Ureteral polyps: an etiological factor of hydronephrosis in children that should not be ignored

To better define the demographics, urothelial distribution and typical gross anatomic and radiologic appearances of fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter in children. We reviewed 15 cases of fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter with hydronephrosis from the archives of our department. Data were collected from radiographic studies, gross anatomic pathology and pathology and radiology reports and categorized by age, sex, clinical presentation, lesion size and location. The mean patient age was 9.1 years, and 80% were male. All of them presented with hematuria and/or flank pain. The polyps were located in the upper ureter or ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and pelvis. Of the polyps, 60% were multiple polyps or filiform, and 40% were single or bilobed and 1–6 cm in size. Only four cases showed typical filling defect on intravenous urography. In five cases, sonography showed a mildly echogenic structure extending into the ureter from the renal pelvis. Enhanced CT revealed soft tissue filling UPJ or/and proximal ureter in six cases, and hydroureter was found in one case by three-dimensional (3D) image. Fibroepithelial polyps were diagnosed in all cases by postoperative histological examination. Fibroepithelial polyps are the most common benign tumors of the ureter. Congenital factor may be associated with the origin of fibroepithelial polyps in children. The preoperative diagnosis of ureteral polyps is difficult. A history of flank pain, hematuria or both, other than abdominal mass, light-to-moderate hydronephrosis with soft-tissue in UPJ or upper ureter, shown by sonography and radiological examination, may help in the diagnosis of ureteral polyps in children. Ureteral polyps should be recognized as an important etiology for hydronephrosis in children.     

迷走血管压迫致梗阻性肾积水34例临床分析

目的探讨小儿肾盂输尿管交界部迷走血管压迫致梗阻性肾积水的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1997年1月至2008年6月本院收治的34例迷走血管压迫性肾积水患儿的临床资料。结果34例中,男30例,女4例,左侧28例,右侧6例。平均发病年龄9．5岁。手术方法为离断性肾盂成型术（Anderson—Hynes术式）,术中同时将迷走血管移向肾盂后方。病理检查证实12例合并肾盂输尿管交界部狭窄,术后半年行IVP复查,积水缓解,症状消失。结论小儿肾盂输尿管交界部迷走血管压迫致梗阻性肾积水发病年龄较大,腹痛明显,积水较轻。治疗上在采取离断性肾盂成刮术的同时,应将迷走血管转移到肾盂输尿管交接部的后方。马蹄肾合并肾积水时迷走血管压迫是主要的发病原因。     

Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty in horseshoe kidney in children: is it effective without symphysiotomy?

Contemporary reports on surgery for horseshoe kidney (HK) still recommend isthmotomy and lateropexy to complete an open pyeloplasty. To evaluate whether simple Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty without symphysiotomy is effective for relief of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in HK, we studied the records of ten children, two of whom had bilateral UPJO. Only one child presented with calculi; 11 units were operated upon for UPJO, 1 needed a partial nephrectomy. The surgical outcome was evaluated with emphasis on the changes in renal drainage and function assessed by ultrasonography and diuretic renal scans. Associated vesicoureteral reflux was observed more often (25%) than with UPJO in normal kidneys. Obstruction was caused by a crossing lower-pole vessel in three cases, a high ureteral insertion in two and narrowing of the UPJ 7. Postoperative follow-up (mean 5.5 years) revealed improved renal function and good drainage in all cases. Hydronephrosis vanished in 7, whereas grade 2 hydronephrosis remained in two children with former refluxive megaureter and grade 3 in one. All children are doing well and have no symptoms due to the persistent isthmus (Rovsing syndrome). It is concluded that simple Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty via a flank incision is a highly effective and safe procedure for treating UPJO in HK. Accepted: 13 October 1998     

运用腹腔镜修复肾盂成形术后再梗阻患儿的难点及原因分析

目的探讨运用腹腔镜治疗肾盂成形术后再次梗阻患儿的可行性。方法收集郑州大学第一附属医院小儿外科2018年2月至2019年7月收治的6例肾盂成形术后再次梗阻患儿的相关资料。其中,男4例,女2例;平均年龄为4岁2个月;患侧为右侧4例,左侧2例;首次手术4例为开放肾盂成形术,2例为腹腔镜肾盂成形术;术后彩色多普勒超声检查均提示肾盂前后径较术前无缓解,均>30 mm,术后患儿出现腹疼、泌尿道感染等症状,均采用腹腔镜进行修复,再次行肾盂成形术,留置输尿管支架管和导尿管。结果所有患儿手术过程顺利,术中病理学检查提示肾盂输尿管高位吻合1例,吻合口瘢痕致梗阻2例,吻合迂曲折叠致粘连梗阻1例,异位血管压迫1例,局部止血纱布未完全吸收导致压迫性梗阻1例,手术时间范围为140~220 min,平均165 min,无中转开放手术,无输血,无肠管或阑尾代输尿管,导尿管于术后7~10 d拔出,输尿管支架管于术后6~8周拔除。术后随访满意,所有患儿的肾积水程度均得到有效缓解率。结论运用腹腔镜治疗肾盂成形术后的再次梗阻是可行的。     

小儿肾盂输尿管连接处息肉(附14例报告)

目的探讨小儿肾盂输尿管连接处息肉的临床及病理特点，总结诊治经验。方法对我科1985年10月至2005年10月期间收治的14例肾盂输尿管连接处息肉合并肾积水的患儿回顾性分析其临床表现，超声、肾核素扫描、IVP、CT检查所见及病理结果。结果14例患儿，男12例（85．7％，12／14），女2例（14．3％，2／14），左侧13例（92．9%,40，13／14），右侧1例（7．1％，1／14）。年龄5～13岁，平均9．9岁。临床表现以间歇性腰腹痛为主。超声检查术前诊断率为14．3％（2／14）。IVP和CT术前诊断率为28．6％（4／14）。三维增强CT重建诊断率为88．9％（8／9）。所有患儿均行肾盂输尿管成形术，息肉均位于肾盂输尿管交界处，病变的病理表现包括炎性息肉和纤维上皮性息肉样改变，9例合并有肾盂输尿管交接处原发性病变（输尿管肌层增厚、输尿管平滑肌增生、肌束排列紊乱）。结论儿童肾盂输尿管连接处息肉少见，多见于大龄男孩，左侧多见。临床无特异性症状，28．6%术前可经IVP和CT诊断，三维CT重建诊断率高，可达88．9%。病因多为先天性异常，行肾盂输尿管成形术，术后效果良好。     

小儿输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水

目的探讨小儿输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水的临床特点及诊治方法。方法回顾分析1987～2005年收治33例小儿输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水的临床资料，男32例，女1例，左侧27例，右侧5例，双侧1例。就诊年龄5～14岁，平均9岁，病程1个月至5年，平均1年7个月，发病年龄4～12岁，平均7岁。结果33例患儿行手术治疗，手术及术后病理证实肾脏积水为输尿管息肉造成梗阻所致，术后6～12个月行IVP检查，肾积水缓解或减轻，腹痛症状消失，随访6个月至18年未见息肉复发。结论输尿管息肉致梗阻性肾积水以男孩多见，且以学龄儿童为主，多发生在左侧，临床表现和其他原因引起的肾积水类似，但腹痛较剧烈，积水多不重。治疗根据息肉的位置及大小决定手术方案，包括息肉段输尿管切除＋肾盂输尿管吻合，及息肉段输尿管切除＋输尿管一输尿管吻合。     

微创小切口治疗婴幼儿肾积水后再手术的回顾性分析

目的探讨腰背部微创小切口手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄后再手术方法的局限性及适应证。方法自2009年12月至2017年12月,广州市妇女儿童医疗中心小儿泌尿外科共收治492例婴幼儿,均采用腰背部微创小切口为入路治疗肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄性肾积水,手术3~6个月后出现肾积水进行性加重、需要二次手术5例;同期收治外院采用同种手术方法的患儿,术后再次出现积水进行性加重,来我院再次手术13例,共18例。18例患儿均行开腹再次肾盂成形术。结果18例患儿行肾造瘘1个月后,其中7例再行顺行肾、输尿管造影,11例同时行经肾造瘘管和经膀胱镜逆行输尿管置管造影。肾盂明显扩张、肾盏球形、皮质变薄10例,肾盂明显扩张、肾盏完全失去形态与肾盂近似同一个扩张单元、皮质菲薄8例。X线片显示18例肾造瘘者均显示肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻,其中11例行逆行置管者,7例不能插入肾盂,造影显示输尿管上段梗阻,4例插入肾盂者显示输尿管上段位于肾脏后方,插管退至输尿管中段造影显示造影剂不能进入肾盂。术中见,输尿管位于肾盂后方4例,肾盂输尿管吻合口位于肾盂中上部4例,输尿管上段周围瘢痕压迫7例,迷走血管压迫3例。术后前半年每2个月复查一次,后半年每3个月复查一次,术后1年行MR和/或CT检查,与术前相对照,所有病例积水均明显改善或稳定。结论微创小切口入路治疗婴幼儿UPJO需要明确指征,对于极重度积水、狭窄段长、多段狭窄或合并肾输尿管其他畸形者,应慎重选择。     

腹部小切口手术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻

目的探讨腹部小切口离断式肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的临床疗效。方法2010年12月至2011年12月作者采用腹部小切口腹膜外入路行离断式肾盂成形术,治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患儿33例,分析其手术入路、临床效果及并发症情况。结果33例均手术成功,平均手术时间（89±37）min,平均出血量（16±12）mL,伤口愈合良好。术后随访3~12个月,无吻合口狭窄、尿瘘、泌尿系感染等并发症,患儿肾盂均不同程度缩小,肾实质增厚。结论腹部小切口离断式肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻,操作简单,损伤少,并发症少,疗效好,值得临床推广。 Abstract：     

双肾重度积水17例

目的探讨双侧肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)致双肾重度积水的诊断治疗效果。方法回顾总结本院2008年1月-2009年7月诊治的双侧UPJO致双肾重度积水婴幼儿17例[14例Ⅰ期行双侧离断式肾盂成形术(Anderson-Hynes术),3例Ⅰ期行单侧离断式肾盂成形术+对侧肾造瘘术、Ⅱ期行对侧离断式肾盂成形术],手术年龄(45±11)d,并于术后3个月、6个月、1 a、2 a行彩超、核素肾显像、尿常规等检查及随访。结果 34侧肾脏术后1例单侧肾出现尿外渗,1例单侧肾出现吻合口狭窄,无出血、切口感染等并发症;末次随访(2a)17例患儿尿常规均正常,彩超提示积水均≤2级,相对肾功能(单侧肾小球滤过率/双侧肾小球滤过率)为(47.30±5.18)%,患儿均未出现肾盂、肾盏分离加大情况,肾皮质厚度逐渐增加,肾功能逐渐恢复。结论确诊存在器质性梗阻的双肾重度积水患儿应尽早手术干预,Ⅰ期双侧离断式肾盂成形术不但疗效确切,且避免了患儿二次手术的痛苦,可作为首选术式;同时应加强术后随访。     

支架管外引流与双J管内引流在小儿离断式肾盂成形术中的应用比较

目的 比较小儿离断式肾盂成形术后留置双J管内引流与肾造瘘支架管外引流的临床疗效及诊治经验.方法 2007年1月至2012年12月,我们收治77例因单侧肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻而行离断式肾盂成形术的患儿,将其分为留置双J管组（41例）和留置肾造瘘支架管组（36例）,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、拔管和术后住院时间、住院费用、并发症的发生率及肾功能恢复情况.术后均经B超及ECT等进行随访.结果 两组在术后住院时间及并发症的发生率上比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,双J管组术后平均住院时间为（7.63＋ 1.92）d,肾造瘘支架管组平均住院时间为（15.89＋ 3.41）d.术后并发症的发生率：双J管组（14.6％）明显低于肾造瘘支架管组（36.1％）.随着双J管留置时间的延长,并发症的发生率1～2个月组为17.6％,2～3个月组为26.3％,＞3个月组为100％.术后B超及ECT等随访,两组术前、术后肾功能相比（P＜0.01）均有明显恢复,恢复程度比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 小儿离断式肾盂成形术后置双J管内引流的疗效优于支架管外引流.     

腹腔镜下治疗儿童输尿管多发息肉

目的 探讨腹腔镜下治疗儿童输尿管多发息肉的手术技巧及其优势.方法 回顾性分析13例儿童输尿管多发息肉所致肾积水的病例资料.男11例,女2例.年龄7.4～15.5岁,平均年龄11.4岁.左侧9例,右侧2例,双侧2例,共15侧.轻度积水9侧,中度4侧,重度2侧.所有病例均在腹腔镜下行患侧息肉切除术及肾盂输尿管成形术,术后B超或IVU随访.结果 12例在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,1例中转开放.单侧手术时间70～152 min,平均时间90 min,术中失血20～40 ml.术后随访6～26个月,肾积水临床症状消失.13侧轻-中度肾积水消失,2侧重度积水明显减轻.静脉尿路造影提示无肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻及息肉复发.结论 对于儿童输尿管多发息肉,腹腔镜是一种安全、有效、微创的外科手术方式.既具有完全切除病灶的优点,同时,较开放手术,也具有创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快、美观等微创手术优势.

Abstract：

Objective To describe and evaluate the surgical technique and advantage of laparoscopic management of pediatric ureteral polyp. Methods 11 boys and 2 girls with hydronephrosis caused by ureteral multiple polyps, who had undergone laparoscopic polypectomy and Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty,were analyzed retrospectively. The ages of the patients ranged from 7.4 years to 15. 5 years, with a mean age of 11. 4 years. Of the 15 sides, left accounted for 9 cases, right for 2 cases and bilateral ones accounted for 2 cases. Among them, there were 9 mild,4,moderate,and 2 severe hydronephrosis. Postoperative follow-up with ultrasound and intravenous urography (IVU) was carried out in all patients. Results Laparoscopy was successfully completed in twelve patients. , One patient was converted to open operation. The unilateral duration of operations ranged from 90 min to 152 min,the mean times was 121 min A patient with bilateral pathologies was managed in single setting. The operation time was 185 minutes. Intraoperative blood lose was 20-40 ml. The follow-up duration ranged from six to 26 months. There was no clinical symptoms of hydronephrosis. Mild to moderate hydronephrosis in 13 sides disappeared. aTwo severe hydronephrosis was relieaved. No obstruction and recurrence of polyp were demonstrated by image studies. Conclusions Laparoscopic treatment of pediatric ureteral polyp can be performed safely, effectively with minimal invasiion. A clear visualization was provided for the complete polyp resection. It also provides all the benefits of minimally invasive surgery compared with open surgery,such as small incision,minimal blood lose,fast recovery and good cosmesis.     

Giant ureteral stone in a 4-year-old boy

A 4-year-old boy presented with sudden onset of fever, pyuria, and bacteriuria. Ultrasound revealed left hydronephrosis and hydroureter. A plain abdominal radiograph and excretory urogram showed a giant ureteral stone measuring 9 cm causing ureteral obstruction. Underlying anatomic or metabolic abnormalities were not detected. Extraction of the stone resulted in complete disappearance of the hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Accepted: 20 January 1997     

儿童输尿管肿瘤的诊治分析

目的 总结儿童输尿管肿瘤的病理类型、临床表现、诊断、治疗和预后,提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年10月我院收治的5例输尿管肿瘤患儿的临床资料,结合文献总结儿童输尿管肿瘤的病理类型、临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后.5例患儿均为男性,输尿管炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤3例,2例以腹痛就诊,分别为6岁和10岁,肿瘤位于输尿管下段,均行输尿管下段肿物切除+输尿管端端(输尿管膀胱)吻合,1例以尿痛并血尿就诊,年龄1岁9月龄,肿物来源于下段输尿管,经输尿管膀胱连接部长入膀胱,继发膀胱输尿管积水,经输尿管和膀胱联合切除肿物+输尿管膀胱再植术.结果 术后随访5~48个月,未见肿瘤复发及转移.恶性横纹肌样瘤1例6岁,以左下腹痛2周就诊,输尿管肿瘤边界不清与腰大肌肉和后腹膜粘连,切除肿物行输尿管端端吻合,术后ICE方案化疗一疗程后局部复发,放弃治疗,术后233d死亡.尤文/原始神经外胚层瘤1例12岁,以右侧腰痛10d就诊,肿瘤位于输尿管髂血管水平,行输尿管肿瘤切除术+输尿管端端吻合术,术后予CAV+IE化疗12个月,随访56个月,未见转移及复发.结论 输尿管肿瘤在儿童发病率极低,文献曾报道的病理类型包括炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤、恶性横纹肌样瘤、尤文/原始神经外胚层瘤、横纹肌肉瘤,术前无特异方法诊断,手术完整切除肿瘤并重建输尿管是治疗的主要方法,确诊需要结合病理检查,根据病理类型决定是否化疗,治疗后均需要长期随访.     

One-trocar-assisted pyeloplasty: An attractive alternative to open pyeloplasty

Background:

To survey the effects of one-trocar-assisted pyeloplasty (OTAP) in the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in kids.

Materials and Methods:

Forty-four children (±3.5 years) were submitted to OTAP procedure. A flank incision under the XII rib was made, the Gerota''s fascia was achieved and a balloon Hasson trocar with an operative telescope inserted for retroperitoneal access. The renal pelvis and ureter were isolated and exteriorised. Forty-two patients underwent Anderson-Hynes dismembered and one Fenger pyeloplasty. One patient was converted to an open procedure. Two patients presented an aberrant crossing vessel. In all patients, a double J stent was positioned. The operative time and length of stay (LOS) were evaluated. Renal scan and ultrasound (US) were utilised to evaluate the results from 6 to 12 months.

Results:

OTAP was successful in all but 1 patient. Mean operative time and LOS were 128 min and 3,5 days. We had four operative complications (9.09%). The US and a nuclear scan confirmed the resolution of the UPJO in all patients except one with the Fenger pyeloplasty who had an open Anderson-Hynes.

Conclusions:

The combination of retroperitoneoscopic and open procedures for dismembered pyeloplasty offers a simple, time-saving method in a minimally invasive fashion with low morbidity for patients with UPJO.Key words: hydronephrosis, minimally invasive surgery, one trocar surgery, retroperitoneoscopy     

Bypass pyeloplasty: Description of a procedure and initial results

Introduction and objectiveDismembered pyeloplasty is the surgical technique of choice for open, laparoscopic and/or robot-assisted repair of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). We describe a new technique, bypass pyeloplasty, ideally suited for the high inserting ureter, and present initial results.Patients and methodsA wide 1–2-cm side-to-side anastomosis is created between the dilated and elastic portion of the ureter just distal to the UPJO and the lower and dependent portion of the hydronephrotic renal pelvis. The UPJ is not disturbed and the renal pelvis is not surgically reduced. Since 2004, of 27 patients requiring surgery for UPJO, 7 underwent bypass pyeloplasty. The indications for surgery included increasing hydronephrosis or decreasing individual renal function in four, pain in two and pyelonephritis in one. The remaining 20 underwent a classic dismembered pyeloplasty.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 26 months, the anteroposterior diameter of the repaired kidney decreased by a mean of 55%. The individual renal function in the repaired kidney improved in two and remained stable in the remainder.ConclusionThese favorable initial results justify further exploration of this simplified technique and its adaptation for laparoscopic and robot-assisted approaches. Bypass pyeloplasty may be a more physiologic procedure in patients with mid to high insertion of the ureter.     

达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗儿童双侧肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄

目的初步总结达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗儿童双侧肾盂输尿管交界部狭窄的经验,探讨达芬奇机器人手术同时治疗双侧肾盂输尿管交界部的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院小儿外科2016年1月至2019年11月采用达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗的7例双侧肾盂输尿管交界部狭窄患者临床资料。7例均为男性,年龄4岁6个月至16岁,平均年龄8岁6个月。3例产前检查发现双肾积水,随诊过程中发现双肾积水进行性加重。3例因腹痛或腰痛就诊,检查发现双肾重度积水;1例因体检发现双肾重度积水。肾积水均为SFUⅢ级~Ⅳ级,术前影像学检查(B超、核素肾图、CT或者MR)均提示双侧UPJO,均行达芬奇机器人辅助下双侧同时离断式肾盂输尿管吻合术。结果7例均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开放手术,手术时间147~204 min,平均177 min。术中出血2~20 mL,平均8.8 mL。所有患者顺利出院,术后外观满意。随访3个月至4年1个月,平均1年3个月。拔除双J管后定期复查泌尿系统B超,其中1例术后出现反复泌尿系统感染,经排尿性膀胱尿道造影提示双侧膀胱输尿管Ⅲ度反流,行双侧输尿管膀胱再植术后复查B超提示恢复良好。所有患者术后症状消失,随访至今,14侧肾积水中5侧积水完全消失,9侧积水缓解。结论达芬奇机器人辅助双侧同时肾盂输尿管吻合术安全、有效,术后外观满意。     

Calyceal plication with pyeloplasty in the treatment of giant hydronephrosis in children.

The relief of obstruction alone is frequently not sufficient to ensure renal salvage in giant hydronephrosis. We report on our experience with plication of the renal calyces used as an adjunct to dismembered pyeloplasty in patients with giant hydronephrosis. We describe the operative technique and outcomes in ten children after a follow-up period of six months. Ten patients (six girls and four boys) with a mean age of 8.1 years (range 2-14 years) with giant hydronephrosis caused by primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction underwent a dismembered pyeloplasty followed by plication of the dilated renal calyces. The preoperative evaluation included an excretory urography, ultrasonography, 99mTc-DMSA and 99mTc-DTPA scans. The same tests were repeated six months after the operation to evaluate the outcomes. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Excretory urography and ultrasonography performed six months after the operation demonstrated a significant improvement of the morphology of the operated kidneys. The kidneys shrunk in diameter from a mean of 149.5 mm (range 89-224 mm) to 93.6 mm (range 68-121 mm) and the mean diameter of the calyces was reduced from 26.9 mm (range 15-42 mm) to 14.7 mm (range 10-24 mm). Renal 99mTc-DTPA scans showed improved perfusion and renal function after surgery, with the mean elimination rate decreasing from 22.41 min (range 17.84 - 28.22 min) to 11.7 min (range 8.16-13.76 mm). 99mTc-DMSA scans demonstrated no new scars and no deterioration of renal parenchyma after surgery. We believe that plication of the renal calyces is the method of choice to be used as an adjunct to the Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty in the treatment of paediatric patients with giant hydronephrosis.     

经结肠旁入路腹腔镜下Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术

目的 探讨经腹腔结肠旁腹腔镜下Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术的技巧、安全性及适应证.方法 2006年3月至2008年6月在我院采取经结肠系膜入路行Anderson-Hynes肾盂成形术32例,其中男18例,女14例.年龄8个月～16岁,平均年龄5.5岁.左侧17例,右侧11例,双侧4例,共36侧.肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄24侧,狭窄伴肾结石6侧(其中多发结石3例),输尿管息肉6侧.右侧经结肠肝曲对系膜缘,左侧经结肠系膜侧行Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术,术后B超或IVU随访.结果 30例顺利完成手术,学习期间中转开放2例(5.9%).手术时间53～158 min,单侧平均82 min,双侧平均时间107 min.术中失血15～40 ml.术后双"J"管堵塞2例(6.3%).1例多发结石术中残留结石1枚,在拔出双"J"管后.自行排出.术后随访6～26个月,无肾积水临床症状,影像学无梗阻及结石复发.结论 经腹腔结肠旁人路腹腔镜下Anderson-Hynes肾盂输尿管成形术是一种安全、有效、微创的手术,而且容易学习,可以作为肾盂输尿管成形术首选术式.但是,在学习阶段.巨大肾积水、肾盂多发结石不宜首选该术式.     

Childhood retroperitoneal fibrosis

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of ureteral obstruction in children even when clinical presentation and radiologic findings are typical. In a 12-year-old boy admitted with a 2-week history of flank pain computed tomography showed an enhancing mass obstructing the left ureter. Pathologic examination of the mass and adjacent segment of ureter revealed retroperitoneal fibrosis.     

肾盂输尿管成形术患儿术后并发症的处理和预防

目的 探讨儿童肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻肾盂输尿管成形术术后并发症的原因、处理和预防.方法 1996年1月-2010年10月中山大学附属第一医院收治的肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻行肾盂输尿管成形术术后发生并发症患儿共22例.男20例,女2例;年龄8 d～9岁(平均3.5岁);左侧20例,右侧2例.对患儿进行随访,并结合其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 22例中吻合口狭窄10例,其中8例行再次肾盂输尿管成形术,2例行吻合口瘢痕松解、瘢痕狭窄切除再吻合;吻合口水肿伴泌尿系感染6例,3例行肾造瘘,3例延期拔除原肾造瘘管;单纯泌尿系感染2例,行抗感染治疗;输尿管中段狭窄1例,行输尿管中段狭窄切除再吻合;输尿管末段狭窄1例,行输尿管膀胱再吻合术;吻合口血肿伴泌尿系感染1例,行血肿穿刺引流、肾穿刺造瘘;巨大肾积水并无功能肾1例,行肾切除.10例吻合口狭窄切除标本病理:输尿管慢性炎症,肌层增厚;2例输尿管中、末段狭窄切除标本病理:输尿管慢性炎症,管壁变薄;1例肾切除标本病理:肾实质不同程度萎缩,间质慢性炎症并不同程度纤维化.随访6～36个月,临床症状均已消失,复查尿常规均无异常.超声检查21例患侧肾积水均减轻、肾皮质均有不同程度增厚;另1例患肾切除术后超声检查示对侧肾脏代偿性增大.结论 肾盂输尿管成形术术后需要密切随访,及时发现和治疗并发症.术前正确诊断,术中细致操作,术后精心护理及预防性使用抗生素均是预防并发症措施.