全身损伤程度对肾损伤诊治的影响（附142例报告）

目的 总结外伤性肾损伤的诊治体会，分析全身损伤程度(ISS评分)对肾损伤诊治的影响。方法 回顾性分析142例外伤性肾损伤的诊治资料。结果 在单因素分析中不同ISS评分的肾损伤治疗方式P=0．0001、肾切除P=0.001、死亡P=0．0001有统计学差异。在多因素分析中，应变量为治疗方式时ISS评分OR值为1．14l，95％CI为1．058～1．231；应变量为死亡时ISS评分OR值为1．113，95％CI为1．012～1．224。结论 ISS评分对初步判断肾损伤病例的治疗方式、预后有一定的帮助，但对预测肾损伤的手术方式帮助较小，而ISS评分结合肾损伤程度的分类对初步判断肾损伤病例的治疗方式、手术方式、预后有帮助。     

闭合性肾损伤380例早期诊治体会

目的:提高闭合性肾损伤早期诊断和手术治疗水平。方法:对380例闭合性肾损伤的进行回顾性分析。结果:血尿348例(91.5%);行B超阳性率78.8%,静脉尿路造影阳性率68.9%,CT阳性率100%.根据病情选择保手治疗340例(89%)。手术治疗30例(8%),其中保肾手术24例(80%),包括超选择性肾动脉栓塞术4例(13%)。治愈378例(99%),严重复合伤死亡2例0.5%。结论:B超和CT检查可早期诊断并正确评估肾损伤程度。依据损伤程度制定方案,合理保肾治疗是治疗闭合性肾损伤的关键,微创治疗是闭合性肾损伤的趋势。     

肾损伤86例诊治体会

目的探讨肾损伤的分级,诊治方案的选择及处理原则.方法回顾分析1973年7月至2003年12月86例肾损伤患者诊治情况.结果 85例无并发症痊愈出院,1例合并下腔静脉伤而死于出血性休克.结论必须高度重视每一例闭合性肾损伤,综合估计损伤的程度包括肾损伤分级,合并伤和全身情况.恰当掌握手术探查时机将会提高肾损伤的保肾机率.     

197例闭合性肾损伤诊断与治疗体会

目的 探讨闭合性肾损伤的诊断治疗和保肾原则.方法 回顾性分析197例闭合性肾损伤的临床诊治资料.结果 血尿190例(占96.4%),B超检查180例,其中136例(75.5%)有异常表现,CT检查180例,阳性表现162例(90%);保守治疗170例(86.2%);手术治疗27例(13.7%),其中保肾5例(18.5%),死亡4例(2.0%),治愈率98%.结论 B超和CT检查可快速诊断和正确评估肾损伤程度.依据损伤程度,及时制定方案、合理保肾治疗是治疗闭合性肾损伤的关键.     

闭合性肾损伤178例的诊断与治疗

目的总结闭合性肾损伤的诊疗措施,提高肾损伤诊疗水平,降低肾切除率。方法回顾性分析全州县人民医院1998年2月至2012年12月收治的178例闭合性肾损伤患者的临床资料。结果 178例肾损伤患者中154例采取保守治疗,手术探查24例(肾切除11例,肾修补13例),治愈出院170例(占95.5%),死亡8例(占4.5%);68例出院患者获得3个月～4年的随访,除3例出现肾性高血压、4例肾萎缩外,其余肾功能均恢复良好。结论 B超、CT等影像学检查可对闭合性肾损伤进行确诊,并能判断肾脏及其他脏器损伤程度;治疗方案应根据患者病情来决定,大多数肾损伤患者可采取保守治疗,严重时需手术干预。     

肾损伤213例临床分析

目的:探讨肾损伤的诊断和治疗方法.方法:报告肾损伤213例,其中闭合性损伤202例(94.8%),合并伤31例(14.6%);B超检查196例,CT检查189例,静脉尿路造影(IVU)检查14例;非手术治疗175例(82.2%),手术治疗38例(17.8%).结果:B超阳性率87.8%,CT阳性率100%,IVU阳性率71.4%;208例患者治愈,死亡5例,均为多器官损伤并休克患者.结论:B超检查最便捷,可初步判断肾脏伤情;CT可较准确地诊断肾损伤程度,可同时掌握腹腔脏器损伤情况;保守治疗是主要的治疗方法,手术治疗应掌握探查肾脏的时机,是否切除伤肾应以挽救患者生命为前提.     

58例肾损伤的诊治分析

目的探讨肾损伤的诊断与治疗。方法对2007年9月至2010年3月对58例闭合性肾损伤临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中合并伤19例(32.7%),据CT和B超及手术证实:肾挫伤20例,肾挫裂伤34例,肾横断伤4例。保守治疗48例,手术治疗10例。结果肾损伤均有不同的外伤史,临床表现中休克发生率29.3%,血尿为86.4%,腰痛93.5%,CT阳性率为97.2%,B超阳性率92.1%,治愈率100%,平均住院时间21d。结论闭合性肾损伤诊断一般并不困难,受伤后有血尿及腰痛,CT检查不但能迅速、准确地确定诊断,而且能明确显示肾损伤的类型及范围。治疗关键取决于病情:肾挫伤、轻度撕裂伤一般可通过保守治疗治愈,对较严重的裂伤,尽量采用保守治疗,动态观察病情变化。肾碎裂伤应紧急手术探查。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断闭合性肾损伤的价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断闭合性肾损伤的价值。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声对5 8例闭合性肾损伤进行诊断,并与CT扫描和手术病理进行对照。结合声像图和手术病理所见,将闭合性肾损伤分为肾挫伤、肾部分裂伤、肾粉碎伤、肾横断伤和肾撕脱伤等类型,并对各型声像图特征进行回顾性分析。结果　5 8例闭合性肾损伤经CT扫描和手术病理对照,彩色多普勒超声诊断符合率96 .6 % ( 5 6 / 5 8) ,漏诊2例,占3 .4 %( 2 / 5 8)。其中肾挫伤8例、肾部分裂伤2 0例、肾粉碎伤2 4例、肾横断伤5例、肾撕脱伤1例。结论　彩色多普勒超声可明确闭合性肾损伤的程度和范围及肾段动脉供血区缺血情况,起到CT增强扫描和选择性肾动脉造影的同样效果,具有重要的临床价值彩色多普勒超声　CT　病理　闭合性肾损伤     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨闭合性肾损伤的诊断和治疗。方法：1993年－2001年收治闭合性肾损伤80例，行B超、IVU、CT等检查。保守治疗66例（82．5％），手术治疗14例（17．5％），其中包括2例选择性肾动脉栓塞术。结果：78例痊愈出院，肾功能正常。2例（2．5％）死亡，均为多器官损伤合并休克的患者。68例（85．0％）随访1－5年。结论：CT平扫及增强扫描检查可较准确地诊断肾损伤程度，并可同时了解腹腔脏器损伤情况，应作为重度以上肾损伤的首选检查，B超可用以轻伤者筛选诊断。肾损伤的治疗应最大程度保留肾组织，防止并发症及后遗症，除了对严重肾实质碎裂伤，肾血管严重损伤应积极进行手术治疗，以挽救患者生命；对严重肾挫伤、肾裂伤、部分肾破裂伤所致肾出血患者可选择超选择性肾动脉栓塞术。脾破裂合并左肾损伤在临床的多发性损伤中并不少，且有其特殊性，诊治得当则能迅速转危为安，反之则会延误病情。     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗。方法 对125例闭合性肾损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 125例闭合性肾损伤患者中，肾挫伤75例、肾裂伤41例、肾粉碎伤9例，其中并发伤70例。血尿和腰部疼痛是主要的临床症状。保守治疗93例，手术治疗32例，无死亡病例。结论 B超和CT检查是诊断闭合性肾损伤安全有效的方法。对伤情作出快速而准确的评估。及时严格掌握手术时机是治疗闭合性肾损伤的关键。     

Safety and efficacy of Endovascular Management of high-grade blunt renal injury

ObjectivesTo provide data on the safety and efficacy of renal arterial embolization (RAE) in patients with high-grade blunt renal injury.Materials and methodsFifteen patients with high-grade blunt renal injury (AAST grades IV-V) admitted to our hospital from July 2014 to December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed in this study. Their clinical success rate and complications were investigated accordingly.ResultsFifteen patients with high-grade blunt renal injury, 13 men and 2 women with an average age of 41.6 years, including 11 hemodynamically unstable patients and 4 stable patients, were treated with RAE. Among these patients, 73.3% (11 of 15) had grade IV, and 26.7% (4 of 15) had grade V injuries, while 53.3% (8 of 15) patients had concomitant injuries. One patient received main RAE and 14 patients received selective RAE. The clinical success rate after the first embolization was 93.3% (14 of 15). RAE was repeated and was successfully performed in one patient with sustained hematuria. No significant difference in creatinine levels was found before and after embolization. During the follow-up period of 2–82 months, two patients required tube drainage due to urine leaks, one patient developed renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy, and one patient developed secondary hypertension.ConclusionsRAE can provide a high success rate of hemostasis for both hemodynamically stable and unstable patients with high-grade blunt renal injury, and only minor complications are observed with this procedure.     

肾损伤手术治疗

目的：探讨肾损伤的手术时机及手术方法，提高保肾率。方法：分析58例肾损伤手术治疗情况。结果：31例行肾修补或肾部分切除术，27例行肾切除术。其中57例治愈，1例死亡。结论：探查肾脏前阻断肾血流进行贤修补或肾部分切除，是减少肾切除率的有效方法；损伤程度重，全身情况差及延迟手术是构成肾切除的主要原因；积极改善全身状况，正确估计肾损伤的病理类型，尽早修复肾脏裂口，对保守治疗72h效果不佳者应积极进行手术探查，是减少肾切除率的重要措施。     

Conservative management with percutaneous intervention of major blunt renal injuries

This retrospective study assessed the results of treatment of patients with renal trauma to determine the optimal management (conservative or surgical) for patients with grade III renal injuries. During the past 12 years 108 patients (including 43 children) with renal injuries were managed: 43 had grade I injuries (renal contusion), 33 had grade II (minor laceration), 31 had grade III (major laceration), and 1 had grade IV (pedicle injury). All patients with grades I and II injuries were successfully managed conservatively. The patient with renal pedicle injury underwent uneventful nephrectomy. Nineteen patients with grade III injuries (including 5 patients with shattered kidneys and 3 patients with polar avulsion) were managed conservatively, and 2 developed progressively enlarging urinomas that required percutaneous drainage with complete resolution. No patient in this group developed perinephric abscess or urinary fistulae, and no delayed nephrectomy was necessary. Long-term follow-up of 7 patients in this group, including 3 with shattered kidneys and 2 with polar avulsion, showed that none have developed hypertension. Twelve patients with grade III injuries were managed surgically. Six (50%) patients underwent total (4 patients) or partial (2 patients) nephrectomy. In 6 patients, the surgical intervention was only open drainage of the perinephric collection and/or parenchymal suturing. It was concluded that conservative management with timely percutaneous or endoscopic intervention in patients with major renal injuries results in minimal loss of renal tissue without significant late complications.     

闭合性肾损伤动物模型的建立及超声造影对肾损伤早期的分级诊断价值

目的 构建闭合性肾损伤动物模型并探讨超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasonography,CEUS)在肾损伤早期分级诊断中的应用价值.方法 采用钢球自由落体垂直撞击20只新西兰兔,36例肾脏造成不同程度的闭合性损伤,分别使用常规超声及CEUS观察肾损伤情况,并与病理分级对照分析.结果 CEUS肾损伤分级与病理分级的符合率明显高于常规超声(P＜0.05),且CEUS肾损伤分级与病理分级具有很好的一致性(Kappa=0.841,P＜0.001).结论本实验动物模型具有撞击设备操作简便、物理参数易控制、撞击部位准确及可重复性好等优点,肾损伤的病理类型、伤情特点与临床较为接近.CEUS能清晰地显示肾损伤的部位、范围及程度,可提高超声诊断肾损伤及判断损伤程度的敏感性.     

Blunt diaphragmatic rupture--a rare but challenging entity in thoracoabdominal trauma

Purpose

Delayed diagnosis of blunt traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (BDR) is not uncommon in the emergency department (ED) despite improvement in investigative techniques. We reviewed a large case series of patients diagnosed with blunt traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in order to report demographics, clinical features, and mechanisms of injury of this important but challenging entity.

Methods

From January 2001 through December 2009, 43 patients were diagnosed with BDR at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Demographic data, including sex, age, initial hemodynamic parameters, laboratory data, diagnostic imaging, trauma mechanism, injury location, associated injuries, injury severity score (ISS), time to diagnosis, intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS), hospital length of stay (hospital LOS), and mortality, were extracted from hospital records.

Results

A total of 43 patients (34 men; 9 women) with BDR were analyzed. Their median age was 37 years (15-82 yrs). Most of these injuries were related to traffic collision (76.8%). The anatomic location of injury to the diaphragm consisted of 24 left-sided (55.8%), 14 right-sided (32.6%),and 5 bilateral diaphragmatic injuries. (11.6%) Hemopneumothorax was the most common associated injury (37.2%). The median diagnostic time was 8 hours (range 2 to 366 hrs). The median ISS score was 18 (range 9 to 41). The median ICU LOS was 4 days (range 0 to 99 ds) and the median HLOS was 19 days (range 1 to 106ds). The total mortality rate was 9.3%. Initial high ISS, initial shock and bilateral diaphragmatic injury significantly increased mortality.

Conclusion

BDR constitutes a rare entity in thoracoabdominal trauma and most of these injuries were related to traffic collision. High index of suspicion was still the main factor to early diagnosis of this case. The mortality was related to initial shock , bilateral BDR and high ISS. Proper initial resuscitation and correction of other serious injuries may be more life-saving in patients with BDR.     

182例肾损伤诊治分析

目的：探讨肾损伤诊断及治疗方法的选择。方法：对182例肾损伤病人的检查结果及不同治疗方法进行分析。结果：血尿152例(83．5％)；B超检查66例，有异常改变43例(65．2％)；CT检查86例，65例(76．1％)表现异常。136例非手术治疗，全部治愈。手术治疗29例．26例痊愈，3例死于多发伤失血性休克。17例肾动脉栓塞获得满意治疗效果。本组肾损伤治愈率98．9％．结论：血尿是诊断肾损伤的重要依据。对严重多发伤的病例，不论有无血尿．应常规进行B超和CT检查。轻中度肾损伤能用非手术疗法治愈，肾动脉栓塞对中度肾损伤疗效确切，对严重肾损伤应及时手术治疗。     

系统免疫炎症指数对于肾透明细胞癌患者术后预后的意义

目的探讨系统免疫炎症指数（SII）与接受肾根治性切除术的肾透明细胞癌患者预后的关系。 方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2010年12月于北京大学第一医院泌尿外科接受肾根治性切除术的1228例肾透明细胞癌患者的临床病理资料,选取患者术前1周内最近一次的血常规结果。应用ROC曲线测定SII的敏感度和特异度,并根据最大约登指数确定SII的最佳界值。主要随访终点为肿瘤特异性生存期（CSS）。采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析及Cox回归分析探讨影响患者CSS的因素。 结果根据ROC曲线及最大约登指数确定SII界值为602.66,并将所有患者分为高SII组（SII>602.66）和低SII组（SII<602.66）。与高SII相关的因素包括：高龄、高ASA评分、高G分级、高T分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移、肉瘤样分化、肿瘤坏死、淋巴微血管浸润、贫血、高NLR值、高PLR值。1228例患者的中位随访时间为69.0个月（IQR 45.0~74.0）,其中122例（9.9%）患者在末次随访时因肿瘤死亡,患者的5年肿瘤特异性生存率为90.72%。Kaplan-Meier单因素分析结果显示：高SII值、高G分级、高T分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移、肉瘤样分化、肿瘤坏死、淋巴微血管浸润、贫血、高NLR值及高PLR值是影响患者CSS的危险因素。Cox多因素回归分析提示,高G分级（HR=2.115,95%CI 1.378-3.246,P=0.001）、高T分期（HR=3.591,95%CI 2.278~5.661,P<0.001）、淋巴结转移（HR=2.169,95%CI 1.239-3.800,P=0.007）、远处转移（HR=5.590,95%CI 3.636-8.595,P<0.001）、高SII值（HR=1.788, 95%CI 1.212-2.637,P=0.003）为影响患者CSS的独立危险因素。 结论SII升高是肾透明细胞癌患者肾根治性切除术后CSS缩短的独立危险因素。     

90例肝外伤手术预后的临床分析

目的分析影响肝外伤手术预后的危险因素。方法回顾性分析90例肝外伤手术治疗病例,对影响手术死亡率的危险因素进行单因素比较。结果总体的手术死亡14例（16％）,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级4例,Ⅴ级9例;与肝脏相关的死因11例（12％）,与肝脏无关的死因3例（3％）。Ⅳ-Ⅴ级中死亡组和生存组的单因素比较提示：收缩压、脉搏、术中总失血量、住院天数,这5项指标两组间的差异明显。重度肝外伤手术方式的单因素比较提示：清创性肝切除术的相对危险度（HR）是0．73,手术死亡率相对较低;而规则性肝切除术、肝静脉或肝后下腔静脉修补术HR分别是1．32、1．52,手术死亡率相对较高。结论早期复苏、合理的手术方式和减少术中出血量将有助于降低手术死亡率。     

Factors affecting severity of bicycle-related injuries: the role of helmets in preventing head injuries

Objectives: To identify factors that affect the severity of bicycle‐related injuries in patients with head injury compared with those without, so as to find whether the effect of using helmets extends beyond head protection, and to explore a direct protective effect of helmets on head injuries. Methods: A total of 297 patients with bicycle‐related injuries were studied. A generalized linear model was used to test the effect of age, sex, helmet use, cause of injury, year of injury, place of injury and whether the injury occurred on public or school holidays on the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in those patients who had head injury and those without. A logistic regression model was used to define the factors that contribute to head injury, while adjusting for ISS. Results: Factors affecting ISS in the generalized linear model in those who had head injury were: cause of injury (P = 0.01) and there was a trend for helmet use (P = 0.06). The significant factors that have affected ISS in the no head injury group were age (P = 0.002) and place of accident (P = 0.03). Logistic regression has shown that with each increase of 1 point in the ISS the odds of head injury increases by a factor of 1.22 (95% confidence interval 1.13–1.31) and the use of helmets reduces the odds of head injury by a factor of 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.23–1.03). Conclusions: The reduced severity of injury in helmeted patients is because of protection of the head and not other body regions.     

血清皮质醇和促肾上腺皮质激素水平与肾结石患者输尿管软镜碎石术后早期肾损伤的相关性

目的观察肾结石患者输尿管软镜碎石手术前、后血清皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH)水平及术后早期肾损伤发生情况,分析血清皮质醇、ACTH水平与术后早期肾损伤的关系。方法肾结石患者93例,均行输尿管软镜碎石术治疗,根据术后早期(术后48 h内)是否发生肾损伤分为肾损伤组52例和无肾损伤组41例。术前2 h及术后6、12、24、48 h,采用放射免疫法检测患者血清皮质醇、ACTH水平,采用肌氨酸氧化法检测血肌酐水平,并进行2组间比较;采用双变量Pearson直线相关性分析血清皮质醇、ACTH水平与肾结石患者输尿管软镜碎石术后早期肾损伤的相关性;绘制ROC曲线,评估术后12、24 h血清皮质醇、ACTH水平对术后早期肾损伤发生的预测效能。结果 2组术前及术后6、48 h血清皮质醇、ACTH水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后6、12、24、48 h血清皮质醇、ACTH水平均高于术前(P<0.05),肾损伤组术后12、24 h血清皮质醇[(138.54±20.15)、(158.64±22.15)μg/L]、ACTH[(35.68±6.15)、(46.58±7.25)ng/L]水平高于无肾损伤组[(120.64±17.52)、(141.30±18.65)μg/L,(26.35±5.12)、(38.25±6.12)ng/L](P<0.05);2组术前、术后6 h血肌酐水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肾损伤组术后12、24、48 h血肌酐水平[(72.25±21.34)、(77.58±25.64)、(98.68±28.64)μmol/L]高于无肾损伤组[(62.02±18.05)、(59.64±20.36)、(55.36±24.16)μmol/L](P<0.05)。术后早期肾损伤患者术后12 h血清皮质醇、ACTH水平与血肌酐呈正相关(r=0.856,P<0.001;r=0.703,P<0.001),血清皮质醇与ACTH水平呈正相关(r=0.752,P<0.001)。术后12 h血清皮质醇、ACTH最佳截断值分别为132.20μg/L、33.30 ng/L时,预测输尿管软镜碎石术后早期肾损伤发生的AUC分别为0.853(95%CI:0.777~0.929,P<0.001)、0.845(95%CI:0.764~0.925,P<0.001);术后24 h血清皮质醇、ACTH最佳截断值分别为148.58μg/L、35.58 ng/L时,预测早期肾损伤发生的AUC分别为0.716(95%CI:0.612~0.819,P<0.001)、0.705(95%CI:0.600~0.811,P<0.001);术后12 h血清皮质醇、ACTH预测术后早期肾损伤发生的AUC(0.853、0.845)及灵敏度(95.82%、91.41%)均高于术后24 h(0.716、0.705,88.67%、82.56%)(P<0.05)。结论肾结石患者输尿管软镜碎石术后血清皮质醇、ACTH均呈高表达,碎石术后动态监测血清皮质醇、ACTH水平变化可预测早期肾损伤的发生风险,术后12 h可作为预测早期肾损伤的有效时点。