HIV dementia and apolipoprotein E

The effect of apolipoprotein E genotypes on the occurrence of HIV dementia and HIV encephalitis was studied in a sample of 132 AIDS patients in whom clinical data on dementia was available and full autopsy had been performed. There was no statistically significant correlation between risk of HIV dementia or HIV encephalitis in relation to apolipoprotein E genotypes, even after correction for length of survival with AIDS and antiretroviral treatment.     

The frequency of apolipoprotein E4 allele is not increased in patients with probable vascular dementia

We used the NINDS-AIREN criteria to diagnose vascular dementia (VD), and compared apolipoprotein E (apoE) allele frequencies and apoE concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between patients with possible (n=19) and probable (n = 33) VD and controls (n=105). There was no difference in apoE4 frequency between patients with probable VD and controls. Serum and CSF apoE concentrations did not differ between VD patients and contols. Our results suggest that apoE plays no role in the development of VD.     

ApoE基因对精神分裂症临床特征的影响

目的：探讨载脂蛋白E（ApoE）基因对精神分裂症患者临床特征的影响。方法：对100例精神分裂症患者（男女各50例）进行ApoE基因型测定,同时用韦氏成人智力测验（WAIS）、韦氏记忆测验（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）和数字划销测验评定患者的认知功能,用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定患者精神症状,并了解患者的发病年龄、诊断分型和精神疾病家族遗传史。结果：对总体患者而言,ε3＋患者较ε3-患者阴性症状轻,ε4＋患者较ε4-患者阳性症状轻,男性患者携带ε4＋的频率高于女性患者。ε4＋女性患者较ε4-女性患者的注意力受损严重、阴性症状严重、遗传倾向明显。结论：ApoE基因影响精神分裂症患者的精神症状表现,ε4＋女性患者预后不佳。     

What is the relationship among atherosclerosis markers,apolipoprotein E polymorphism and dementia?

Evidence suggests the important role of vascular factors both in vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism and markers of atherosclerosis is still controversial. The aim of the study was to investigate the interplay between APOE polymorphisms and atherosclerosis in patients with AD and VaD. In this cross-sectional study, 101 demented (68 AD and 33 VaD) patients underwent APOE genotyping and neck vessel ultrasound to evaluate carotid artery disease [intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaques]. Patients with AD carrying ɛ 4 allele presented increased IMT values with respect to non- ɛ 4 carriers and VaD patients, whereas no relation was found between APOE polymorphisms and the presence or grade of carotid plaques both in AD and VaD patients. The ɛ 4 APOE allele may promote intima-media thickening, interacting with other factors contributing to AD development.     

Increased apolipoprotein E4 allele frequency is associated with vascular dementia in the Hungarian population

Introduction – The regulatory role of apolipoprotein E in lipid transport and metabolism was utilized to investigate the allelic association between the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) allele and vascular dementia (VD) in a selected sample of Hungarian patients with multiple deep subcortical infarcts and leukoaraiosis. Material and methods – Thirty-four Caucasian VD cases and 79 healthy control probands were involved in this study according to the criteria of ICD-10 and NINDS–AIREN International Workshop Diagnostic Criteria. The genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood and the apoE alleles were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results – The E2, E3 and E4 allele frequencies in the VD group were 5%, 76%, and 19%, respectively; and significant ( P <0.03) differences were found in comparison with the data on the healthy controls (E2, 6%; E3, 87%; E4, 8%). The apoE4 allele frequency was intermediate between HC and Alzheimer's dementia group (28%). Conclusion – These results indicate that the apoE4 allele could be a risk factor not only for certain primary degenerative, but also for vascular dementias.     

Apolipoprotein E in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and vascular dementia

The phenotypes of apolioprotein E (ApoE) in the plasma of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and vascular dementia (VD) were determined by the isoelectric focusing method. The ApoE mRNA level in the skin fibroblasts was also determined by the Northern blot analysis. As compared with the control subjects, the frequency of the ApoE ε4 allele was significantly higher in the DAT group as well as the VD group, but was not significantly different in the cerebrovascular disease without dementia (CVD) group. The skin fibroblast ApoE mRNA level in the DAT group and the VD group was significantly lower than that in the control group. These findings suggest that the phenotype of ApoE is associated with DAT and VD, and that the lower level of ApoE mRNA may play an important role in the development of DAT as well as VD.     

Increased incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies in patients carrying the ɛ4-allele of apolipoprotein E

Background: The apolipoprotein ∈4 (APOE4) allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, but it remains undetermined whether this allele is related to the pathological development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and the formation of Lewy bodies. Methods: In the present study, we examined the relationship between these changes and the APOE4 allele in 255 consecutive neuropathologically diagnosed cases. APOE genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: Nearly all our cases of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) showed the common form, having numerous senile plaques in the cerebral cortex and NFT in the parahippocampal and hippocampal regions and were also associated with the APOE4 allele. Limbic neurofibrillary tangle dementia (LNTD), characterized by the presence of NFT in limbic areas as well as the absence of senile plaques, did not appear to be associated with the APOE4 allele. Conclusions: The APOE4 allele is a risk factor for DLB as well as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, but not for LNTD.     

多发性脑梗死性痴呆及脑梗死患者血清载脂蛋白E测定及意义

目的检测多发性脑梗死性痴呆(MID)及脑梗死(CI)患者血清载脂蛋白E(ApoE)含量,探讨ApoE测定的临床意义。方法选取20例MID患者、24例CI患者及24例正常对照者,分别运用单克隆抗体ELISA法测定血清ApoE含量,同时测定血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、ApoA和ApoB含量,并进行相关分析。结果与对照组比较,MID和CI患者血清ApoE、ApoB及LDL-C含量显著升高(P＜0.05),HDL-C和ApoA含量显著降低(P＜0.01),TC及TG含量升高,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论MID和CI患者均有脂代谢异常,血清ApoE可作为检测其脂代谢异常的重要指标。     

Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on in-hospital mortality following intracerebral haemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele and in-hospital mortality from intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients admitted to two acute stroke units with ICH were prospectively evaluated and APOE genotyped. In-hospital survival was recorded in 176 patients. RESULTS: There were 85 men and 91 women, mean age 68 years. Fifty-two (30%) of the 176 patients died in hospital. After adjusting for sex, age, hospital, and race, increased age (P = 0.009) and the presence of the APOEepsilon4 allele (P = 0.026) significantly reduced in-hospital survival. CONCLUSION: The APOEepsilon4 allele in this population may be associated with poor survival following ICH.     

Primary or depressive dementia: Clinical features

In 1979, Wells tabled a list of ‘major clinical features’ which he found most useful in distinguishing dementia due to organic disease from dementia occuring in the context of psychiatric conditions like depression. This article reviews recent findings on the most commonly accepted items of this list and, for several of them, concludes that the evidence is controversial. Newer aspects are then briefly considered which, when validated in longitudinal studies, may add to the clinician's range of implements during diagnostic workup.     

血管性痴呆和脑梗塞患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性的分析比较

目的探讨ＡＰＯＥ多态性与血管性痴呆（ＶＤ）和脑梗塞（ＣＩ）的关系。方法应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ技术分析２０例ＶＤ、２４例ＣＩ及２４例健康老年人的ＡＰＯＥ基因型。结果ＶＤ和ＣＩ患者ε３频率均降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），ε４频率均升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），而两组患者间各等位基因频率差异均无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）；且ε４与血清ＡＰＯＥ、ＡＰＯＢ、ＴＣ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ正相关，与ＡＰＯＡ、ＨＤＬ－Ｃ负相关。结论ＡＰＯＥ多态性与ＶＤ和ＣＩ的发病机制有关，其在这两种疾病中的作用可能相似。     

Apolipoprotein E allele frequencies in patients with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's dementia in Hungary

Introduction – The presence of the apolipoprotein E4 allele (apoE4) has been recognized as a risk factor for the development of presenile and senile forms of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Material and methods – The apoE alleles frequency of 71 normal controls (NC), 60 demented controls (DC) and 50 senile type AD subjects was determined by polymerase chain reaction in order to get data about the apoE polymorphism of the Hungarian AD population. Results – The apoE3/3 genotype was the most common in all groups. The apoE4 frequency was significantly higher (28%) in the AD group than that was (7% and 9%) in the NC and DC populations, respectively. No apoE4 homozygotes were found in the DC group and the number of heterozygotes was lower in the DC than in the AD group. Conclusion – The results are in good agreement with others in the literature and support the occurrence of an increased apoE4 allele frequency in Hungarian senile AD population.     

Spatiotemporal changes of apolipoprotein E immunoreactivity and apolipoprotein E mRNA expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a constituent of lipoprotein and plays an important role in the maintenance of neural networks. However, spatiotemporal differences in ApoE expression and its long-term role in neural process after brain ischemia have not been studied. We investigated changes of ApoE immunoreactivity and ApoE mRNA expression both in the core and in the periischemic area at 1, 7, 21, or 56 days after 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Double stainings for ApoE plus NeuN or plus ED1 were performed in order to identify cell type of ApoE-positive stainings. The maximal increase of ApoE expression was observed at 7 days in the core and at 7 and 21 days in the periischemic area. In the core, ApoE plus NeuN double-positive cells increased at 1 and 7 days, without ApoE mRNA expression, whereas they increased in the periischemic area, with a peak at 21 days, with ApoE mRNA expression in glial cells but not in neurons. On the other hand, ApoE plus ED1 double-positive cells increased only in the core, with a peak in number at 7 and 21 days and marked ApoE mRNA expression in macrophages. The present study suggests that ApoE plays various important roles in different type of cells, reflecting spatiotemporal dissociation between degenerative and regenerative processes after brain ischemia, and that ApoE is profoundly involved in pathological conditions, such as brain ischemia.     

The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele selectively increases the risk of frontotemporal lobar degeneration in males

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether polymorphic variations in the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) are associated with increased risk of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) when mutation in tau gene is absent. METHODS: The APOE gene was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction from DNA routinely extracted from blood or brain tissues. The APOE epsilon4 allele frequency in 198 patients with FTLD not associated with mutations in tau gene was compared with that of a control group of 756 normal individuals drawn from the same geographical region. Analyses were done according to clinical subtype or sex. RESULTS: The APOE epsilon4 allele frequency (19.4%) was increased (p = 0.01) in FTLD v the whole control group (14.1%), while the APOE epsilon2 allele frequency in FTLD (6.5%) was slightly lower than in controls (8.0%) (NS). The APOE epsilon4 allele frequency in men with FTLD (22.3%) was greater (p = 0.002) than in male controls (12.3%); the frequency in women (16.3%) was similar to that in female controls (14.8%) (NS). The APOE epsilon2 allele frequency in men with FTLD was 4.9% while in male controls it was 9.5% (p = 0.06), but there was no difference in women (7.5% v 7.9%, NS). Neither the APOE epsilon2 nor APOE epsilon4 allele frequency varied significantly between any of the clinical subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: In FTLD not associated with mutations in tau gene, possession of APOE epsilon4 allele in men roughly doubles the chances of developing disease, whereas this has no impact upon disease risk in women.     

The association between apolipoprotein E and multiple sclerosis

The article is a complete literature study that investigates the association between apolipoprotein E (Apo E) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Apo E is an important factor in transport, uptake, and redistribution of cholesterol, which is significant to remodelling and repair of nerve tissue. Apo E is involved in neurodegenerative diseases and the most well known association is between Apo epsilon4 and Alzheimer's disease. Only one study found that homozygosity for Apo epsilon4 does cause an increased risk of developing MS. No results indicate that heterozygosity for Apo epsilon4 causes a greater risk of developing MS. No association between the Apo epsilon4 allele and MS subgroups, age of onset, and gender has been found. The association between Apo epsilon4 and relapse rate is contradictory. Most results confirm the hypothesis about an association between the Apo epsilon4 allele and increased disease progression. Two longitudinal studies found an association between Apo epsilon4 and increased disease progression. Half of the cross-sectional studies found the same association. Four of seven published studies examining the association between Apo epsilon4 and increased disease progression using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) found a significant association. Apo epsilon4 appears to be a predisposing factor to a faster disease progression in MS.     

血管性痴呆患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性分析

目的：探讨我脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因多态性与血管性痴呆的关系。方法：应用免疫银光比色法分析１７例ＶＤ患者及２２例非痴呆患者的ＡｐｏＥ基因型。结果：ＶＤ组ε４基因频率明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ε３频率降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且ε４与血清ＴＣ,ＬＤＬ－Ｃ呈正相关,与ＨＤＬ－Ｃ负相关。结论：ε４可能是ＶＤ的危险因子,其机制可能与大脑血管的变性和损害有关。     

Association between apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and apathy in probable Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVE: There have been inconclusive results to date on the association between the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated whether ApoE epsilon4 allele is associated with NPS in probable AD. METHOD: Data for 197 subjects with probable AD were analysed. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory was used to evaluate the frequency and severity of NPS. Multiple logistic regression models were used to test the association between ApoE genotype and NPS in AD. RESULTS: The ApoE epsilon3/3 genotype was present in 52.3%, epsilon3/4 in 44.1%, and epsilon4/4 in 3.6% of patients. ApoE epsilon4 carriers showed a higher frequency of apathy than non-carriers. After multiple adjustments, the ApoE epsilon4 allele was significantly associated with apathy. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a relationship between the ApoE epsilon4 allele and apathy in patients with AD.     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与腔隙性梗死关系的研究

目的:探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与腔隙性梗死(lacunarinfarction)的相关性。方法:采用病例对照研究,对105例中老年腔隙性梗死患者和322例健康对照者进行研究。用多聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和限制性片段长度多态性测定ApoE基因多态性。结果:对照组ApoE基因的等位基因频率为e210%、e382.4%和e47.6%;腔隙性脑梗死组的等位基因频率为e28.2%、e384.3%和e47.5%。ApoE各基因型和等位基因频率在腔隙性脑梗死和对照组之间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:未发现ApoE基因多态性与腔隙性梗死存在相关关系。