欧亚地区厕蝇属夏厕蝇种团名录(双翅目:厕蝇科)

本研究采用昆虫分类学原理和方法,对欧亚地区厕蝇科厕蝇属夏厕蝇种团Fannia canicularis-group进行了系统分类研究.欧亚地区夏厕蝇种团昆虫共30种,分别隶属于夏厕蝇亚种团Fannia canicularissubgroup(20种),巨尾厕蝇亚种团Fannia lucidula-subgroup(7种),白纹厕蝇亚种团Fannia leucostictasubgroup(3种),编制了“欧亚地区厕蝇属夏厕蝇种团名录”,详细描述了其国内外分布情况,并对部分外国种类新拟了中文名.     

中国西藏地区蝇科五新种（双翅目：蝇总科）

报道采自中国西藏地区的蝇科Muscidae 5新种：锥肛阳蝇Helina conicocerca sp.nov.,春阳蝇Helinaeara sp.nov.,错那阳蝇Helina cuonaica sp.nov.（以上阳蝇属Helina R.-D.,1830）,亚东棘蝇Phaonia yadongica sp.nov.（棘蝇属Phaonia R.-D.,1830）,翱巨黑蝇Megophyra volitanta sp.nov.（巨黑蝇属Megophyra Emden,1965）。模式种标本保存于北京军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆。     

中国圆蝇亚科妙蝇属四新种（双翅目：蝇科）

在整理采自中国西部成蝇标本中,发现蝇科圆蝇亚科Mydaeinae妙蝇属Myospila Rondani,1856的4新种:春妙蝇Myospilavernatasp.nov.,黑前股妙蝇Myospila ateripraefemurasp.nov.,似净妙蝇Myospil alautoidessp.nov.,峨眉妙蝇Myospilaemeishanensissp.nov。前3种模式标本存中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所;后1种模式标本存军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆。     

中国蝇科棘蝇属四新种(双翅目:蝇总科)

报道采自中国蝇科Muscidae棘蝇属Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy,1830中的4新种:内蒙棘蝇Phaonia neimongolica sp.nov.;隐叶棘蝇Phaonia crypsocerca sp.nov.;新荡棘蝇Phaonia xinierrans sp.nov.;乌股棘蝇Phaonia aterrimifemura sp.nov.模式标本存于军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆.     

中国四川芒蝇亚科芒蝇属一新种（双翅目：蝇科）

报道采自中国四川西部山区蝇科Muscidae中的芒蝇亚科Atherigoninae芒蝇属Atherigona Rondani,1856茸芒蝇属Subg.Acritochaeta Grimshow,1901一新种,命名为黑前足芒蝇Atherigona acritochaeta ateripraepeda He,Huang et Feng sp.nov.模式标本存于成都市疾病预防控制中心。     

光泽棘蝇种团一新种（双翅目：蝇科：棘蝇属）

本文描述蝇科棘蝇属光泽棘蝇种团 Phaonia nymphaearum－group 下之光泽棘蝇亚种团 Phaonia nymphaearum－subgroup一新种：盾光泽棘蝇,新种Phaonia scutula Wu, Dong et Wei, sp．nov．新种采自贵州雷公山国家级自然保护区,与分布于四川的回归棘蝇Phaonia redactata Feng,1998近缘。新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位。     

中国阳蝇属三新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文报道了中国阳蝇属3新种：云南阳蝇Helina yunnanica sp. nov., 海晏阳蝇Helina haiyanicus sp. nov.和鲁阳蝇Helina luensis sp. nov. 模式种标本保存于军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆.     

中国棘蝇起源、分化和种类及种团地理分布格局

本文采用动物地理学原理和方法对中国棘蝇属393种和35个种团进行了地理分布格局研究。报告了我国棘蝇属特有种363种、特有种团14个和广布种31种。本文研究了中国棘蝇的起源和种类同地质自然历史的关系;研究了棘蝇属种类和种团分化进程。总结了棘蝇物种和种团地理分布格局及其原因。     

中国四川西部阳蝇属四新种 (双翅目:蝇科)

1979～2002年在四川西部地区采获的成蝇标本中,发现蝇科棘蝇亚科Phaoniinae棘蝇族Phaoniini阳蝇属Helina Robineau-Desvoidy,1830 4新种轿顶山阳蝇Helina jiaodingshanica sp.nov.,露齿阳蝇 Helinaphantodonta sp.nov.,短阳阳蝇Helina brachytophalla sp.nov.及刃叶阳蝇Helina gladisurstylata sp.nov.模式标本存中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所.     

中国新疆阳蝇属一新种（双翅目：蝇科）

报道采自中国新疆地区蝇科Muscidae中的阳蝇属Helina Robineau-Desvoidy1新种,命名为玛纳斯阳蝇H．manasensissp．nov．模式标本保存于北京军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆。     

Temperature effects on development and survival of two stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys niger niger (Diptera: muscidae), in La Réunion Island

Two stable fly species, Stomoxys calcitrans (L., 1758) and Stomoxys niger niger Macquart, 1851, co-occur in La Reunion, where they are important pests of cattle. The survival and developmental rate of the immature stages were compared at five constant temperatures from 15 to 35 degrees C. In both species, immature survival was highest at 20-25 degrees C and markedly decreased at 15 and 35 degrees C. At the lower temperatures, mortality was observed mainly for S. calcitrans larvae and S. niger eggs. At the higher temperatures, mainly pupae of both species died. At all temperatures, S. calcitrans survived better than S. niger. Developmental time was highly similar in both species, decreasing from 71 d at 15 degrees C to 13 d at 30 degrees C in S. calcitrans and from 69 d at 15 degrees C to 14 d at 30 degrees C in S. niger. Developmental times increased slightly at 35 degrees C. Surprisingly, the tropical S. niger developed slightly faster than the cosmopolitan S. calcitrans at 15-20 degrees C; the reverse was found at higher temperatures. Temperature summation models confirmed that S. niger had a lower developmental threshold than S. calcitrans (11.3 versus 12.2 degrees C) and higher day-degree (DD) requirements to complete development (251 versus 225 DD). Overall, the results suggest that S. calcitrans is better adapted than S. niger, in terms of adult production from eggs, in the temperature range of La Reunion.     

Effects of temperature on the rate of increase of Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys niger niger (Diptera: Muscidae) from La Réunion island

Adult survival and reproduction were compared between two Stomoxys species that co-occur in La Reunion, the cosmopolitan Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and the tropical Stomoxys niger niger Macquart. In a first experiment, mean longevity and fecundity were determined at five constant temperatures from 15 to 35 degrees C, after development at the same temperatures. Adult longevity was greatest at 20 degrees C in S. calcitrans and at 15 degrees C in S. niger. Adult S. niger survived longer than adult S. calcitrans, especially at 15 degrees C. At 35 degrees C, all flies died within 3 d. Reproduction occurred only within the 20-30 degrees C range, and S. niger laid more eggs than S. calcitrans. In both species, lifetime fecundity tended to decrease when temperature increased, because of the shortening of the oviposition period. In a second experiment, adults were maintained at 15 degrees C after development at 25 degrees C. The higher temperature during development significantly increased adult longevity in S. calcitrans but not in S. niger. Reproduction occurred at 15 degrees C, with notable fecundity in S. calcitrans (22 eggs per female) but not in S. niger (<1 egg per female). Using previous results on immature survival and developmental time in the two species, several life history parameters were compared at each temperature. Generation time decreased with increasing temperature and was highly similar in both species. Concurrently, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) increased with temperature from 15 to 30 degrees C. At 15 degrees C, r was higher in S. calcitrans, but within the 20-30 degrees C range, r was higher in S. niger. The results suggest 1) S. niger has evolved a strategy of survival without any reproduction during the tropical winter, in contrast with S. calcitrans that breeds more continuously; and 2) S. niger may outnumber S. calcitrans in warm areas, at least when development occurs in media of poor quality.     

Laboratory evaluation of novaluron as a development site treatment for controlling larval horn flies, house flies, and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

A granular formulation of novaluron (Novaluron 0.2G, 0.2% [AI]), a newer benzoylphenyl urea insecticide, was evaluated for its efficacy in controlling the larval stage of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.); house flies, Musca domestica L.; and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), in cow manure. Various rates and insecticide placement locations (top, middle, and bottom of manure) were evaluated in this study and all combinations of these variables reduced adult emergence of all three species when compared with the untreated controls. The presence of deformed pupae indicated that novaluron had an insect growth regulator effect on the developing fly larvae. Top, middle, or bottom application rates of 0.125, 0.195, 0.25, and 0.375 g novaluron onto manure samples, reduced adult horn fly emergence by > 90%. Middle and bottom application rates of 0.195, 0.25, and 0.375 g novaluron reduced adult house fly emergence >93%. All rates and placement combinations resulted in >98% reduction of adult stable fly emergence. The level of control efficacy observed against these three fly species along with the ease of use of a granular formulation, make this product an ideal candidate for use in an integrated livestock pest management program.     

Identification of microorganisms in partially fed female horn flies, Haematobia irritans

The horn fly Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) is one of the most important ectoparasites of cattle. The parasitism of horn flies interferes with cattle feeding, thus reducing weight gain and milk production. Additionally, horn flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens that cause disease in cattle. The aims of this study were to identify microorganisms in partially fed female horn flies through mining of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and to characterize microorganism prevalence using real-time RT-PCR. Seven unigenes containing 24 ESTs were homologous to infectious agents. Microorganisms identified in partially fed female horn flies ESTs included Nora virus (3 unigenes; 8 ESTs), Wolbachia endosymbionts (3 unigenes; 3 ESTs), and Mycobacterium bovis (1 unigene; 13 ESTs). These results expanded the repertoire of microorganisms that could cause persistent infections or be mechanically transmitted by horn flies and support further studies on the role of horn flies in the epidemiology of these pathogens in Mexico.     

Geographic distribution of stomoxyine flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and diurnal activity of Stomoxys calcitrans in Thailand

Stomoxyine flies (Stomoxys spp.) were collected in 10 localities of Thailand using the Vavoua traps. These localities represented four major ecological settings, as follows: small local dairy farms, large industrial dairy farms, a national park, and one elephant conservation area. Three species of stable flies were identified in the following proportions: Stomoxys calcitrans (91.5%), Stomoxys indicus (7.9%), and Stomoxys sitiens (0.6%). The number of flies collected differed significantly among collection sites (chi2 = 360.15, df=3, P < 0.05). The greatest number of stomoxyine flies was captured in dairy farms. Seasonal and daily activity of S. calcitrans was observed during a 1-yr period at two selected locations (Dairy Farming Promotion Organization of Thailand and Khao Kheow Open Zoo). S. calcitrans was more abundant during the rainy season (March-September), but was not associated with the total rainfall (r2 = 0.0002, P > 0.05). Peak of daily flight activity of males S. calcitrans was at 1000 and 1600 h, whereas females showed an increase of activity all along the day until 1600 h. A better understanding of stomoxyine fly behavior related to patterns of daily activity will facilitate and improve the efficiency of fly control measures in private and government sectors.     

Flight behavior of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a Kansas dairy barn

Aerial density, flight thresholds, and periodicity were estimated for the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), from data collected by suction traps located in a dairy barn in Kansas between 1 July and 31 October 1970. M. domestica catches increased from July to August, declining to near zero by the end of October. S. calcitrans catches peaked in July and September with a major decline in August. Both species exhibited a diel periodicity in flight with maximal activity during the early afternoon. Secondary peaks were detected in the late afternoon or early evening. M. domestica activity peaked about two hours after S. calcitrans. Male and female S. calcitrans flight activity patterns were slightly different, but peaked at the same time. Both species flew at temperatures between 20 and 38 degrees C. At temperatures over 33 degrees C, stable fly activity decreased rapidly. No upper threshold for flight by M. domestica was detected. The median temperature-flight thresholds of male and female S. calcitrans were significantly different, with females flying at lower temperatures than males. The threshold for M. domestica flight was lower than for S. calcitrans. The shape of the temperature-flight relationship indicated that the flight threshold was determined by heat accumulation.     

Genetic structure and gene flow along an altitudinal gradient among two stomoxyine species (Diptera: Muscidae) on La Réunion Island

Seasonal variations of insect population sizes are often dramatic, particularly in temperate regions and at altitudes where the climatic conditions are unfavorable to insect development during the winter. Decline of population size (or bottlenecks) and founder events may reduce the genetic variability and may create genetic differentiation between populations by drift and founder effects, but this reduction of genetic diversity is strongly influenced by gene flow between populations. In this study, we determined the population genetic structure for two stomoxyine species (Diptera: Muscidae), Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and Stomoxys niger niger Macquart, which co-occur in dairy barns along an altitudinal gradient on La Réunion island. Using microsatellite markers, we quantified the genetic variation within and among populations for different altitudes. This study displays that, contrary to expectations, genetic diversity is not correlated with altitude and that genetic differentiation is not larger among high-altitude populations than among low-altitude populations. These results attest to the small drift and founder effects in high-altitude populations despite drastic decreases in population size during the winter. Furthermore, at the island scale, the populations of S. calcitrans were slightly differentiated, but those of S. niger niger were not. Together, the results revealed large levels of gene flow on La Réunion Island despite the dramatic geographic barriers, and they emphasize the importance of considering agricultural practices to restrict the dispersal of stomoxyines.     

Infectivity of Serratia marcescens (Eubacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Serratia marcescens Bizio, a facultative pathogen of insects, was isolated from stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), collected from Nebraska beef cattle feedlots and dairies. Infection rates in laboratory-reared stable flies infected by topical exposures to the bacterium were 57 and 64% in two experiments. Per os exposures to sucrose and water solutions, and bovine blood inoculated with S. marcescens, produced mortality rates of about 45 and 10%, respectively.     

Age structure of horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations estimated by pterin concentrations.

Pterins accumulate in the head capsules of horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), as a linear function of time and temperature. Pterin concentrations were used to estimate chronological ages and to establish correlations between chronological age and ovarian development and reproductive success in 12 horn fly populations in 1988 and 1989. Male ages were estimated spectrofluorometrically. There were statistically significant differences between years in population age structure measured by pterins. Survival rates estimated from pterin concentration distributions were consistent with a one-parameter exponential model with constant survival rate. Mean daily survival rates were 0.81 for females and 0.84 for males in 1988 and 0.66 and 0.75 in 1989. Mean lifetime egg production was approximately 26 eggs per female in 1988 and 8 in 1989. Female reproductive success was close to the maximum possible, i.e., there were no net delays in oviposition. Analysis of gonotrophic age distributions provided survival estimates that suggested an increasing risk of mortality with age or age-related biases in sampling.