外周血干细胞骨髓腔内输注对移植物抗宿主病的影响

本研究建立髓腔内外周造血干细胞输注(IBM-PBSCT)动物移植模型并观察该方法对移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的影响。选取雌性C57BL/6小鼠为移植受鼠,于第0天接受全身照射(TBI)4Gy后,输注经rhG-CSF动员的雄性BABL/c小鼠外周血造血干细胞(1×107),2天后腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CTX),观察各组小鼠GVHD发生情况。结果显示:髓腔内PBSCT组的受鼠GVHD发生率较尾静脉输注组明显减低(p<0.05),移植后在受鼠体内观察到供鼠来源的Y染色体存在。结论:与尾静脉输注比较,髓腔内输注外周血造血干细胞不仅能减少GVHD的发生,而且更有利于干细胞植入。     

非清髓造血干细胞移植后致敏供者淋巴细胞输注对嵌合状态及GVHD影响的实验研究

本研究目的是探讨经受者皮肤致敏后的异基因供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)是否能在促进形成完全供者嵌合(CC)的同时减轻移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。以C57BL/6小鼠(H-2b,B6)为受者,于第0天接受60Coγ线全身照射(TBI),总剂量为5.5Gy,照射当天移植经粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员后的BALB/c小鼠(H-2d,BA)外周血干细胞(2×107个),移植后第2天腹腔注射环磷酰胺200mg/kg,并分别于移植后第28天输注致敏/未致敏的供者淋巴细胞2×106。结果显示,致敏后DLI的受鼠(黑色)无1例出现GVHD,60天时转变为完全供者嵌合,表型明显呈现为供鼠(白色)特征,CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值在DLI后早期下降,半月后有所升高,但仍低于正常水平;未致敏的DLI受鼠出现不同程度的GVHD,嵌合率稍有上升,仍表现为混合嵌合体(MC),CD4+/CD8+比值在DLI后早期升高,后期降至正常水平。结论:经受者皮肤致敏后的DLI在诱导CC的同时降低GVHD发病率,CD4+/CD8+比值与GVHD发病率间具有良好的相关性。     

供者淋巴细胞骨髓腔内输注对移植物抗宿主病和外周血IL-4与IFN-γ水平的影响

本研究观察骨髓腔内供者淋巴细胞输注对异基因小鼠外用造血干细胞移植（allo—PBSCT）后移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）和外周血IL-4和球N-γ水平的影响。以雌性C57BL／6小鼠为受鼠,接受全身照射（TBD预处理后,先骨髓腔移植雄性BABL／c小鼠来源的经rbG—CSF动员后的外周造血千细胞,然后分别经尾静脉和骨髓腔内进行供者淋巴细胞输注（DLI）,建立异基因GVHD模型,观察移植后小鼠的生存状态和GVHD发生情况;以酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测白介素4（IL-4）和γ干扰素（IFN-γ）水平。结果显示：骨髓腔内-DLI组的受鼠GVHD发生比例和严重程度较尾静脉一DLI组明显减低（P〈0．01）;与尾静脉-DLI组比较,骨髓腔内-DLI组IL4分泌增多,IFN-γ分泌减少（P〈0．01）。结论：与尾静脉-DLI相比,IBM—DLI有利于减少GVHD的发生。     

低剂量氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺联合供者NK细胞作为非清髓性预处理用于小鼠单倍相合造血干细胞移植

本研究探讨低剂量氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺联合供者异体反应性NK细胞(flu cy allo-NK)作为新的非清髓性单倍相合造血干细胞移植(haploidentical HSCT)预处理方案的可行性。利用免疫磁珠富集F1供鼠(H-2d/b)脾脏NK细胞,检测其中Ly49C 、Ly49A 细胞的比例;LDH法检测其异体反应性。建立小鼠单倍相合造血干细胞移植模型,并比较清髓性方案(9 Gy TBI)、各种非清髓性方案(6.5 Gy TBI,flu cy,及flu cy allo-NK)的体内清髓效果、移植后供者嵌合率、GVHD的发生率及严重程度。结果表明:与其他非清髓性预处理方案相比,flu cy allo-NK组不能增加清髓程度,但可显著提高单倍相合移植后的供者嵌合率,移植后21天的嵌合率在骨髓为(28.70±5.90)%,脾脏为(46.40±5.00)%,并持续2个月。与flu cy组相比,flu cy allo-NK组出现的GVHD反应轻微,仅有50%(5/10)受鼠出现体重减轻,flu cy allo-NK组小鼠的肝脏、小肠、肾脏及皮肤的病理切片均未见明显的组织损伤。结论:供者allo-NK具有促进单倍相合供者造血干细胞植入,减轻GVHD强度的作用;低剂量flu cy allo-NK方案为高龄和一般情况差的肿瘤患者开展单倍相合造血干细胞移植提供了新的途径。     

不同时间输注受者动员脾细胞对小鼠单倍体相合造血干细胞移植后移植物抗宿主病的影响

目的:研究小鼠单倍体相合造血干细胞移植后不同时间输注G-CSF动员的自体脾细胞对移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的影响,并初步探讨其可能机制。方法:将40只造血干细胞移植后的小鼠随机分为4组(n=10):GVHD阳性对照组(control group)、移植后1 d受者细胞输注组(+1 d group)、移植后4 d受者细胞输注组(+4 d group)、移植后7 d受者细胞输注组(+7 d group)。输注3×10~7的G-CSF动员后的受者脾细胞,观察GVHD临床体征及病理变化,并检测各组外周血中CD3~+CD4~+、CD3~+CD8~+细胞亚群及其FasL的表达变化。结果:移植后4 d组的GVHD发生率明显降低,中位存活时间60 d,显著高于对照(24 d)、移植后1 d(21 d)和移植后7 d组(28 d)(P0.01),而外周血中T淋巴细胞Fasl的表达显著低于其他3组(P0.05)。结论:单倍体相合的造血干细胞移植后4 d,输注G-CSF动员的受者脾细胞能抑制供者T淋巴细胞的FasL的表达,显著减少GVHD的发生。     

修正的供者淋巴细胞输注研究进展

造血干细胞移植(HSCT)已经成为恶性血液病的重要治疗手段.然而,移植后疾病复发可显著降低患者的长期生存率.修正的供者淋巴细胞输注(MDLI),输注的是经粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员的外周造血干细胞,而非静止状态的淋巴细胞.该方法能够减少供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)后相关的移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)及复杂性血细胞减少,同时保留或者增强移植物抗肿瘤效应(GVT),因此MDLI已经广泛用于恶性血液病移植后复发的治疗.笔者拟就MDLI的作用机制、临床适应证、输注剂量、输注时机、间隔时间、疗效评估等进行综述.     

利用动员的外周血造血干细胞建立人源化小鼠模型

目的:观察粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员的人外周血中CD34~+造血干细胞(HSC)在免疫缺陷NPG~(TM)(NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid II2rgtm1vst/vst)小鼠模型上造血重建的水平。方法:用免疫磁珠分选G-CSF动员人外周血CD34~+的造血干细胞,经骨髓腔移植到亚致死剂量照射的NPG小鼠。移植后2、4周观察小鼠血象恢复情况;移植后4、6、8、10、12周用流式细胞仪动态监测小鼠外周血人源CD45~+、CD19~+细胞表达;12周后处死各组小鼠,检测骨髓、肝脏、脾脏中细胞表面CD45~+、CD19~+细胞表达;用PCR方法检测小鼠骨髓细胞人Alu基因的有无。结果:免疫磁珠分选人的CD34~+造血干细胞纯度可达96.3%;NPG小鼠经过照射后骨髓腔内有核细胞及巨核细胞数量均明显减少或消失,达到了清髓的效果;移植组小鼠4周外周血各系血细胞恢复到移植照射前水平;所有小鼠全部存活,移植组小鼠在4、6、8、10、12周均检测到人源CD45~+、CD19~+细胞;应用PCR方法检测移植组小鼠人Alu基因均为阳性。结论:经骨髓腔途径移植G-CSF动员的人外周血CD34~+干细胞至NPG小鼠,可以建立人鼠嵌合模型。     

供者淋巴细胞输注后的移植物抗宿主病

供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)是异基因造血干细胞移植后复发、感染和淋巴增殖性疾病防治以及促进免疫重建等的重要手段.然而,DLI后的移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)限制了DLI的临床应用.本文从发病率、临床表现、高危因素、治疗和预防等方面对DLI后GVHD进行了综述.     

猕猴非清髓单倍相合造血干细胞移植模型的建立

为了研究用非清髓预处理是否能建立猕猴单倍相合造血干细胞移植模型，采用健康、单倍相合的亲代猕猴为供者，子代为受者。受体用氟达拉滨＋环磷酰胺＋全身照射＋兔抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白作非清髓性预处理；用环胞菌素A、霉酚酸酯、鼠抗人CD25单克隆抗体作为移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）预防方案；第0天输注供者动员后的外周血造血干细胞；定期监测造血恢复、造血嵌合水平和GVHD发生等情况。结果表明：4例猕猴用非清髓性预处理后，移植后8天内造血均能恢复，早期均有供者造血干细胞植入；例3、例4植入成功，在移植后12、14天出现Ⅱ-Ⅲ度GVHD；例1在移植后7天低比例供者植入，最后出现移植排斥；例2在移植后7天供者成分占50％，后因肾衰早期死亡。结论：用非清髓性预处理可以跨越单倍相合猕猴的MHC屏障，成功建立了单倍相合造血干细胞移植的模型。为进一步买验研究奠定了基础。     

新型外周血CD34+细胞动员剂--抗CD49d单克隆抗体的实验研究

为了探讨外周血干细胞动员的新途径，用抗CD49d单克隆抗体和rhG-CSF及二者联合给小鼠皮下注射，动态观察小鼠外周血的白细胞总数和CD34^ 细胞数的变化，并将各种动员方法所获得的干细胞分别进行干细胞移植。结果发现，给予动员剂后小鼠的外周血白细胞总数和CD34^ 细胞比例明显升高，以rhG-CSF和抗CD49d单克隆抗体联合给药效果最佳。移植后各组小鼠均获造血重建，以联合动员组造血恢复速度最快。结论：抗CD49d单克隆抗体能有效动员小鼠外周血干细胞，与rhG-CSF具有协同作用。     

Adoptive allogeneic immunotherapy--history and future perspectives

For more than 30 yrs allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations have been successfully performed in patients with hematologic malignancies and bone marrow aplasia. Over the years the field of transplantation has changed dramatically. More and more unrelated donors became available, regimens for haploidentical transplantations were introduced and G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cells and fetal cells from umbilical cord became available as alternate sources of hematopoietic stem cells. However, especially the introduction of donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) for the successful treatment of leukemic relapses after allogeneic stem cell transplantations improved our understanding of transplantation immunology and opened amazing perspectives in allogeneic transplantation. It was long believed, that myeloablative therapy with high-dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) are the sole antileukemic principles in allogeneic transplantations. But by now it became clear, that donor lymphocytes exert a very potent antileukemic effect, now referred as the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) or graft-versus-malignancy (GVM) reaction. The efficacy of DLI in controlling leukemic relapses suggests that myeloablative therapy is not essential for long-term disease control. By exploiting the GVL or GVM reaction more intensively the role of chemotherapy and TBI is changing to immunosuppression. Sufficient immunosuppression to allow grafting, however, can be achieved with much lower doses as those which have been used in conventional transplants. Therefore allogeneic transplants have become also available for the elderly or for patients with concurrent medical conditions, which would have excluded them from conventional transplants. Moreover, this allogeneic transplantation strategy with reduced intensity conditioning is now also under investigation in patients with susceptible solid tumors and autoimmune diseases. However, one major obstacle in allogeneic transplantations, namely the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), remains to be solved.     

减低预处理强度的异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病疗效观察

本研究探讨减低预处理强度的异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病的疗效和并发症。对10例血液系统恶性肿瘤患者进行减低预处理强度的亲缘异基因造血干细胞移植,其中6例CML患者,2例AML患者,1例ALL患者,1例淋巴瘤患者。供者皆为HLA全相合或部分相合同胞,预处理基本方案采用“FLU＋CY＋TBI”方案并结合患者实际病情适当加以改良,采用“CsA＋MMF”方案预防GVHD,移植术后通过骨髓细胞学、染色体、融合基因、ABO血型和STR—PCR方法等监测移植物植入情况以及移植效果,观察移植术后原发病复发、GVHD、移植并发症发生等情况,评估患者生活质量等,结果表明：10例患者全部移植成功,移植物顺利植入,原发病获得治愈。1例患者术后并发肺部严重感染,1例患者出现CMV血症,无其他明显并发症发生。10例患者中出现1例Ⅳ度aGVHD,2例Ⅰ度aGVHD,其余患者无明显GVHD发生。5例患者在移植术后不同时间点出现原发病复发,予以DLI或药物挽救治疗后重回CR状态。随访5月-35月余,10例患者中死亡2例,活存8例,总体生存率为80％,存活患者获得了高质量的生活。结论：减低预处理强度的造血干细胞移植对受者损伤小,移植效果可靠,术后GVHD、移植相关并发症少,患者术后生活质量高,移植后原发病复发患者仍可通过DLI以重新获得完全缓解。     

Application of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) mobilized by recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor for allogeneic PBSC transplantation and the comparison of allogeneic PBSC transplantation and bone marrow transplantation.

Recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) are now widely used for allogeneic PBSC transplantation (alloPBSCT). Large numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells mobilized by rhG-CSF would be considered equivalent or better than bone marrow (BM) cells and would be used as an alternative to BM for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The complications associated with the administration of rhG-CSF and apheresis in PBSC collection in formal donors are well tolerated and usually acceptable in the short term but some hazardous adverse events such as splenic rupture and cardiac arrest are reported although the incidence is very low. Protective means and stopping rules for safe donation in the collection of PBSC are established. The characteristics of PBSC were clarified; the expression of some adhesion molecules such as CD49d on CD34 positive cells of PBSC have been shown to be low compared to BM stem cells. In alloPBSCT compared with allogeneic BM transplantation (alloBMT), the incidence and frequency of graft versus host disease (GVHD) is of concern because high number of T lymphocytes are infused in alloPBSCT. The incidence and severity of acute GVHD are not increased but chronic GVHD is higher in alloPBSCT compared with alloBMT. The outcome of alloPBSCT and BMT are almost equivalent and conclusive results regarding survival are not yet available.     

非清除性异基因骨髓移植后输注供者淋巴细胞治疗白血病的实验研究

目的探讨非清除性异基因骨髓移植(allo-BMT)后供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)是否能减少移植相关并发症、相关死亡和减轻移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),是否能增强移植物抗白血病(GVL)效应.方法荷L615白血病的615(H-2k)小鼠,于接种白血病细胞后第3天接受60Coγ射线全身照射(TBI,5Gy),照射当天移植供鼠BALB/c(H-2d)小鼠的骨髓细胞(3×107)和脾细胞(1×107),移植后第2天腹腔注射环磷酰胺(200mg/kg),分别于移植后第14天和第21天输注供鼠脾细胞(2×107)或移植后第14天输注经氢化可的松(HC)和环孢菌素A(CsA)处理后的供鼠脾细胞(5×107),观察其抗白血病作用.结果移植后第21天输注供鼠淋巴细胞组和移植后14天输注经HC、CsA处理后的淋巴细胞组小鼠生存期明显延长,分别为(45.1±12.8)d和＞50d,而非清除性allo-BMT组为(26.2±3.6)d,第14天输注供鼠淋巴细胞组为(29.3±3.7)d,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),且无明显GVHD发生.结论非清除性allo-BMT后早期输注经HC和CsA处理的供者淋巴细胞或延迟加用DLI可在减轻移植相关并发症的基础上,增强GVL效应,提高长期无病生存率.     

小鼠H-2半相合非清髓同种异基因造血干细胞移植模型的建立及其相关研究

为了探讨小鼠主要组织相容性抗原 (H 2 )半相合非清髓移植中预处理方案的可行性、移植后的造血重建、嵌合体水平及GVHD的发生情况 ,以CB6F1小鼠为受鼠 ,分为 3组 ,移植前 5天开始给予预处理 ,A组给予清髓(10 .5Gy)预处理方案 ,B组给予全身照射 (2Gy) Ara C Cy ,C组为全身照射 (2Gy) Ara C Cy Flu ,对所有受鼠均未进行GVHD防治。所有受鼠在第 0天经尾静脉注射C5 7BL 6小鼠混合细胞悬液 (2× 10 7骨髓细胞 1×10 7脾细胞 ) ,然后观察其造血恢复、植入及移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)的情况。结果表明 :A组植入结果始终为完全供者型嵌合体 ,B和C组则为混合型或完全供者型嵌合体 ,其中B组混合嵌合体保持在 80 %以下 ,且在移植 5 0天以后有下降趋势 ,而C组嵌合体水平保持在 80 %以上 ,其嵌合接近或为完全供者型 ,移植 5 0天以后仍保持稳定。由于没有给予GVHD防治措施 ,各组均发生不同程度的GVHD ,其中A组受鼠GVHD的发生率和死亡率明显高于B和C两组 (P≤ 0 .0 1) ,但B和C两组之间无显著差异。结论 :以氟达拉宾为主的非清髓预处理方案 ,能够在受者体内形成稳定且持久的植入 ,并通过在受者体内形成混合性嵌合体 ,诱导供体对受体的特异免疫耐受 ,减少或避免GVHD的发生。     

TBI和环磷酰胺选择性去除同种异基因反应供者淋巴细胞的研究

本研究用全身照射(TBI)和环磷酰胺(CY)选择性去除同种异基因反应的供者淋巴细胞,为预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的发生探索新的手段。以(BALB/c×C57BL/6)F1雌性小鼠(H-2d/b)为受鼠,于第0天接受亚致死量的60Co-γ射线全身照射,总剂量为4Gy,第1天接种P388D1白血病细胞,第2天输注由C57BL/6雄性小鼠(H-2b)为供鼠提供的MHC不匹配的供者脾淋巴细胞,在造血干细胞移植前诱导移植物抗白血病效应(GVL)。第6天腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CY)200mg/kg或再次TBI9Gy,选择性去除同种异基因反应供者淋巴细胞,第7天输注(BALB/c×C57BL/6)F1雄性小鼠(H-2d/b)提供的骨髓造血干细胞。结果显示:以CY和TBI选择性去除同种异基因反应供者淋巴细胞组的小鼠无白血病和GVHD的发生,生存期超过了210天,于移植后第21天出现完全供者嵌合,然后嵌合率下降,第90天表现为混合嵌合体(MC)。对照组的小鼠出现了白血病和GVHD,出血、感染明显,生存期短,为20-36天(P<0.01)。结论:同基因骨髓移植前输注不相匹配的供者脾细胞诱导GVL效应,然后再通过TBI和CY选择性去除同种异基因反应的供者淋巴细胞来预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的发生是可能的。     

Donor lymphocyte infusion: the use of alloreactive and tumor-reactive lymphocytes for immunotherapy of malignant and nonmalignant diseases in conjunction with allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), pioneered in Jerusalem in January 1987, represents the first proof of principle of the absolute efficacy of immunotherapy as a means of curing cancer. Immunotherapy with alloreactive donor lymphocytes can eliminate "the last tumor cell" even in patients with hematological malignancies resistant to maximally tolerated doses of chemoradiotherapy. Alloreactive lymphocytes that can mediate anti-tumor effects following induction of host-versus-graft tolerance induced by transplantation of donor stem cells, can induce graft-versus-malignancy (GVM) effects which are usually accompanied by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, occasionally GVM effects may also be accomplished independently of clinically overt GVHD. Interestingly, allogeneic donor lymphocytes may also eliminate undesirable host-derived hematopoietic cells in a large number of nonmalignant indications including genetic diseases, diseases caused by deficiency of stem cell products, and autoimmune disorders mediated by self-reactive lymphocytes. The cumulative clinical experience suggests feasibility of effective induction of graft-versus-leukemia (GVL); graft-versus-lymphoma (GVLy); graft-versus-multiple myeloma, as well as graft-versus-solid tumors (GVT), well-documented in patients with renal and breast cancer, even in patients with resistant disease that have failed myeloablative chemoradiotherapy. These observations that suggested that cell therapy by donor lymphocytes is the main therapeutic benefit of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) led to development of the nonmyeloablative approach for safer allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) makes it possible to offer an option for cure to elderly patients with no upper age limit, as well as to patients with poor performance status not considered eligible for conventional BMT. Using well-tolerated NST regimen, allogeneic stem cell transplantation can be accomplished with minimal procedure-related toxicity and mortality, possibly even on an outpatient basis. Immunotherapy mediated by adoptive allogeneic cell-mediated immunotherapy can be further improved by utilizing specifically immune donor lymphocytes, thus maximizing their efficacy against undesirable target cells of host origin on the one hand, while minimizing their ontoward efficacy against normal cells of host origin that could result in GVHD on the other. Taken together, DLI and subsequently NST, may have opened new horizons for treatment of life-threatening malignant and nonmalignant disorders correctable by allogeneic stem cell transplantation. It is anticipated that further improvement of reactivity and specificity of donor lymphocytes will lead to safer clinical application of cell therapy for a larger number of indications toward improving disease-free survival in a large number of indications while minimizing immediate and late procedure-related complications.