斑秃患者毛囊中HMB－45抗原的表达

斑秃患者毛囊中ＨＭＢ－４５抗原的表达程浩，ＴｈｉｅｌｅＢ，ＷｏｌｆｆＨＨ斑秃患者新生毛发常缺乏色素而呈黄色绒毛或白发。本文用黑素细胞标记单抗ＨＭＢ－４５对斑秃毛囊进行染色，以深入了解斑秃毛发的色素变化。１资料和方法３７份斑秃头皮和２０份正常头皮活检均...     

环孢素A对小鼠触须毛囊体外培养的研究

目的：临床发现使用环孢素Ａ的患者毛发多浓密或出现多毛，但其局部外用治疗脱发的疗效报告不一。本研究就环孢素Ａ对毛囊生物学特性的影响进行研究。方法：我们用小鼠触须毛囊体外培养的模型，通过对体外培养毛囊的生长速度、毛球部形态学改变及毛囊＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入试验，对环孢素Ａ促毛发生长的作用进行研究。结果：本研究发现，与阴性对照组相比，０．０１μＭ环孢素Ａ使体外培养的毛囊生长速度加快（Ｐ〈０．０５），并持续生长达１０天以上。行囊对＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入率的试验与上述结果一致。毛球部形态学研究发现，培养第１０天，环孢素Ａ组毛球部仍然呈现长期样毛球部的形态学表现，而长压定组和阴性对照组则已表现为退行／休止期外观。结论：本研究证实了环孢素Ａ对毛发生长有明显的促进作用。该作用主要表现在两个方面：①使毛囊生长期延长；②同时对毛囊细胞的增     

脱发的治疗

毛发的生长和脱落呈现周期性。生长周期分为三期：即生长期(anagen)、退行期(catagen)及休止期(telogen)。正常头发约90％～95％的：毛囊在生长期，1％进入退行期，5％～10％为休止期，至休止期末则头发脱落，毛囊则进入下一生长周期。生长期持续的时间决定毛发的长度。头发生长期约2～6年，退行期2～3周，休止期2～3个月。生长期与休止期毛囊比例决定了毛     

C57BL6小鼠毛发周期动物模型的建立

目的 为研究毛发周期，本实验建立了适合的动物模型。方法 用Ｃ５７ＢＬ６小鼠为动物模型，对２５只小鼠用松香／蜡（１：１）混合物拔毛诱导其毛发自休止期进入生长期，每天观察皮肤色泽变化和毛囊组织学改变。结果 拔毛处皮肤颜色于第５～６ｄ粉红色（休止期）变成黑色（生长期），第１７～１９ｄ又经灰色（退行期）民粉红色（休止期）。学显示，产在拔毛后第５～６ｄ处生长期第Ⅳ亚 期，第１７～１９ｄ由萁肼入退行期，第２０     

毛发疾病

951818 斑秃患者毛囊中HMB-45抗原的表达/程浩…//临床皮肤科杂志。-1995,24(2).-87～88 用APAAP法对37份斑秃头皮和20份正常头皮标本进行单抗HMB-45染色。正常头皮中82.5％成熟生长期毛囊内大量黑素细胞与单抗HMB-45显著结合。75％成熟生长期斑秃毛囊内仅少数黑素细胞呈单抗HMB-45染色阳性。两者生长早期毛囊与单抗     

层黏连蛋白、纤连蛋白在人毛囊生长周期中的表达

目的 探讨层黏连蛋白(LM)、纤连蛋白(FN)在毛囊生长周期中的作用.方法 免疫组化S-P法检测LM、FN在毛囊生长期、退行期、休止期的表达.结果 ①生长期毛囊:LM均匀的表达于毛乳头处,在基底膜处呈明显的线状表达,外根鞘处表达也呈明显的阳性;FN均匀表达于毛乳头、基底膜、真皮鞘.②退行期毛囊:LM在毛乳头处少量表达,在基底膜处呈线状表达;FN在毛乳头和基底膜处表达均较生长期明显减少,但仍为阳性.③休止期毛囊:毛乳头浓缩成球点状,LM在毛乳头的表达为阴性,但在基底膜处仍然呈明显的线状表达,且较退行期更明显;FN在毛乳头、真皮鞘、基底膜处表达均为阴性.结论 LM、FN在毛囊的生长期、退行期及休止期的表达随毛囊生长周期而发生周期性变化,LM、FN可能参与毛囊生长周期的调节.     

第一届世界毛发学学术大会内容简述

毛发学（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｌｏｇｙ）是一门研究毛发生理特性及其疾病的科学，是皮肤科学的一个特殊分支。毛发学以一门科学出现仅是２０世纪３０年代的事。１９２６年Ｄｒｙ首先描述了毛发生长周期：生长期、退行期、休止期；１９２７年ＦｅｌｉｘＰｉｎｋｕｓ进行了毛囊发生...     

毛球部黑素细胞黑素合成开发

毛球部黑素细胞呈毛发生长周期依赖性合成黑素。当毛发进入生长期，黑素小体、酪氨酸酶、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白－1、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白－2渐趋成熟，催化黑素生化合成反应，并通过树突向前皮质细胞输送成熟黑素小体，使毛发着色同时还能影响毛囊生长，毛干形成及中胚层组织重塑。生长期末，酪氨酸水平降低，毛球部黑素细胞停止合成黑素。     

黄褐斑的病因及治疗

黄褐斑是一种获得性面部皮肤浅褐至深褐色色素沉着斑，现将其病因及治疗综述如下。病因１．黑素细胞刺激激素（ＭＳＨ）　Ｍａｒｉｅ等报道用αＭＳＨ孵育正常黑素细胞１２ｍｉｎ后，细胞内ｃＡＭＰ增加７倍，但４８ｈ后酪氨酸酶活性增加反而较轻（＜２０％）。血清βＭＳＨ的水平在黄褐斑患者与对照组相同，故有作者认为ＭＳＨ与黄褐斑关系不大。２．性激素　Ｃｌａｕｄｙ等报道一组经皮注射雌二醇同时用中波紫外浅（ＵＶＢ）进行亚红斑量光疗的妇女，在局部产生无炎症的色素沉着。用β雌二醇孵化正常黑素细胞２４ｈ后即可产生剂量依…     

酚糖脂抗原及S100蛋白检测在麻风病组织学诊断中的意义

对原临床和常规病理确诊有困难的１０例ＰＢ和１１例ＭＢ的复发皮损组织进行了平行的常规ＨＦ，ＡＦ和特异性的ＰＧＬ－，Ｓ１００蛋白免疫组化染色，并与９例已确诊ＰＢ和１例ＭＢ进行了对比。结果证明在疑似复发的１例ＰＢ中虽然ＰＧＬ－１均为阴性，但病灶内显示Ｓ１００蛋白阳性；     

Overexpression of skin protein kinase C-alpha in anagen hair follicles during induced growth of mouse hair

A role for protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha has been implicated in the growth of mouse hair. Topical application of PKC activators, hair plucking, allergic contact dermatitis and skin irritation can all enhance growth of mouse hair, and a significant increase in PKC-alpha level in whole mouse skin in mature anagen has been demonstrated in these processes. Overexpression of PKC-alpha in anagen hair follicles has also been reported in natural growth of mouse hair. It is known that overexpression of PKC-alpha is associated with the acceleration of cell growth. Therefore, we postulated that overexpression of PKC-alpha in mature anagen may relate to enhancement of hair growth. The distribution of PKC-alpha in hair follicles during induced growth of mouse hair has not previously been studied. In this study, hair growth in C57BL/6 mice was induced by plucking the telogen hairs on one side of the back. The undepilated contralateral side served as a control. Expression of PKC-alpha in hair follicles during the hair growth cycle induced was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using cryosections and a specific polyclonal anti-PKC-alpha immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. No PKC-alpha was detected in telogen hair follicles or in the hair follicles at 1 day post-depilation, when the induced hair cycle was in early anagen. At 4 days after plucking, when the induced hair cycle was in mid-anagen, intense staining for PKC-alpha was found in hair papillae. At 10 and 17 days after depilation, when the induced hair cycle was in mature anagen and early catagen, respectively, all outer root sheath (ORS) cells and outer connective sheaths of hair follicles were stained positive. Because no PKC-alpha was detected in telogen hair follicles in this study, down-regulation of PKC-alpha in early anagen could not be observed. However, consistent with our previous findings, overexpression of PKC-alpha was found in mid-anagen and mature anagen. As overexpression of PKC-alpha has been shown to be associated with acceleration of cell growth, our results support the notion that PKC-alpha may play an important role in growth of hair follicle cells in induced growth of hair. As PKC levels are known to increase in hyperglycaemia, overexpressed PKC-alpha in mature anagen hair follicles may be related to the putative function of the ORS in mobilizing glycogen stores for anagen growth.     

Exogen hair characterization in human scalp

BACKGROUND/AIM: Classically, the hair cycle is described as a sequence of three successive phases: a hair-growth phase named anagen, a regression phase or catagen and a resting phase or telogen. In rodents, it appears that the resting hair follicle population contains also a new phase that has been identified recently as the exogen phase of the hair cycle. This phase leads to the release of the telogen club and results in hair shedding. The aim of this paper is to propose a method that is applicable to humans and that is able to discriminate the two components of the resting hair population i.e. the telogen and the exogen hair follicles. METHODS: We used non-invasive approaches to entrap exogen scalp hair into silicon-based polymers. We also extracted growing and non-growing hair with a calibrated dynamometer. We characterized differences between anagen, catagen, telogen and exogen root ends with histochemical stains and with the scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, we documented all known hair-cycle stages with the contrast-enhanced phototrichogram (CE-PTG) technique. RESULTS: We demonstrated that anagen and telogen hair are firmly anchored to the hair follicle and that cohesion forces are correlated with hair thickness. On the contrary, exogen hair are passively retained within the hair follicle. Among the resting hair population, telogen clubs retain cellular elements of the outer root sheaths that are not found on exogen hair. The specificity of the new exogen collection method was documented with the simultaneous use of the CE-PTG method: indeed anagen, catagen and telogen follicles remain unaffected by the exogen extraction procedure. CONCLUSION: Exogen hair can be sampled specifically from the human scalp with a new non-invasive method. Our data suggest that the casual levels of exogen hair, in normal individuals and under the present experimental conditions, are usually less than seven hair per cm(2).     

Ber-EP4 antigen is a marker for a cell population related to the secondary hair germ

Ber-EP4 is an antibody to a cell membrane glycoprotein of unknown function. In the skin, Ber-EP4 immunoreactivity has been reported to be localized in structures composed of basaloid epithelial cells, i.e. fetal epithelial germ cells, basal cell carcinoma, and trichoepithelioma as well as eccrine or apocrine ducts. In this study, we further characterized the follicular expression of Ber-EP4 immunoreactivity at different stages of the hair cycle of human terminal hair follicles. In addition, to clarify the location of Ber-EP4(+) cells, we compared the Ber-EP4 immunoreactivity with the expression of keratin 15 and keratin 19. Positive staining by Ber-EP4 was found in the lower part of the epithelial strand of late catagen hair follicles, in the secondary hair germ of telogen hair follicles, and in the matrix of early anagen hair follicles but not in any parts of mature anagen hair follicles. In contrast, the follicular expression of keratin 15 detected by using LHK15 antibody was restricted to two distinct parts of anagen hair follicles, i.e. the outer root sheath above the hair bulb and that of the isthmus including the bulge area, and to the outer root sheath of late catagen and telogen hair follicles. The follicular expressions of keratin 19 and that of keratin 15 were apparently superimposed, whereas keratin 15 expression was more extended. The immunoreactivity of LHK15 antibody and antikeratin 19 antibody against the secondary hair germ of telogen follicles was negative or dim. Our results suggest that Ber-EP4 reacts with the secondary hair germ and possibly a cell population related to the secondary hair germ but not with the presumptive stem cell population as revealed immunohistochemically either by the keratin 15 or keratin 19 expression.     

Expression and location of phospho-Artemis (Serine516) in hair follicles during induced growth of mouse hair

Artemis has been implicated in having a role in NHEJ, and it is also a multifunctional protein. Previous studies have found Omenn syndrome-like phenotype due to Artemis mutations and associated with alopecia. As Artemis phosphorylation in its c-terminus including Serine516 is prerequisite for the Artemis endonuclease reaction, we postulate that Artemis (Serine516) may be expressed in hair follicle and relate to hair cycling. In this study, hair growth in C57BL/6 mice was induced by plucking the telogen hair on the back. Expression of Artemis (Serine516) in hair follicles during the hair growth cycle was evaluated by immunofluorescence using cryosections and a specific polyclonal anti-Artemis (Serine516) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. It was detected in germ cells, cap, and club hair adjoining the epidermis in telogen. In anagen II, intense staining for Artemis (Serine516) was found in the whole interfollicular epidermis, and in strand keratinocytes. In anagen IV, intense staining for Artemis (Serine516) was detected in basal cells and upper of outer root sheath (ORS) and inner root sheath (IRS). But only upper ORS and lower medulla were stained positive in anagen VI. Upper ORS and lower cortex were positively stained with Artemis (Serine516) in catagen. Based on the phenomenon that the expression of Artemis (Serine516) in mid-anagen and mature anagen was stronger than that in telogen and catagen, we suggest it may take roles in induced growth of mouse hair.     

Hair cycle resting phase is regulated by cyclic epithelial FGF18 signaling

Hair follicles repeatedly cycle through growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and resting (telogen) phases. Although the signaling molecules involved in the anagen and anagen-catagen transition have been studied extensively, the signaling that controls telogen is only partly understood. Here we show that fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)18 is expressed in a hair stem cell niche throughout telogen, and that it regulates the hair cycle through the non-growth phases. When the Fgf18 gene is conditionally knocked out in keratin 5-positive epithelial cells in mice, telogen becomes very short, giving rise to a strikingly rapid succession of hair cycles. In wild-type mice, hair follicle growth during anagen is strongly suppressed by local delivery of FGF18 protein. Our results demonstrate that epithelial FGF18 signaling and its reduction in the milieu of hair stem cells are crucial for the maintenance of resting and growth phase, respectively.     

Hair cycle-dependent expression of a nonspecific cross reacting antigen (NCA)-50/90-like molecule on follicular keratinocytes

We found a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related antigen to be strongly expressed on a subset of follicular keratinocytes in normal human skin. The antigen was characterized immunohistochemically using a panel of antibodies against human CEA and CEA-related molecules. The expression of the antigen was studied in different phases of the hair cycle as well as in different hair types. Immunohistochemically, the antigen resembled the nonspecific crossreacting antigen (NCA)NCA-50/90 rather than true CEA. Its expression was limited to the innermost cells of the lowest segment of hair follicles in the catagen/telogen phases, being detected only where the hair shaft was attached to the epithelial hair sac in these phases. The same results were obtained for all hair types, i.e. terminal, vellus and intermediate hair. Coexpression of the antigen with both involucrin and differentiation-associated cytokeratins was noted in the cells in additional studies attempting to identify the exact subpopulations of follicular keratinocytes expressing the antigen in comparison with the expression of other functional markers. However, involucrin and the cytokeratins were also expressed in the upper segments of anagen as well as catagen/telogen hair follicles. Our findings strongly suggest that an NCA-50/90-like molecule is expressed cyclically on the innermost cells in the lowest segment of the outer root sheath only in catagen/telogen hair follicles. The cyclical expression in this specific subset of follicular keratinocytes only, in which the epithelial hair sac is attached to the hair shaft, may be associated with the stability of the attachment through the adhesive or, conversely, the repulsive function of CEA-related molecules, both of which have recently been proposed. Received: 16 January 1996     

Hair cycle control by leptin as a new anagen inducer

Our purpose is to clarify the physiological role of leptin in hair cycle as leptin reportedly causes activation of Stat3, which is indispensable for hair cycling. While hair follicles in dorsal skin of 5‐week‐old C57/BL6 mice had progressed to late anagen phase, those in dorsal skin of 5‐week‐old leptin receptor deficient db/db mice remained in the first telogen and later entered the anagen at postnatal day 40, indicating that deficiency in leptin receptor signalling delayed the second hair cycle progression. Next, we shaved dorsal hairs on wild‐type mice at postnatal 7 weeks and injected skin with mouse leptin or a mock. After 20 days, although mock injection showed no effect, hair growth occurred around leptin injection area. Human leptin fragment (aa22–56) had similar effects. Although the hair cycle of ob/ob mice was similar to that of wild‐type mice, injection of mouse leptin on ob/ob mice at postnatal 7 weeks induced anagen transition. Immunohistochemically, leptin is expressed in hair follicles from catagen to early anagen in wild‐type mice, suggesting that leptin is an anagen inducer in vivo. Phosphorylation of Erk, Jak2 and Stat3 in human keratinocytes was stimulated by leptin and leptin fragment. In addition, RT‐PCR and ELISA showed that the production of leptin by human dermal papilla cells increased under hypoxic condition, suggesting that hypoxia in catagen/telogen phase promotes leptin production, preparing for entry into the next anagen. In conclusion, leptin, a well‐known adipokine, acts as an anagen inducer and represents a new player in hair biology.     

The immunohistochemical expression of CD34 in human hair follicles: a comparative study with the bulge marker CK15

BACKGROUND: Anti-CD34 antibodies label the bulge region of mouse hair follicles. However, in human hair follicles, CD34 immunoreactivity is found in the outer root sheath below the bulge zone. The immunohistochemical staining of CD34 in catagen and telogen follicles has not been evaluated. AIMS: To characterize the expression of CD34 immunoreactivity at different stages of the hair cycle in human terminal hair follicles, and to compare the immunostaining pattern of CD34 with that of CK15, used here as a marker of the bulge region. METHOD: Serial vertical sections of human hair follicles in anagen, catagen and telogen phases were immunostained with anti-CD34 (QBEnd 10) and anti-CK15 (LHK15 and C8/144B) antibodies. Double-labelling immunofluorescence was also performed. RESULTS: The catagen and telogen follicles studied did not show CD34 immunoreactivity in the outer root sheath. The location of CD34 and CK15 immunoreactivity in anagen follicles reveals a different staining pattern: CD34-positive cells are located in the outer root sheath below the attachment zone of the arrector pili muscle, whereas CK15-positive cells are located in the outer root sheath above the attachment zone of the arrector pili muscle. CONCLUSIONS: Only anagen human hair follicles show CD34 immunoreactivity. CD34 and CK15 recognize different types of cells or cells at different stages of differentiation.     

Expression of basement membrane proteins and interstitial collagens in dermal papillae of human hair follicles

The expression of basement membrane molecules and interstitial collagens in human hair follicle mesenchyme was studied by immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections and of cells cultured from dermal papillae. Type I and type III collagens were found in the dermal sheath and in the dermal papilla throughout the hair cycle. Laminin and type IV collagen were expressed at the outer root sheath basement membrane and in the extracellular matrix of the dermal papilla of anagen and catagen follicles. In telogen follicles, where the volume of the dermal papilla extracellular matrix is much reduced, outline staining of dermal papilla cells for laminin and type IV collagen was still apparent. Staining for bullous pemphigoid antigen was also seen at the outer root sheath basement membrane extending to the lower tip of the hair bulb. In anagen follicles, there was no staining for bullous pemphigoid antigen at the interface between hair bulb epithelium and the dermal papilla and no staining within the dermal papilla. However, linear staining for bullous pemphigoid antigen became continuous around hair follicle epithelium during catagen and telogen. Cells cultured from human dermal papillae also stained for interstitial collagens, type IV collagen and laminin. However, similar results were obtained when cultured dermal fibroblasts were stained with the same antibodies. The expression of basement membrane proteins in human dermal papillae resembles that seen in follicles from other mammalian species and suggests that this is relevant to dermal papilla function. Cultured dermal papilla cells express a similar pattern of interstitial collagens and basement membrane proteins to those seen in tissue sections but this finding is not specific to dermal papilla cells.