosis. We conducted a 12-mo, randomized clinical trial of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (hPTH 1-34) in postmenopausal women (mean age was 63 yr) with osteoporosis who were taking corticosteroids and hormone replacement therapy. Response to the treatment was assessed with bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the lumbar spine by quantitative computed tomography (QCT); BMD measurements of the lumbar spine, hip, and forearm by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); and biochemical markers of bone turnover. The mean (+/-SE) changes in BMD of the lumbar spine by QCT and DXA in the PTH group were 35+/-5.5% and 11+/-1.4%, respectively, compared with a relatively small change of 1.7+/-1.8% and 0+/-0.9% in the estrogen-only group. The differences in mean percentage between the groups at 1 yr were 33.5% for the lumbar spine by QCT (P < 0.001) and 9.8% for the lumbar spine by DXA (P < 0.001). The changes in the hip and forearm were not significantly different between or within the groups. During the first 3 mo of PTH treatment, markers of bone formation increased to nearly 150%, whereas markers of bone resorption increased only 100%, suggesting an early uncoupling of bone turnover in favor of formation. These results suggest that parathyroid hormone dramatically increases bone mass in the central skeleton of postmenopausal women with corticosteroid- induced osteoporosis who are taking hormone replacement.     

Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal men

A cross-sectional study of 222 healthy Finnish men aged 20-69 years was performed to establish reference values of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The effects of age, and of some physical and lifestyle factors on BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter) were investigated. The maximal mean BMD was observed at the age of 20-29 years in all the measurement sites. Except for the trochanteric area, BMD diminished along with age, the over-all decrements being 4%, 11%, and 23% in the lumbar, femoral neck and Ward's triangle areas, respectively. BMD was in a positive relationship to weight and height in all the measurement sites. The adjusted (for age, height and weight) BMDs were higher (P less than 0.05) in the group of daily dietary calcium intake greater than 1200 mg as compared with the group of lowest calcium intake (less than 800 mg day-1) in the three femoral areas. Cigarette smoking or alcohol drinking had no obvious effect on BMD.     

运动锻炼防治绝经后骨质丢失的临床研究

目的:研究慢跑、跳舞等运动锻炼防治绝经后骨质丢失的作用和机制。方法:45例绝经后女性随机分为运动组和对照组。运动组患者每天锻练40—50min,同时每天补充钙;对照组仅每天补充元素钙600mg,为期1年。研究开始和结束时检测受试者腰椎和股骨上端骨密度,以及血清骨钙素(s-BGP)和尿羟脯氨酸与肌酐(Hyp/Cr)。结果:1年后,运动组腰椎骨密度显著上升(P<0.05),而其股骨颈、Ward's三角区和股骨粗隆处骨密度无显著变化(P>0.05),对照组各处骨密度均明显下降(P<0.05)。运动组s-BGP和Hyp/Cr比值无变化,而对照组则显著上升(P<0.05)。结论:慢跑、跳舞等运动锻炼可通过抑制骨转换而防治绝经后骨质丢失。     

骨钙素基因Hind Ⅲ多态性与福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨密度的相关性

背景：骨质疏松症是一种多基因遗传病,骨钙素受体基因多态性与骨密度关系存在地域和人群的差异。目的：观察绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型频率分布及其与骨密度的关系,探讨福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的遗传易感基因。方法：用聚合酶链式反应限制性片段长度多态性分析201例汉族绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型,用双能X射线吸收法测定腰椎、股骨颈,大转子和Ward’s三角4个部位骨密度值。结果与结论：福州地区汉族绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg定律（χ^2=2.29,P〉0.05）,基因多态性分布依次为HH5%、hh46%、Hh49%,与福州、北京、广州、台湾地区骨钙素基因HindⅢ位点多态性分布频率差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。但是与日本人、白种人差异明显（P〈0.05）。且HH基因型在大转子骨密度明显高于hh型（P〈0.05）,但不同基因型在第2～4腰椎、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度差异无显著性意义。提示绝经后妇女骨钙素基因型与大转子骨密度可能存在一定关联。     

Relationship of extremity muscle torque and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlations between the torque of four extremity muscle groups and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and hip in postmenopausal women. Fifty-six postmenopausal women (means age = 55.4 years, s = 7.1; means height = 162.6 cm, s = 6.4; means weight = 65.9 kg, s = 9.3) served as subjects. Bone mineral density was measured from the L2-L4 vertebral bodies, greater trochanter, femoral neck, and Ward's triangle using dual-photon absorptiometry. Hip abduction, knee extension, hip flexion, and grip force were assessed using the Spark Muscle Examination and Exercise Dosimeter (MEED) 3000 system. The Pearson product-moment correlations between muscle torque and BMD ranged from .07 to .42. The significant (p less than .05) correlations between torque and BMD (r = .27-.42) occurred in functionally and anatomically related areas. Results of this study demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between torque and BMD in anatomically related areas in postmenopausal women. This relationship, however, is not sufficiently strong to allow for prediction of BMD from the four muscle groups tested in this study. The relationship does suggest that strength may be a factor in the determination of BMD. Maintenance of strength in those muscle groups with anatomical or functional relationships to the hip and lumbar spine may play a role in the prevention and cessation of the osteoporotic changes that occur.