25-Hydroxy vitamin D level is associated with total MRI burden of cerebral small vessel disease in ischemic stroke patients

Background: Decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] has been reported to be related to increased risk of cerebrovascular disease. We aimed to investigate whether an association exists between 25(OH)D levels and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD).

Method: Patients with first-ever minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were recruited prospectively during Jan 2017 to December 2017. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured at admission in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to determine the presence of cSVD, including silent lacunar infarcts (SLIs), white matter lesions (WMLs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVs). The severity of cSVD was evaluated by total MRI cSVD burden, an ordinal score from 0 to 4. The association between the baseline 25(OH)D level and cSVD was analyzed by multiple logistic regression models.

Results: Of 234 patients included, the median 25(OH)D level was 39.2?nmol/L. The proportions of patients with 0 to 4 cSVD features were 8.5%, 29.1%, 42.3%, 16.2%, and 3.8%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients with 25(OH)D level in its first quartile, compared with those in its fourth quartile, were more likely to have severe WMLs [odds ratio (OR), 3.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74–9.67; p?=?.004], severe EPVs (OR, 2.35; 95% CI 1.11–6.02, p?=?.046] and increasing total MRI cSVD burden (OR, 3.00; 95% CI 1.36–6.53, p?=?.006).

Conclusions: Lower levels of 25(OH)D are associated with greater total MRI cSVD burden in ischemic stroke patients.     

Virchow-Robin spaces relate to cerebral small vessel disease severity

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Virchow-Robin spaces (VRs) are perivascular spaces surrounding the deep perforating brain arteries. VRs dilatation is pathologic, and it could be a manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease. In the present study we assessed the relation between VRs and silent ischemic lesions in a cohort of patients with cerebral small vessel disease. METHODS: We divided dilated VRs on MRI (1.5 Tesla) into three semi-quantitative categories in 165 first ever lacunar stroke patients. We counted asymptomatic lacunar infarcts and graded white matter lesions, and compared the prevalence of vascular risk factors in different categories of VRs. We also determined independent predictors of silent ischemic lesions. RESULTS: VRs at basal ganglia level related to age, hypertension, asymptomatic lacunar infarcts, and white matter lesions. VRs at basal ganglia level predicted silent ischemic lesions (odds ratio 10.58 per higher VRs category; 95 %- confidence interval 3.40 - 32.92). CONCLUSION: Dilated VRs in the basal ganglia relate to the severity of cerebral small vessel disease and might be a manifestation of the same small vessel abnormality that causes silent ischemic lesions. This adds a role for VRs as a potential marker for small vessel disease.     

脑小血管疾病病理机制的研究进展

在过去十年中全球预期寿命大幅增加,与年龄相关性疾病对社会和卫生保健系统造成的挑战愈演愈烈.脑小血管疾病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是一种增龄性脑微血管病变,其患病率随年龄增长而增加,在50～90岁人群中患病率由5％升至几乎100％,是导致卒中和血管性痴呆的重要血管因素,并与步...     

Plasma inflammatory biomarkers in cerebral small vessel disease: A review

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a group of pathological processes affecting small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and small veins of the brain. It is one of the most common subtypes of cerebrovascular diseases, especially highly prevalent in elderly populations, and is associated with stroke occurrence and recurrence, cognitive impairment, gait disorders, psychological disturbance, and dysuria. Its diagnosis mainly depends on MRI, characterized by recent small subcortical infarcts, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and brain atrophy. While the pathophysiological processes of CSVD are not fully understood at present, inflammation is noticed as playing an important role. Herein, we aimed to review the relationship between plasma inflammatory biomarkers and the MRI features of CSVD, to provide background for further research.     

脑小血管病引发的脑白质疏松与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的分析脑小血管病引发的脑白质疏松与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法选取脑小血管病伴脑白质疏松患者60例为研究组,另选取无神经系统疾病和精神疾病的60例健康人为对照组,研究组患者进行脑颅MR扫描,根据白质变化分级量表分为Ⅰ度(轻度)亚组20例、Ⅱ度(中度)亚组20例及Ⅲ度(重度)亚组20例,根据简明精神状态量表及蒙特利尔认知量表对认知功能进行评估,探讨脑白质疏松与认知功能障碍的关系。结果脑白质疏松的影响因素有年龄及微出血史(P0.05),与受教育时间、高血压史、糖尿病史及高血脂无明显关系(P0.05);经简明精神状态量表评分,Ⅰ度亚组患者评分(20.5±4.1)与对照组比较(22.5±4.5)无显著差异(t=1.395,P0.05);Ⅱ度亚组和Ⅲ度亚组分别为16.5±3.5、16.0±3.3,明显低于对照组的22.5±4.5(P0.05);经蒙特利尔认知量表明细评分,研究组视空间与执行能力、注意力、语言能力、抽象能力、命名能力、延迟记忆和定向力评分低于对照组(P0.05)。结论脑小血管病引发的脑质疏松与认知功能障碍有重要联系,可通过脑白质疏松情况对患者进行认知障碍的早期检查。     

脑小血管病患者 MR 弥散张量成像的改变及与认知功能障碍的关系

目的：探讨脑小血管病患者MR弥散张量成像的改变以及与认知功能障碍间的关系。方法选取我院接受检查的小脑血管疾病患者70例,根据有无认知障碍分为非痴呆认知功能障碍（VCIND）组39例和认知功能正常（NCI）组31例。对患者进行蒙特利尔认知评估（MoCA）及MRI检查,并对弥散张力成像（DTI）进行处理,显示表观弥散系数图（ADC）以及各向异性分数图（FA）,分析MoCA与DTI的相关性。结果 VCIND组MoCA量表评分（17.54±4.31）分,NCI组为（24.01±2.02）分;VCIND组双侧半卵圆中心、双侧额叶、双侧丘脑以及左侧尾状核 FA 值明显低于 NCI组,VCIND 组左侧尾状核ADC值明显高于NCI组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。双侧半卵圆中心、双侧额叶以及左侧尾状核FA值与MoCA呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论脑小血管疾病患者认知功能障碍与DTI的FA值呈正相关。     

Blood pressure and sodium: Association with MRI markers in cerebral small vessel disease

Dietary salt intake and hypertension are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease including stroke. We aimed to explore the influence of these factors, together with plasma sodium concentration, in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). In all, 264 patients with nondisabling cortical or lacunar stroke were recruited. Patients were questioned about their salt intake and plasma sodium concentration was measured; brain tissue volume and white-matter hyperintensity (WMH) load were measured using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while diffusion tensor MRI and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI were acquired to assess underlying tissue integrity. An index of added salt intake (P = 0.021), pulse pressure (P = 0.036), and diagnosis of hypertension (P = 0.0093) were positively associated with increased WMH, while plasma sodium concentration was associated with brain volume (P = 0.019) but not with WMH volume. These results are consistent with previous findings that raised blood pressure is associated with WMH burden and raise the possibility of an independent role for dietary salt in the development of cerebral SVD.     

Correlation study between small vessel disease and early neurological deterioration in patients with mild/moderate acute ischemic stroke

Aims: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) refers to a group of pathological processes that affect small arteries, arterioles, venules, and capillaries of the brain. We hypothesized that imaging markers of SVD could be associated with neurological deterioration during acute phase of mild/moderate ischemic stroke. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort with 687 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke and also with admission NIHSS score below 12 points. Imaging markers of SVD include silent lacunar infarction, deep cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), brain atrophy, periventricular and semiovale white matter hyperintensities, basal ganglia and semiovale enlarged perivascular spaces as well as SVD burden rating scale, which were evaluated and calculated, respectively. Early neurology deterioration (END) was defined as an increment of NIHSS score ≥2 points in the first 72 h after admission. Results: None of these imaging markers and rating scale of SVD significantly correlated with END after adjusted for major confounders. Post hoc analysis indicated similar negative results in different age, TOAST classification and infarction location subgroups. Only silent infarction (OR 2.42, 95%CI 1.33–5.10) and deep CMBs (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.08–3.72) seemed to be predictors for END in female patients. However, due to the increased type I error in multiple comparisons, these relationships should not be regarded as statistically significant. Conclusion: In patients with mild/moderate acute ischemic stroke, imaging markers of SVD did not correlate with END.     

脑小血管病与眼底血管网络参数的相关性研究

目的利用计算机辅助的全自动眼底照相分析技术,研究脑小血管病与眼底血管网络参数的相关性。方法连续性纳入能坐位行眼底照相的脑小血管病患者80例,大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者41例,比较两组患者的一般临床资料和眼底血管网络参数。同时行logistic回归分析脑小血管病患者的危险因素。结果脑小血管病组在男性比例、吸烟史发生率、血尿酸水平方面均低于大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死组[(55%vs.75.6%);(20%vs.39%);(308.33±85.30 vs.367.79±113.60)],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。脑小血管病组小静脉分支系数和不对称性指数均小于大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死组,[(1.37±0.04 vs.1.39±0.05);(0.80±0.02 vs.0.81±0.02)],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,调整血管危险因素后,减小的小静脉不对称性指数与脑小血管病相关,是其危险因素(OR值=1.16,95%CI:1.05-1.38,P0.05)。结论减小的小静脉不对称性指数与脑小血管病相关,是其危险因素,可作为其早期诊断指标。     

脑小血管病患者血清Klotho,FGF23表达水平变化与疾病进展及认知功能障碍的相关性分析

目的 探讨脑小血管病(Cerebral small vascular disease,CSVD)患者血清Klotho蛋白、成纤维细胞生长因子23(Fibroblast growth factor 23,FGF23)表达水平变化与疾病进展及认知功能障碍的相关性。方法 选取2017年2月-2020年2月本院收治的CSVD患者80例为研究对象,同期选取40例体检健康人群为对照组,根据CSVD患者脑动脉搏动指数(Pulsatility index,PI)将其分为轻度组23例(PI<1.0)、中度组36例(1.0≤PI<1.5)和重度组21例(PI≥1.5); 根据蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment scale,MoCA)评分将其分为伴认知功能障碍组32例(MoCA评分<26分)和无认知功能障碍组48例(MoCA评分≥26分); 采用酶联免疫吸附法(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清Klotho,FGF23蛋白水平; 利用Pearson法分析CSVD患者血清Klotho,FGF23水平与MoCA评分的相关性; 利用多因素Logistic分析影响CSVD患者发生认知功能障碍的危险因素。结果 研究组患者MoCA评分、Klotho水平明显低于对照组(P=0.000),FGF23水平明显高于对照组(P=0.000)。随CSVD患者病情严重程度加重,轻度组、中度组、重度组血清Klotho[(491.23±116.34)、(417.51±107.57)、(332.87±92.36)pg/mL]水平逐渐降低(P均<0.05),FGF23[(447.83±97.42)、(512.74±119.67)、(627.32±127.43)pg/mL]水平逐渐升高(P均<0.05)。与无认知功能障碍组患者比较,伴认知功能障碍组CSVD患者血清Klotho水平[(347.62±95.24)比(462.50±107.06)pg/mL]明显降低,FGF23水平[(580.29±120.54)比(492.68±107.34)pg/mL]明显升高(P<0.05)。Pearson法分析显示,CSVD患者血清Klotho水平与MoCA评分呈正相关(r=0.611,P=0.000),FGF23水平与MoCA评分呈负相关(r=-0.607,P=0.000)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,Klotho水平、FGF23水平是CSVD患者发生认知功能障碍的独立影响因素(P均<0.01)。结论 随CSVD患者病情加重,血清Klotho水平逐渐降低,FGF23水平逐渐升高,且与患者认知功能障碍密切相关。     

Characteristics of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with polycystic kidney disease

Background and Purpose: Subarachnoid haemorrhage is a common cause of death in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), but little is known about specific characteristics of subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms in this group of patients. We performed a systematic review on site, size and number of aneurysms, age at time of rupture, gender, and family history in patients with ADPKD and intracranial aneurysms. We also studied the frequency of ADPKD in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage treated in our hospital. Methods: We performed a MEDLINE search and checked the reference lists of all relevant publications to identify all articles published from 1980 to 2000 on intracranial aneurysms or subarachnoid haemorrhage in ADPKD. We studied our database of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage treated between 1978 and 1999 for the presence of ADPKD. Results: We included 53 articles on 369 ADPKD patients (139 [54 %] women) with 462 intracranial aneurysms. Of the 273 aneurysms with specified locations 105 (38 %) were located on the middle cerebral artery in and on the anterior communicating artery in 83 patients (30 %). In 253 patients with data about relatives, the family history was positive for intracranial aneurysms or subarachnoid haemorrhage in 102 (40 %). The average age at which subarachnoid haemorrhage had occurred in 258 was 41 years; of 158 in whom the gender was given; 96 (52 %) were women. Of the 160 patients with data on outcome, 69 (43 %) had died as the result of the subarachnoid haemorrhage. Of the 1147 patients treated for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in our institution (mean age 53 years; 65.5 % women), 5 (0.44 %) had ADPKD. Conclusions: Compared with data on patients without ADPKD, subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with ADPKD occurs not only often in a familial setting of subarachnoid haemorrhage, but also at an earlier age and more often in men. In patients with ADPKD, the most frequent site of aneurysms is the middle cerebral artery. The proportion of patients with ADPKD among all patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage is very small. Received: 17 April 2002, Received in revised form: 11 October 2002, Accepted: 16 October 2002 Correspondence to Professor Gabriel J. E. Rinkel     

Increased neural progenitors in individuals with cerebral small vessel disease

A. Ekonomou, M. Johnson, R. H. Perry, E. K. Perry, R. N. Kalaria, S. L. Minger and C. G. Ballard (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 38, 344–353 Increased neural progenitors in individuals with cerebral small vessel disease Aims: Recent work has highlighted a significant increase of neural stem/progenitor cells after stroke in humans. In this study, we examined neurogenesis in small vessel disease, a key concurrent pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Methods: We assayed autopsy tissue from 13 vascular dementia patients with small vessel disease and 12 age‐matched subjects without cerebrovascular pathology, undertaking immunohistochemistry in the affected brain area and the subventricular zone with a well‐characterized battery of antibodies to detect neural stem cells/progenitors and immature neurones, as well as choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity. Results: We showed significant increases ranging from 33% to 92% (P < 0.05) in neural progenitor cells around the areas of microvascular pathology and in the subventricular zone in patients with small vessel disease compared to individuals without cerebrovascular changes, even in patients with severe cerebrovascular disease, as defined by neuropathological assessment. Some of the progenitor cells give rise to immature neurones in the affected areas. These alterations were associated with vascular changes, but were unrelated to the cholinergic deficit observed in the cortex and subventricular zone in these patients, in contrast to other dementias examined such as dementia with Lewy bodies. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for neurogenesis in small vessel disease and may have important implications for the development of new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.     

脑小血管病变与临床诊治

随着对脑血管病临床研究的不断深入和核磁共振成像各项检测功能的开发和利用,脑小血管病变（SVD）正日益受到人们的关注。由于SVD是隐匿性渐进发展的,所以以往人们对它往往认识不足。血管性认知损害和痴呆与SVD有着密切的关系,SVD的后期可对患者造成不可逆性损害。本文就SVD的病理生理变化、相关危险因素以及临床治疗中的一些注意事项作一综述。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在脑小血管病中的应用进展

随着人口老龄化进程的加速,脑小血管病(CSVD)的发病率也在不断上升,其导致的多种症状严重影响了患者的生活质量.MRI弥散张量成像(DTI)作为新近发展的影像技术,有无创显示白质纤维超微结构等优点,已被广泛用于疾病早期诊断、病情预测、治疗评估等多方面的研究.本文即就DTI技术在CSVD中的研究现状和未来发展前景进行综述...     

Hhcy对脑小血管病患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症(Hhcy)对脑小血管病(SVD)患者认知功能的影响。方法 142例SVD患者根据认知功能分为痴呆组、认知功能障碍非痴呆组、认知功能正常组,测定研究对象血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平及MMSE、画钟测验评分。结果 (1)Hcy水平痴呆组明显高于认知功能障碍非痴呆组(P<0.05),认知功能障碍非痴呆组高于认知功能正常组。(2)Logistic回归分析得出Hcy水平升高是小血管病患者认知功能损害的独立危险因素。(3)Hhcy对MMSE总评分、定向功能、语言功能以及反应视空间功能、动作的计划性和执行功能画钟测验均有独立的危险性,其OR值分别为1.044、1.057、1.040、1.251。结论 Hcy水平升高是脑小血管病认知功能损伤的独立危险因素,对总体认知功能、定向功能、语言功能以及视空间功能、动作的计划性和执行功能有独立影响作用。