大型囊性听神经瘤的临床特点及显微手术治疗

目的 探讨大型囊性听神经瘤的临床特征,总结显微手术治疗经验.方法 对经显微手术治疗的24例大型囊性及50例大型实性听神经瘤进行回顾性对比分析.结果 囊性肿瘤全切17例(71%),次全切6例(25%),大部切除1例(4%),面神经解剖保留20例(83%).实性肿瘤全切45例(90%),次全切5例(10%),面神经解剖保留45例(90%).囊性肿瘤首发症状多不典型,病程短,脑积水发生率高.结论 大型囊性听神经瘤发展迅速,应及时手术治疗.应用显微外科技术,对与神经组织紧密粘连的肿瘤,采取次全切除的策略,有助于面神经的保护,提高临床效果.     

听神经瘤术中EMG监测的重要意义

目的 探讨显微镜下听神经瘤术中的面神经监测的重要意义及刺激阈值的预测价值.方法 45例听神经瘤患者均采取枕下乙状窦后入路术中在面神经监测下显微镜下切除肿瘤,术中分别记录刺激阈值并术后对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除40例(89%),次全切除5例(11%).面神经解剖保留41例(90%),保留未成功4例(10%).面神经功能状态H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级30例(67%),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级10例(22%),Ⅴ、Ⅵ级5例(11%).肿瘤切除后刺激阈值在脑干端﹑粘连段及内听道端分别小于10 mA同时前两者与内听道端比值小于1者面神经功能保留好.结论 术中面神经监测可显著提高面神经解剖和功能保留率,并可预测面神经功能.     

听神经瘤的显微手术治疗

目的研究大型听神经瘤显微手术解剖形态及与毗邻神经、血管结构的解剖关系,探讨大型听神经瘤的显微手术技巧.方法回顾性分析经显微外科手术治疗的大型听神经瘤78例,对听神经瘤的手术方法和显微手术技巧等进行分析.结果肿瘤全切除68例(87.2%),次全切除10例,术后面神经解剖保留67例(85.9%),面神经功能保留55例(H-B Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,70.5%).术前尚存有效听力63例,术后保留有效的听力16例.结论正确认识听神经瘤病理显微解剖和毗邻组织结构的解剖关系,采用精湛的颅底显微外科技术,可提高听神经瘤的全切除率和脑神经功能保留率.     

大型听神经瘤术中面神经的保护(附133例报告)

目的 探讨大型听神经瘤术中面神经保护技术、方法.方法 133例听神经瘤全部采用枕下乙状窦后入路,在显微外科基础上采用神经电生理监测技术,配合超声吸引和激光刀切除肿瘤,术后采用House-Brackmann(HB)分级方法对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除126例(95%),次全切除7例(5%).面神经解剖保留122例(92%),无死亡病例.术后3个月回访108例,按House-Brackmann分级,面神经I～Ⅱ级65例(60.2%),Ⅲ～Ⅳ级36例(33.3%),Ⅴ～Ⅵ级7例(6.5%).结论 熟练的显微外科技术、神经电生理监测的应用及面神经保护的术中技巧是面神经保护的关键.     

弥散张量面神经成像技术在大型听神经瘤术中面神经定位的可行性研究

目的：探索术前运用弥散张量成像（ DTI）技术定位大型听神经瘤与面神经相对位置的可行性,为术中保护和术后改善面神经功能提供帮助。方法对23例直径≥3．0 cm的大型听神经瘤病例,术前采用DTI显示肿瘤侧面神经并定位面神经与肿瘤的相对位置关系,在术中通过观察和电生理监测,验证术前面神经影像定位的准确性,并采取措施保护,术后随访面神经功能。结果肿瘤直径3．0～6．0 cm,平均（3．8±0．8）cm;18例（78．3％）面神经可通过DTI显示,其中8例面神经位于肿瘤腹侧中部,6例位于肿瘤腹侧下方,2例位于肿瘤腹侧上方,1例位于肿瘤上极,1例位于肿瘤下极。术前DTI定位与术中定位吻合率为100％。1例直径5．0 cm听神经瘤的面神经仅部分显示,3例术前面瘫者和1例囊性听神经瘤的面神经未显示。肿瘤全切除19例,次全切除4例。术后随访4～28个月,面神经功能HB Ⅰ级10例,HB Ⅱ级13例。结论 DTI面神经成像技术有助于术前定位大型听神经瘤中的面神经位置,提高面神经的解剖和功能保留率,是降低大型听神经瘤手术后面神经功能障碍的有效技术。     

大型听神经瘤显微外科治疗

目的探讨大型听神经瘤的诊断、经枕下-乙状窦后入路显微手术切除及预后价值.方法采用CT 或 MRI扫描检查和显微外科技术,作者对316例大型听神经瘤行系列手术切除.术中及术后评估面神经的功能.结果本组肿瘤255例(86.4%)达到全切除,43例(13.6%) 获次全切除.术后5例(1.6%)死亡,面神经的解剖学保留率为78.8%(249例).根据House-Brachman面神经分级标准,对258例进行1年的随访评估,面神经功能获得满意恢复者(I～IV级)为225例(87.2%).结论采用显微技术切除大型听神经瘤,对面神经可获得解剖学与功能的保护,并发症与死亡率很低, 临床疗效满意.     

枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路显微手术切除大型听神经鞘瘤

目的 探讨经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路显微手术切除大型听神经鞘瘤的手术技巧和临床疗效.方法 采用该入路对59例大型(≥3 cm)听神经鞘瘤行显微手术切除,术中通过调节显微镜角度和手术床位置充分显露肿瘤并切除,然后严密缝合硬脑膜,骨瓣复位固定.结果 肿瘤全切除53例(89.8%),次全切除6例(10.2%),全组无死亡患者,面神经均获解剖保留.术后出现轻、中度面瘫者45例(76.3%),部分听力残存15例,无切口局部脑脊液漏或皮下积液.结论 枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路显微手术是切除大型听神经鞘瘤的较好方法,死亡率和病残率低,并能有效保留面、听神经的功能.     

面神经监测显微手术切除听神经瘤(附16例报告)

目的总结面神经监测下神经内镜辅助锁孔入路切除听神经瘤的临床经验.方法采用神经内镜辅助经枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路切除听神经瘤16例,术中行面神经自发和诱发电位监测,指导手术切除.结果肿瘤全切除14例(87.5%),面神经解剖保留15例(93.8%),术后2周面神经功能保留13例(81.3%).结论面神经自发和诱发电位监测下行神经内镜辅助枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路显微手术,可以有效提高听神经瘤全切率,减少并发症.     

大型听神经瘤显微外科治疗及其相关解剖的探讨

目的探讨大型听神经瘤(最大径≥4cm)的相关解剖、手术技巧及其疗效。方法回顾性分析62例大型听神经患者的临床资料,包括手术治疗、术中所见及手术疗效等。结果术中见面神经位于肿瘤正前方34例(54.8%),前上方11例(17.7%),前下方7例(11.3%),上极5例(8.1%),下极5例(8.1%)。脑干与肿瘤无粘连14例(22.6%),轻微粘连42例(66.7%),严重粘连6例(9.7%)。62例均主要由小脑前下动脉供血,该动脉位于肿瘤上方55例(88.7%),下方7例(11.3%)。小脑后下动脉参与供血17例(27.4%),小脑上动脉参与供血12例(19.4%),基底动脉参与供血3例(4.8%),硬脑膜动脉参与供血5例(8.1%)。肿瘤全切58例(93.5%),次全切4例(6.5%);面神经解剖保留55例(88.7%),未能保留7例(12.5%)。随访1～4.5年,面神经功能状态按House-Brackman分级,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级35例(56.5%),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级19例(30.6%),Ⅴ、Ⅵ级8例(12.9%)。结论研究听神经瘤的相关解剖和掌握正确显微手术方法,有助于提高大型听神经瘤手术治疗效果。     

大型听神经瘤手术治疗策略

目的 总结211例大型听神经瘤手术治疗效果,探讨大型听神经瘤手术治疗策略。方法 211例大型听神经瘤采用枕下乙状窦后经内听道入路,在面神经监护下行显微手术切除肿瘤,术后随访时间3个月至5年。结果 肿瘤全切196例(93％);近全切除7例(3.3％);大部切除8例(4％)。面神经解剖保留192例(91％)。结论 大型听神经瘤手术治疗是首选的治疗方法,术中面神经监护对保留面神经完整性非常重要。     

Vestibular schwannoma microsurgery with special reference to facial nerve preservation

Objective

To retrospectively study the outcomes of vestibular schwannoma (VS) resection.

Methods

Between January 2003 and December 2006, 103 consecutive patients who had undergone VS resection were included in this study. Medical records, operation summaries, follow-up data, and neuroradiological findings were analyzed. The relationship between tumor size, location, and topography relative to the facial nerve bundles was studied for a mean duration of 16 months (range: 3–39 months).

Results

Complete tumor resection in combination with anatomic preservation of the facial nerve was achieved in 101 (98.1%) cases. The facial nerve was fully preserved in 100% of cases with small or medium tumors and in 37/39 patients with large tumors. Overall, 83.5% of patients had normal or near-normal facial nerve function 3–12 months post-surgically. The mortality rate was 0%.

Conclusions

Even in large VS, preservation of facial nerve function (H-B Grade I or II) should be prioritized over total resection. For tumors >3 cm, the goal of low morbidity and maintenance of normal facial nerve function can be attained with the retrosigmoid transmeatal approach, refined microsurgical technique, and intraoperative facial nerve monitoring.     

The Anatomical Location and Course of the Facial Nerve in Vestibular Schwannomas : A Study of 163 Surgically Treated Cases

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify the anatomical location and course of the facial nerve (FN) and their relationship to the tumor size in surgically treated vestibular schwannomas.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 163 patients who had been treated by the microsurgical resection for a newly diagnosed vestibular schwannoma between 1995 and 2005 (mean age of 46.1 years; 108 females and 55 males). Surgery was carried out via retrosigmoid approach in all patients with the electromyographic monitoring for the FN function. The anatomical location and course of the FN along the tumor surface were verified in each patient during the microsurgery, and were classified into 4 groups : 1) the FN displaced along the ventral and superior surface of the tumor (VS); 2) the ventral and central (VC); 3) the ventral and inferior (VI); and 4) the dorsal (Do).

Results

The FN displacement was identified as the followings : VS in 91 patients (55.8%); VC in 57 (35.0%); VI in 14 (8.6%); and Do in 1 (0.6%). In the subgroup with tumors less than 2 cm in diameter (n=23), the FN was displaced along the ventral and central surface of the tumor in the majority (65.2%), whereas, in the patients with tumors larger than 2cm (n=140), it was displaced along the ventral and superior surface most frequently (59.3%).

Conclusion

The FN can be displaced variably in vestibular schwannomas, and most frequently along the ventral and superior surface of the tumor, especially in large ones.     

Correlation of facial nerve paresis and histopathological type of vestibular schwannoma

The objective of the study was to evaluate the dependence of facial nerve paresis, as a symptom of cerebellopontine angle tumour, on the histopathological subtype of vestibular schwannoma, diagnosed from a post-operative histopathological examination. We retrospectively analysed 91 surgically treated patients with vestibular schwannoma. We studied the histopathological subtype and the preoperative condition of the facial nerve. The following WHO 2000 subtypes were distinguished: neurinoma cellular (51 cases), neurinoma conventional (23 cases), neurinoma ancient (11 cases), (other types: 2 neurofibroma and 2 ganglioneuroma). We analysed the dependence of facial nerve paresis on the histological subtype of tumours and their sizes. The analysis was based on the traditional classification: Antoni A (11 cases), Antoni B (12 cases) Antoni A/B (23 cases) and Antoni B/A (40 cases). 30 patients (30%) in the analysed group had paresis of the facial nerve preoperatively. Preoperative facial paresis occurred frequently in subtypes "cellular" and Antoni B, and rarely in subtypes conventional and Antoni A and B/A. In the small tumour cases (up to 20 mm), facial nerve paresis occurred frequently in subtypes cellular and conventional, as well as in Antoni A and A/B.     

下颌角截骨修复与下颌后静脉的解剖学观测

摘要 背景: 颌角截骨术中下颌角周围的动脉损伤较常见,但下颌后静脉壁薄,位置较深,也容易受到损伤导致出血,有关下颌后静脉的解剖学研究国内外文献报道甚少。 目的：观测下颌后静脉的组成、属支、回流及其与面神经、下颌角等结构的关系。 方法：随机选取经甲醛固定的成人尸体20例(40侧),找到并修洁下颌后静脉及其属支,观察测量下颌后静脉的组成、属支、回流及其与面神经、下颌骨等结构的关系。 结果与结论：①下颌后静脉起点恒定,其长度平均值为(4.51±2.01) cm,起始部外径平均值为(0.52±0.28) cm,34侧由颞浅静脉和上颌静脉合成,6侧直接起于颞浅静脉。依其回流及走行分为两种类型:一种分为前后支,前支大部分汇入颈内静脉,小部分汇入颈外静脉;后支则与耳后静脉结合汇入颈外静脉;另一种不分前后支,直接与耳后静脉结合汇入颈外静脉。②下颌后静脉的属支及其出现率为面横静脉88%,下颌关节静脉98%,腮腺后静脉95%,耳前静脉58%,茎突静脉43%等。③88%下颌后静脉位于面神经上、 下干及其分支的内侧。下颌后静脉与面神经干或其主要分支近于十字形交叉,它们之间多直接相贴。④下颌后静脉及其属支形成的弧形结构紧贴下颌角下缘及后缘行走的占75%,与下颌角最低点有一定距离(平均值为0.58 cm)的占25%;在下颌支后缘中下段,100%的下颌后静脉及其属支与下颌支后缘紧密相邻,静脉壁与骨皮质仅隔以菲薄的骨膜。而此处正是下颌角截骨线的位置,无论是剥离还是截骨时都容易损伤该静脉。     

Individual semicircular canal function in superior and inferior vestibular neuritis

OBJECTIVE: To examine the concept of selective superior and inferior vestibular nerve involvement in vestibular neuritis by studying the distribution of semicircular canal (SCC) involvement in such patients. BACKGROUND: Vestibular neuritis was traditionally thought to involve the superior and inferior vestibular nerves. Recent work suggests that in some patients, only the superior nerve is involved. So far there are no reported cases of selective involvement of the inferior vestibular nerve. METHODS: The authors measured the vestibuloocular reflex from individual SCC at natural head accelerations using the head impulse test. The authors studied 33 patients with acute unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy, including 29 with classic vestibular neuritis and 4 with simultaneous ipsilateral hearing loss, 18 healthy subjects and 15 surgical unilateral vestibular deafferented patients. RESULTS: In patients with preserved hearing, eight had deficits in all three SCC, suggesting involvement of the superior and inferior vestibular nerves. Twenty-one had a lateral SCC deficit or a combined lateral and anterior SCC deficit consistent with selective involvement of the superior vestibular nerve. Two patients with ipsilateral hearing loss had normal caloric responses and an isolated posterior SCC deficit on impulsive testing. The authors propose that these two patients had a selective loss of inferior vestibular nerve function. CONCLUSION: Vestibular neuritis can affect the superior and inferior vestibular nerves together or can selectively affect the superior vestibular nerve.     

Preoperative Identification of Facial Nerve in Vestibular Schwannomas Surgery Using Diffusion Tensor Tractography

Objective

Facial nerve palsy is a common complication of treatment for vestibular schwannoma (VS), so preserving facial nerve function is important. The preoperative visualization of the course of facial nerve in relation to VS could help prevent injury to the nerve during the surgery. In this study, we evaluate the accuracy of diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) for preoperative identification of facial nerve.

Methods

We prospectively collected data from 11 patients with VS, who underwent preoperative DTT for facial nerve. Imaging results were correlated with intraoperative findings. Postoperative DTT was performed at postoperative 3 month. Facial nerve function was clinically evaluated according to the House-Brackmann (HB) facial nerve grading system.

Results

Facial nerve courses on preoperative tractography were entirely correlated with intraoperative findings in all patients. Facial nerve was located on the anterior of the tumor surface in 5 cases, on anteroinferior in 3 cases, on anterosuperior in 2 cases, and on posteroinferior in 1 case. In postoperative facial nerve tractography, preservation of facial nerve was confirmed in all patients. No patient had severe facial paralysis at postoperative one year.

Conclusion

This study shows that DTT for preoperative identification of facial nerve in VS surgery could be a very accurate and useful radiological method and could help to improve facial nerve preservation.     

面神经血管束显微外科解剖与临床研究

目的探讨面神经自脑干发出处至颞骨内侧段及其毗邻结构的显微解剖,为枕下乙状窦后入路面神经微血管减压术（MVD）及桥脑小脑角（CPA）区手术提供显微解剖相关资料。方法对用福尔马林固定的成人尸头标本10例20侧（男性6例,女性4例）,模拟枕下乙状窦后锁孔入路手术方法,显微技术解剖CPA区域面神经及其毗邻神经血管等结构,进行观察和测量;对128例面神经MVD手术资料进行观察、整理和分析。研究面神经血管束的组成与变异,并将解剖标本与手术所见进行对比分析。结果尸头解剖：面神经根与毗邻血管压迫或接触9侧（9／20）,其中：小脑前下动脉（AICA）5侧,小脑后下动脉（PICA）2侧,椎动脉（VA）1侧,多支血管1侧;手术资料：半侧面肌痉挛（HFS）的责任血管绝大多数位于桥脑延髓沟,其中AICA79例（61．72％）;PICA21例（16．4l％）;椎-基底动脉6例（4．69％）;多支血管22例（17．18％）。结论面神经血管束,特别是其桥脑延髓沟段的显微外科解剖和术中充分暴露是面神经MVD手术成功的关键。     

大型听神经瘤的手术与病理解剖

目的探讨大型听神经瘤显微手术解剖形态及与毗邻神经、血管结构的解剖关系.方法回顾性分析经显微外科手术的大型听神经瘤63例,对肿瘤的供血来源,与脑神经及血管、重要结构的解剖关系等进行分析.结果肿瘤均由小脑前下动脉分支参与供血,15例小脑上动脉参与肿瘤上极供血,22例小脑后下动脉参与肿瘤下极供血.主要经岩静脉回流至岩上窦,15例同时回流至天幕.面神经位于听神经瘤前方53例(前上方13例,正前方31例,前下方9例),肿瘤上极5例,肿瘤下极4例,肿瘤后方1例,无面神经穿过肿瘤者.结论正确认识听神经瘤病理显微解剖和与毗邻组织结构的解剖关系,对全切除肿瘤和脑神经功能保护具有重要意义.     

内听道后壁磨除在前庭神经鞘瘤显微手术治疗中的作用

目的评价内听道后壁磨除对于处理前庭神经鞘瘤内听道内肿瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析自2003年1月至2006年12月,经内听道入路连续显微手术治疗的103例前庭神经鞘瘤。结果术后CT显示部分内听道后壁磨除组从内听道底平均内听道后壁缩短至4.6mm±1.0mm（n=48）;55例内听道后壁广泛磨除组,内听道后壁平均残留1.9mm±0.5mm（从内听道底起）。迷路的解剖位置位于S-F线外侧者52例,位于S-F线上者23例,位于S-F线内侧者28例。术后没有出现与手术有关的永久性并发症,死亡率为0%。结论显微内听道（IAM）后壁磨除在前庭神经鞘瘤切除过程中可提供更好的外科手术入路。     

前庭神经雪旺细胞瘤和蛛网膜关系的术中观察

目的 探讨前庭神经雪旺细胞瘤和蛛网膜之间的关系以及神经功能的保护。方法 手术中观察蛛网膜、肿瘤和神经的关系。结果 肿瘤的后面、上下极表面有蛛网膜覆盖，脑干侧、肿瘤和面听神经之间没有蛛网膜间隔。结论 前庭神经雪旺细胞瘤是蛛网膜内位肿瘤，肿瘤表面的蛛网膜是桥小脑角池固有的蛛网膜，强调明视下的神经分离和肿瘤切除。