Role of prophylactic uterine artery balloon catheters in the management of women with suspected placenta accreta

Background

Placenta praevia and accreta are leading causes of major obstetric haemorrhage and peripartum hysterectomy. Detection is largely based on a high index of clinical suspicion, though the diagnostic accuracy of radiological imaging is improving. Interventional radiological techniques can reduce blood loss and the incidence of hysterectomy.

Methods

We have reviewed our experience with bilateral prophylactic uterine artery balloon occlusion in the management of women with suspected placenta accreta. Thirteen women at high risk of major haemorrhage due to placenta praevia or suspected placenta accreta were retrospectively studied. Uterine artery balloons were placed prophylactically under neuraxial anaesthesia in the angiography suite followed by caesarean delivery in the obstetric operating theatre.

Results

Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were low in our case series. There were no hysterectomies or admissions to the intensive care unit. Fetal bradycardia necessitating immediate caesarean delivery occurred in two women (15.4%).

Conclusion

In our case series in women with suspected placenta accreta, prophylactic use of uterine artery balloons was associated with a low requirement for blood transfusion but with possible increased risk of fetal compromise. Performing the interventional procedure at a different site from the operative room complicated management.     

子宫动脉栓塞术用于胎盘植入性疾病

胎盘植入性疾病(PAS)属于产科危急重症,可致围产期难治性大出血、失血性休克、弥漫性血管内凝血,剖宫产手术出血量、输血量、子宫切除率及死亡率均较高。子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)用于治疗PAS可有效栓塞子宫动脉主干及其分支,减少手术出血量及输血量,降低子宫切除率。本文对UAE用于PAS进展进行综述。     

Subclavian artery approach for insertion of intra-aortic balloon

Subperiosteal clavicular resection for access to the subclavian artery is described. In those patients requiring intra-aortic balloon placement in the nonsurgical setting, such an approach provides a reasonably benign alternative when aortoiliac atherosclerosis prevents the usual retrograde femoral placement. Little morbidity or functional compromise is associated with clavicular wedge resections, and the anatomic availability of a large artery without the need for major surgical maneuvers in these gravely ill patients is a distinct advantage.     

腹主动脉球囊阻断应用于植入型凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产中的效果

目的 探讨腹主动脉球囊阻断在植入型凶险型前置胎盘产妇剖宫产术中的临床应用效果。方法 回顾性分析18例接受腹主动脉球囊阻断联合剖宫产手术的植入型凶险型前置胎盘产妇的临床资料。记录术中出血量、输血量、球囊阻断有效率、总阻断时间、子宫切除情况及并发症等。结果 18例产妇均成功行腹主动脉球囊阻断辅助剖宫产术,技术成功率为100%（18/18）。剖宫产术中平均出血量为（1 276.11±761.59）ml,平均输入悬浮少白红细胞（2.86±1.51）U,无一例因出血而死亡。球囊阻断有效率100%（18/18）,球囊有效阻断时间（24.06±26.19）min。4例（4/18,22.22%）产妇在胎儿娩出后行子宫切除术,均由于胎盘植入严重,甚至广泛侵犯宫颈、膀胱、肠道。剖宫产前后产妇均未出现与球囊阻断、介入栓塞相关的严重并发症。结论 对于凶险型前置胎盘产妇,腹主动脉球囊可以有效阻断血流,减少剖宫产术中出血量、输血量,降低子宫切除率及手术风险。     

凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产术中腹主动脉远端球囊阻断的临床疗效

目的分析剖宫产术中腹主动脉远端球囊阻断对于治疗凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析72例凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入产妇的资料。其中53例(阻断组)于剖宫产术前预留腹主动脉球囊导管,术中暂时阻断腹主动脉血流;19例(未阻断组)未留置腹主动脉球囊导管,直接行剖宫产手术。比较2组术中、术后情况及新生儿情况。结果球囊阻断组术中出血量、术中输血量、子宫切除率均低于未阻断组(P均0.05),2组间术后转入重症监护室(ICU)的比例及ICU住院时间差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),手术时间、术后感染发生率及术后住院总时间差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。2组间新生儿体质量及出生后5min、10min的Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产术中行腹主动脉远端球囊阻断安全可行,可有效减少术中出血及输血量,降低子宫切除率。     

Effect of prophylactic placement of internal iliac artery balloon catheters on outcomes of women with placenta accreta: an impact study

We performed an impact study on the introduction of routine placement of internal iliac artery balloon catheters for the management of haemorrhage during caesarean section in women with placenta accreta. We identified 11 women, with prenatally diagnosed placenta accreta/increta/percreta before this change in practice, who acted as controls, and 30 women who had iliac artery balloons placed. The balloons were inflated in 27 cases. The median (IQR [range]) intra‐operative blood loss was 1100 (800–2600 [500–6000]) ml in controls, compared with 1000 (600–2513 [400–15000]) ml in women with iliac artery balloons (p = 0.64). Six (54%) controls received intra‐operative blood transfusion compared with 14 (47%) women with iliac artery balloons (p = 0.66). Caesarean hysterectomy was performed in 3 (27.3%) controls and 13 (43.3%) women with iliac artery balloons (p = 0.48). Balloon catheter insertion was associated with a shortened postoperative hospital stay, 6 (5–7 [4–12] days in controls vs. 5 (4–6 [3–10]) in the iliac artery balloon group (p = 0.033). General anaesthesia was used in six (54%) controls, but all women with iliac artery balloons. This study demonstrates that prophylactic balloon occlusion of the internal iliac arteries did not reduce intra‐operative haemorrhage or caesarean hysterectomy in women with placenta accreta undergoing caesarean section. In addition, it has a significant impact on the choice of anaesthetic technique.     

Fogarty取栓球囊与普通扩张球囊用于凶险性前置胎盘剖宫产术中阻断髂内动脉

目的对比Fogarty取栓球囊与普通扩张球囊用于凶险性前置胎盘(PPP)剖宫产术中阻断髂内动脉的价值。方法回顾性分析57例PPP产妇,依据剖宫产术中阻断髂内动脉所用球囊将其分为2组,A组(n=27)采用Fogarty取栓球囊,B组(n=30)采用经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)所用普通扩张球囊(PTA球囊)。剖宫产前将球囊预置在双侧髂内动脉内,胎儿娩出后充盈球囊。胎盘完全剥离后,根据术中出血量决定是否立即排空球囊。根据病情,必要时加行DSA引导下子宫动脉栓塞术、子宫切除术或转入重症监护室(ICU)治疗。评价临床结局,分为良好(剖宫产后顺利出院)和不佳(合并术后并发症、接受子宫动脉栓塞术或子宫切除术、转入ICU)。通过统计学分析比较2组在剖宫产手术时间、术中出血量、是否输血、输血量、是否行子宫动脉栓塞、住院时间及临床结局方面的差异。结果 A组剖宫产手术时间明显短于B组[(72.37±17.39)min vs (86.93±27.79)min,t=-2.40,P=0.02],输血患者占比低于B组[44.44%(12/27) vs 73.33%(22/30),χ~2=4.93,P=0.03]且术中出血量[500(300)ml vs 700(150)ml,U=190,P0.01]及输血量[0(400)ml vs 400(800)ml,U=249,P=0.01]均少于B组。2组间在是否接受子宫动脉栓塞(χ~2=1.52,P=0.22)、住院时间(t=-0.12,P=0.91)及产妇临床结局(χ~2=1.38,P=0.24)方面差异均无统计学意义。结论与PTA球囊相比,Fogarty取栓球囊用于PPP剖宫产术中阻断髂内动脉的效果更优,有利于减少术中出血及缩短手术时间。     

Use of temporary aortic balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta was useful during cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta

We describe the use of an abdominal aortic occlusion balloon catheter to control excessive blood loss at cesarean hysterectomy for placenta accreta. Prophylactic abdominal aortic occlusion balloon catheter was placed in the angiography suite under local anesthesia before surgery. The 38-year-old parturient was anesthetized with propofol, sevoflurane, ketamine, remifentanil and fentanyl under close monitoring and appropriate respiratory management. The occlusion balloon was inflated after the infant had been delivered, and bleeding at the placenta required cesarean hysterectomy. There was a sudden and dramatic reduction in blood loss, and hysterectomy was performed uneventfully. An aortic occlusion was sustained for 25 min. Intraoperative blood loss was 1,800 g, and 300 g of autologous blood and 4 units of red cell concentrates were transfused. The postoperative course was uneventful. The present case suggests that prophylactic insertion of an aortic occlusion balloon catheter seems to be a safe and an effective method in controlling anticipated bleeding for caesarean hysterectomy in a parturient with placenta accreta.     

双侧子宫动脉预留导管栓塞在凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入中的应用

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉预留导管产后行子宫动脉栓塞术在凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入剖宫产术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析16例接受剖宫产联合双侧子宫动脉预置导管栓塞治疗的凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入产妇的资料。记录术中出血量、输血量、子宫切除情况、透视时间、辐射剂量、并发症及新生儿情况。结果剖宫产联合双侧子宫动脉栓塞术的技术成功率为93.75%(15/16)。术中平均出血量(1 575.00±1 040.83)ml,平均输血量为(3.44±2.34)U悬浮少白细胞红细胞。胎儿娩出前平均透视时间(0.89±0.24)min,平均辐射剂量(7.17±2.12)mGy。1例新生儿出生后重度窒息,其余15名新生儿出生后5min Apgar评分为(9.38±0.89)分。1例产妇因术后因再次活动性出血并发弥漫性血管内凝血而行全子宫切除术。2例产妇术后感臀部疼痛。结论双侧子宫动脉预留导管产后行子宫动脉栓塞术可用于凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入的治疗,有利于减少剖宫产术中出血及输血量,降低子宫切除的风险,且辐射剂量较低、术后并发症较少。     

Sciatic nerve ischaemia after iliac artery occlusion balloon catheter placement for placenta percreta

Placenta percreta is a complex obstetric condition and a cause of life-threatening peripartum haemorrhage. National guidelines advise preoperative placement of internal iliac artery occlusion balloon catheters in such cases to reduce haemorrhage, avoid caesarean hysterectomy and preserve fertility. Maternal complications of prophylactic occlusion balloon catheter insertion include puncture-site complications and arterial thrombosis, the signs of which are usually immediately clinically evident. Presentation of ischaemic nerve injury attributable to iliac artery thrombosis secondary to the presence of an occlusion balloon catheter is as yet unreported. Awareness of this possible complication and local unit guidelines may allow early detection and treatment.     

Spontaneous rupture of splenic artery aneurysm: maternal and fetal survival

Because the diagnosis of ruptured splenic artery aneurysm in pregnancy is seldom made before operation, maternal and fetal mortality continues to be high. The authors describe the case of a 22-year-old woman who had a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm at 32 weeks' gestation. The attending obstetrician considered this condition in the differential diagnosis and it was confirmed by ultrasonography, leading to a successful outcome.     

Viabahn覆膜支架植入术急诊治疗医源性髂股动脉破裂出血

目的观察Viabahn覆膜支架急诊治疗医源性髂股动脉损伤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析7例接受Viabahn覆膜支架急诊治疗的医源性髂股动脉损伤患者,统计技术成功率、手术时间、治疗效果及并发症。结果 7例各均成功植入1枚Viabahn支架,技术成功率100%(7/7)。手术时间30～55 min,平均(34.36±9.13)min。术后出血均停止。随访1个月,病情均稳定。术中及术后1个月内均未出现腔内治疗并发症(穿刺点血肿、动脉及支架内血栓形成、内瘘或支架移位等)。结论采用Viabahn覆膜支架腔内修复治疗医源性髂股动脉破裂出血安全有效。