快速眼动期中各项参数变化对睡眠呼吸暂停综合征评估的意义

目的:通过测量睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(sleepapneasyndrome,SAS)患者快速眼动期(rapideyemovement,REM)中各项参数的变化,以探讨REM期睡眠各项参数变化对SAS病情严重程度评估的意义。方法:选择1998-10/2002-10本溪钢铁(集团)有限责任公司总医院睡眠疾患诊疗室进行多导睡眠图(polysomnogram,PSG)检查诊断为阻塞型SAS的患者67例,根据呼吸紊乱指数分为轻、中、重度3组,比较各组的各项参数。有34例患者经持续正压气道通气(CPAP)治疗后复查PSG检查。结果:①轻、中、重组REM睡眠时间各占总睡眠时间的(8.98±1.68)%,(5.43±0.86)%,(4.85±0.64)%,中、重度组患者的REM期睡眠时间明显少于轻度组(P<0.05),重度组中REM期睡眠时间较中度组减少,但二者之间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②在中、重度组的阻塞型SAS患者中REM期中的呼吸暂停时间延长及SaO2下降较非REM期明显(P<0.05)。而且心率的变化在3组OSAS患者中REM期中比NREM期中增快明显(P<0.05)。③经CPAP治疗后呼吸紊乱指数、SaO2,REM期及非REM期时间、心率等明显好转(P<0.05)。结论:SAS患者的REM期减少,且在REM期中呼吸暂停时间延长、SaO2降低及心率增快较非REM期更显著。以上变化与阻塞型SAS严重程度有关,CPAP治疗有效。     

BiPAP无创呼吸机慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭39例临床护理

目的:探讨治疗应用BiPAP无创呼吸机慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的护理方法。方法:将72例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭72例患者随机分为对照组33例和实验组39例,在常规治疗基础上,对照组采用鼻导管持续低流量吸氧,实验组使用BiPAP无创呼吸机治疗,并给予精心护理。比较治疗前后血气分析情况。结果:治疗后两组明显PaCO2下降,实验组PaO2、SaO2升高(P<0.05);两组PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、住院时间治疗后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:BiPAP无创呼吸机对于治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,效果肯定,可以在密切观察和精心护理的基础上,推广应用于临床。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床观察与护理

目的:探讨双水平气道正压通气呼吸机(BiPAP)治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的护理措施。方法:2009年5月～2010年2月我科收治Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者30例,在常规抗感染、解痉、平喘、强心、利尿等治疗基础上,给予BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气,治疗前及治疗后48h复查血气分析。结果:治疗后48h患者血液pH值、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)及氧分压(PaO2)较治疗前明显升高,二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)较治疗前则明显下降,(P0.05)。结论:早期应用BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭安全有效,细致周密的护理在其中起着重要作用。     

无创呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺病并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭76例临床分析

目的 探讨鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)治疗慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的治疗作用.方法 76例COPD急性加重期并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者应用BiPAP呼吸机辅助通气治疗,通过自身对照观察患者治疗前、后血气指标和病情改善程度.结果 经BiPAP呼吸机治疗无创呼吸机通气3 d后66例患者与治疗前比较动脉血氧分压(PaO2)明显升高,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)明显降低,pH、心率、呼吸频率明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 应用BiPAP呼吸机辅助治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭可提高PaO2,降低PaCO2,改善通气,值得临床推广应用.     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的 探讨BiPAP(双水平正压通气)呼吸机在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并II型呼吸衰竭中的价值.方法 在给予吸氧、抗感染、呼吸兴奋剂等常规治疗的基础上,加用BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者治疗前后pH值、PO2、PCO2、呼吸频率、心率等指标的变化.结果 34例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者中29例加用BiPAP无创呼吸机通气,治疗后pH值、PO2、PCO2、呼吸频率、心率等指标变化有显著性改善(P<0 01).结论 应用BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并II型呼吸衰竭的疗效满意、并发症少,患者易于接受.     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床观察

目的 :观察BiPAP呼吸机治疗 30例慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的疗效。方法 :在常规治疗的基础上采用双水平气道正压 (BiPAP)呼吸机经鼻罩气道正压通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者 30例 ,并与同期 30例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者给予鼻导管吸氧作对照。结果 :治疗 2小时后治疗组pH和PaO2 值与对照组相比有显著改善 (P <0 0 1) ;两组PaCO2 均有下降 ,而治疗组降低更为明显 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :BiPAP呼吸机能提高PaO2 ,降低PaCO2 ,为COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭提供了较好的治疗手段。     

BiPAP机在急性呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的 :观察BiPAP呼吸机对药物中毒并发急性呼吸衰竭的治疗价值。方法 :对 15例已确诊为急性呼吸衰竭患者 (其中 13例为有机磷农药中毒行气管插管机械通气撤机拔管后再发呼吸衰竭者 ) ,辅助施行面 (鼻 )罩双水平气道正压通气 (BiPAP) ,吸气相正压 :1 0～ 1 5kPa ,呼气相正压 :0 2～ 0 5kPa。观察治疗前后PaO2 ,SaO2 变化。结果 :治疗前后PaO2 分别为 (6 0 4± 1 0 4)kPa ,(7 73± 0 84)kPa;SaO2 分别为 (81 3±5 8) % ,(92 4± 5 5 ) % ;差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1) ,临床症状缓解快。结论 :本法操作简便 ,清醒患者均愿接受 ,早期应用可为临床治疗赢得时间 ,可作为机械通气撤机技术来应用     

无创正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能康复的临床研究

目的研究无创正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺病 ( COPD) 肺功能康复的作用 . 方法治疗组 56例患者在常规治疗的基础上采用 BiPAP呼吸机 , 经用鼻 /面罩无创正压通气 (NIPPV)治疗 COPD、肺心病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭 (呼衰 ),以同期住院达同样标准的患者 32例仅采用常规治疗 , 加用呼吸兴奋剂治疗 , 作为对照组 . 结果两组治疗前后血气分析 pH无明显变化 (P >0.05), 两组 PaCO2均有降低 , 而治疗组有明显下降 (P<0.01),两组 PaO2及 SaO2均有升高 , 而治疗组有明显升高 (P< 0.01). 结论 BiPAP呼吸机进行无创 NIPPV对 COPD、肺心病并Ⅱ型呼衰的疗效较为肯定 , 可降低 PaO提高 PaO、减轻症状 , 有助于 COPD患者的肺功能康复 .     

无创正压通气治疗COPD并呼吸衰竭昏迷患者的临床疗效观察

目的分析无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭昏迷患者的临床治疗作用。方法 44例COPD合并呼吸衰竭昏迷患者随机分为一般常规治疗组(22例)和BiPAP呼吸机治疗组(22例)。监测治疗前、治疗后8h及48h患者意识状态、动脉血气、呼吸、心率及并发症的发生情况。结果常规治疗组治疗48h后PaO2有显著上升(P<0.05);但意识状态、pH值、PaCO2改善不明显;BiPAP呼吸机治疗组治疗48h后意识状态、动脉血pH值、PaO2、PaCO2、呼吸、心率均有明显改善,且优于常规治疗组(P均<0.05)。结论无创正压通气能明显改善COPD并呼吸衰竭昏迷患者的呼吸衰竭及并发症。     

双水平持续气道正压通气治疗重叠综合征的临床疗效

目的:探讨重叠综合征(OS)患者经双水平持续气道正压通气(BiPAP)治疗的临床疗效.方法:选取25例OS患者、21例慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者进行全夜多导睡眠仪(PSG)检查,并对OS患者行BiPAP治疗2个月后复查PSG,对各组数据作统计学分析.结果:OS组治疗前的觉醒时平均动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2A)、SaO2的低谷值(SaO2L)、快动眼睡眠(REM)和深睡眠(S3+4)较COPD组显著降低(P＜0.01),SaO2低于90%的持续时间占睡眠时间的百分比(SLT 90%)、最长睡眠呼吸暂停时间(TL)、平均睡眠呼吸暂停时间(TA)、觉醒指数(AI)和浅睡眠(S1+2)较COPD组显著升高(P＜0.01),1秒钟用力呼气量与用力肺活量比值(FEV1%)、睡眠效率(SE)较COPD组降低(P＜0.05).OS患者经BiPAP治疗后,睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、FEV1%、1秒钟用力呼气量/快速肺活量(FEV1/FVC)、SaO2A、SaO2L、SLT90%、TL、TA、AI、SE、REM、S1+2和S3+4均有显著改善(P＜0.01),全夜睡眠时间改善(P＜0.05).结论:OS患者存在严重夜间低氧血症和睡眠结构紊乱,BiPAP是治疗OS的有效方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.