重组人红细胞生成素对大鼠脊髓损伤后神经细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 观察大鼠脊髓损伤(SCI)后损伤段脊髓神经细胞凋亡机制和相关因子的表达,以及重组人红细胞生成素(rHu-EPO)对其的影响。方法 30只SD大鼠分为4组,建立SCI模型,观察rHu EPO对大鼠神经功能的影响;免疫组化法检测损伤脊髓神经细胞凋亡因子(Bcl 2、Bax、Fas)的表达;TUNEL标记凋亡细胞;比较各组间差别。结果 治疗组的神经功能较损伤组提高(P<0.05);损伤组的凋亡阳性细胞多于治疗组;治疗组Bcl 2阳性表达细胞多于损伤组(P<0.05)。结论 凋亡是 SCI后神经细胞死亡的一种重要方式;rHu-EPO能抑制脊髓神经细胞凋亡,对损伤脊髓的神经功能有保护作用。     

脊髓损伤后大鼠Cdh1 mRNA表达的变化

目的: 探讨大鼠脊髓损伤(SCI)后损伤区脊髓组织Cdh1 mRNA的表达变化。方法: 32只雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组（C组）、SCI组（M组）,每组16只。M组采用改良Allen打击法建立SCI模型;C组行假手术,仅暴露脊髓。术后第l、3、5、7天对大鼠后肢运动功能采用Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB)评分进行评估;取损伤节段脊髓,提取组织总RNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测损伤区脊髓组织Cdh1 mRNA的表达。结果:术后各时点M组BBB评分均低于C组(P<0.05)。术后各时点C组Cdh1 mRNA表达比较, 差异无显著性意义,M组Cdh1 mRNA 表达逐渐降低(P<0.05) 。与C组相比,M组术后第1天Cdh1 mRNA的表达增加 (P<0.05), 术后第5 、7 天Cdh1 mRNA的表达减少。结论:大鼠SCI后损伤区脊髓组织Cdh1 mRNA表达降低,提示APC-Cdh1可能参与SCI后的病理生理过程。     

电针结合超短波疗法对大鼠全横断脊髓损伤后GAP-43和Caspase-3表达的影响

目的:观察电针结合超短波疗法对脊髓全横断损伤大鼠损伤部位神经生长相关蛋白(GAP-43)、神经细胞凋亡相关蛋白(Caspase-3)的影响。探讨电针结合超短波疗法对脊髓全横断损伤大鼠运动功能恢复的机制。方法:复制并评价SCI大鼠模型。将75只大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组、脊髓损伤组(SCI组)、SCI+电针治疗组(电针组)、SCI+超短波治疗组(超短波组)、SCI+电针治疗组+超短波治疗组(联合组),每组15只大鼠。检测各组1周、2周、3周、4周、5周5个时间点GAP-43、Caspase-3的表达,对各组大鼠进行BBB评分。结果:在不同时间点各治疗组的脊髓损伤大鼠BBB评分均有所提高(P0.05)。与SCI组相比,电针组、超短波组和联合组GAP-43的表达显著增加,Caspase-3的表达显著减少(P0.05)。联合组在术后第1周、2周、3周、4周、5周较其他组GAP-43的表达显著增加,Caspase-3的表达显著减少(P0.05)。结论:(1)电针疗法和超短波疗法都可以促进大鼠损伤区脊髓组织内GAP-43表达增多和抑制大鼠损伤区脊髓组织内Caspase-3表达增多。(2)联合治疗对大鼠运动功能的恢复更为有效。     

2-甲氧基雌二醇对脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能及神经细胞凋亡的影响

摘要 目的：探讨2-甲氧基雌二醇(2ME2)对脊髓损伤(SCI)大鼠运动功能及细胞凋亡的影响。 方法：将成年雄性SD大鼠72只随机分为假手术组(n=24)、脊髓损伤组(n=24)、2ME2治疗组(n=24)。采用改良的 Allen法制作脊髓损伤模型,造模成功后1、3、7、14、21、28d应用BBB运动评分系统对各组大鼠运动功能进行评估,造模成功后连续7天对2ME2治疗组大鼠腹腔注射2ME2(24mg/kg),第7天应用免疫荧光技术检测各组大鼠caspase-3表达,应用TUNEL染色进行凋亡细胞计数。 结果：脊髓损伤组及2ME2治疗组损伤后随时间延长BBB评分升高,其中2ME2治疗组损伤后第14、21、28天BBB评分显著高于脊髓损伤组,差异具有显著性意义（P<0.05）。与假手术组（4.583±2.234）比较,脊髓损伤组（33.417±4.274）及2ME2治疗组（22.250±4.048）免疫荧光染色caspase-3蛋白表达阳性细胞数显著增加,2ME2治疗组caspase-3蛋白表达阳性细胞数较脊髓损伤组显著减少,差异具有显著性意义（P<0.05）。与假手术组（12.25±2.67）相比,脊髓损伤组（49.17±4.75）及2ME2治疗组（38.67±4.44）凋亡细胞数显著增多, 2ME2治疗组凋亡细胞数较脊髓损伤组显著减低,差异具有显著性意义（P<0.05）。 结论：2ME2改善脊髓损伤大鼠模型脊髓损后的运动功能,具有神经保护作用;2ME2降低脊髓损伤大鼠模型脊髓损后caspase-3蛋白表达,抑制神经细胞凋亡。     

甲强龙对环扎法所致大鼠脊髓损伤后神经细胞凋亡的相关性研究

目的探讨甲强龙(MP)对大鼠脊髓损伤(SCI)后神经细胞凋亡的影响,以及相关分子机制研究。方法 45只SD大鼠随机分为3组,对照组(n=15),模型组(n=15)和实验组(n=15)。实验组于术后给与甲强龙尾静脉注射(30 mg/kg),模型组为SCI模型,对照组只切开椎板,不损伤脊髓。分别于7 d、14 d和21 d进行下肢功能评分(BBB评分);21 d后取出损伤脊髓,利用Western blot法检测Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达;免疫组织化学染色及TUNEL染色检测Caspase-3阳性细胞数和神经细胞凋亡水平。结果各时间点BBB评分,模型组显著低于对照组,而实验组明显高于模型组(P0.05);Western blot法显示,甲强龙显著抑制Bax,提高Bcl-2表达(P0.05);组织学观察显示,甲强龙显著抑制Caspase-3表达,以及下调TUNEL阳性细胞数(P0.05)。结论甲强龙可通过抑制大鼠脊髓损伤Bax和Caspase-3表达,提高Bcl-2表达,从而抑制神经细胞的凋亡。     

乙酰左旋肉碱对急性脊髓损伤大鼠细胞自噬、凋亡及运动功能的影响

目的旨在检测乙酰左旋肉碱(ALC)对大鼠急性脊髓损伤(SCI)后微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)-Ⅱ、细胞凋亡及运动功能的影响。方法成年雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠36只随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、单纯脊髓损伤组(SCI组)、ALC治疗组,每组12只。Allen法建立大鼠T10脊髓损伤模型。损伤后3 d行BBB运动评分;取脊髓组织,Western blotting和免疫荧光标记技术检测LC3-Ⅱ表达,TUNEL法观察细胞凋亡。结果与Sham组相比,SCI组LC3-Ⅱ明显升高(P0.01),细胞凋亡显著增加(P0.001),BBB评分显著降低(P0.001);与SCI组相比,ALC组LC3-Ⅱ显著升高(P0.001),细胞凋亡显著降低(P0.001),BBB评分明显提高(P0.01)。结论 ALC可能通过增强大鼠脊髓损伤后细胞自噬,减少细胞凋亡,促进大鼠运动功能恢复。     

运动训练对脊髓损伤大鼠Nogo-A、NgR mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨运动训练对脊髓损伤(SCI)大鼠髓鞘源性神经抑制因子(Nogo-A)及其受体(NgR)mRNA表达的影响。方法:44只SD大鼠随机分为运动训练组16只、损伤组16只及假手术组12只,采用改良Allens打击法制作大鼠T10脊髓损伤模型。造模后每周应用BBB评分法观察大鼠后肢运动功能,在第8、10、14天处死大鼠,每组4只,以荧光定量PCR法测定不同时间点脊髓组织中Nogo-A与NgR mRNA相对含量。结果:手术后第4—8周,运动训练组大鼠BBB评分明显高于SCI组;运动训练组与SCI组Nogo-A与NgR mRNA表达明显高于假手术组(P<0.05),随着时间推移,运动训练组与SCI组Nogo-A与NgR mRNA表达量趋于下降。术后第8、10天,SCI组Nogo-A mRNA表达均显著高于运动训练组与假手术组(P<0.05),至第14天,运动训练组与SCI组表达差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),但均高于假手术组(P<0.05),假手术组在各时间点表达差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);SCI组在各时间点NgR mRNA表达均高于运动训练组与假手术组(P<0.05),运动训练组在第10天便下降至与假手术组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),假手术组在各时间点表达无差异(P>0.05)。结论:康复训练能减少Nogo-A、NgR mRNA的表达,促进脊髓损伤大鼠后肢功能的恢复。     

神经前体细胞巢蛋白在大鼠脊髓损伤后的表达

目的:探讨成年大鼠脊髓损伤后损伤(SCI)区局部巢蛋白(nestin)的表达及意义。方法:应用Allen法建立大鼠SCI模型,行为学评分采用BBB评分,用病理学和免疫组织化学方法检测脊髓在不同时段的病理改变和nestin的表达变化。结果:伤后第1天,脊髓实质灶状出血,小血管栓塞,部分神经细胞细胞核碎裂,见损伤区附近、软脊髓膜下的白质和脊髓中央管区有nestin表达,BBB评分低,随后增加,1—2周恢复幅度加大。第3天后损伤灶出现大量胶质细胞,损伤组织液化。第5天后液化灶逐渐扩大,出血减少,阳性神经元和阳性反应的平均积分光密度值达到高峰(P0.05)。第7天后神经细胞退行性变更为严重,部分神经细胞崩解仅留其轮廓,胶质细胞增生明显。2周后出血已基本吸收,以损伤处为中心,囊腔开始形成,nestin表达明显下调(P0.05)。结论:脊髓损伤可诱导损伤区周围短暂的nestin阳性表达,nestin可能在脊髓损伤后的再生与修复中起重要作用。     

咯利普兰治疗大鼠脊髓横断损伤的实验研究

目的探索咯利普兰治疗大鼠脊髓横断损伤的可行性。方法取健康成年雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、损伤组(SCI组)、咯利普兰治疗组(R组),每组10只。R组建立大鼠脊髓横断损伤模型后立刻皮下注射咯利普兰;Sham组仅打开椎板;SCI组及Sham组皮下注射相同体积二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。于损伤后2、4、6、8周采用BBB评分法观察大鼠后肢运动功能情况,损伤后2周时应用免疫组织化学染色检测各组生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)及胶质细胞酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果损伤后6周、8周时,R组BBB评分优于SCI组(P<0.05)。损伤后2周,R组GAP-43表达高于SCI组(P<0.05),GFAP表达量低于SCI组(P<0.05)。结论咯利普兰能提高大鼠脊髓横断损伤神经功能评分,提高GAP-43表达,抑制GFAP表达。     

大鼠急性脊髓损伤中热休克蛋白47的Western Blot分析

目的研究大鼠急性脊髓损伤（SCI）中热休克蛋白47（HSP47）的表达情况。方法用Wistar大鼠制作钳夹型SCI模型,在SCI后3天及每周评价BBB评分,并在1周,3周,5周用Western Blot方法分析脊髓中HSP47的表达情况。结果正常Wistar大鼠脊髓组织低表达HSP47,在SCI后表达明显提高,且在第5周仍有上升趋势（P〈0.01）。结论Wistar大鼠SCI后HSP47表达增加,HSP47可能参与到SCI的病理改变过程中。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.