医源性胆道损伤的诊治：附52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。 方法:对52例医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果:胆道手术所致48例(92.3%)，胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例（共7.7%）。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例(65.4%)，肝总管6例(11.5%)，胆总管6例(11.5%)，左右肝管汇合部4例(7.7%)，左、右肝管各1例(共3.8%)。胆管完全性损伤30例(57.7%)，部分性损伤22例(42.3%)。所有病例均行手术处理。术中立即发现8例，采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术5例，直接置合适T管引流1例，肝总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例，效果均满意；另1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术，3年后因吻合口狭窄再次行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。术后发现的44例，行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术31例，肝总管与十二指肠吻合8例，胆总管置管引流2例，胆总管缺损用空肠瓣修补术1例，肝内胆管与空肠Longmire吻合术1例，拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例。全组死亡4例，生存48例中41例获随访，疗效优良率为82.9%，疗效差的7例分别于术后2个月至5年再次作胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生，及早诊断、及早修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键。手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的时间具体决定，以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的疗效最佳。     

医源性胆道损伤治疗效果分析

目的总结医源性胆道损伤的临床治疗经验。方法回顾性分析我院外科自1989年1月至2005年1月收治的医源性胆道损伤患者38例，其中胆总管横断伤3例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术1例，胆总管十二指肠吻合2例；肝总管横断伤6例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例；胆总管部损伤5例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例；肝总管部分损伤9例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术3例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术6例；胆总管、肝总管、左肝管缝扎各3、8、4例，均行Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果失访2例，36例获随访，时间1—14年，痊愈30例(78．9％)。胆道狭窄并结石形成3例，再次行Roux-en-Y吻合，术后反复发作胆道感染2例，死亡1例。结论医源性胆道损伤一经确诊，应有计划、有步骤地采取合理的治疗程序，术式要视损伤后时间、部位、程度及类型而定。     

医源性胆道损伤的原因、处理及预防

医源性胆道损伤是指发生于手术中的胆道损伤。有关医源性胆道损伤的报道屡见不鲜，但大多报道高位胆管(左右肝管、肝总管、胆总管十二指肠上段)的损伤及处理经验。对胆总管中下段尤其是胆总管远段损伤的报道少见。现就我院11年收治25例胆道损伤(包括2例发生在胆总管远段右后壁，3例发生在胆胰肠接合部)报告如下。     

胆囊切除致胆道损伤18例诊治分析

目的:探讨胆囊切除术致胆道损伤的预防及治疗。方法:回顾性分析近6年间收治的18例胆囊切除术致医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料。结果:损伤原因中解剖变异2例，局部病理因素14例，手术因素2例。损伤部位包括肝总管7例（38.9 %），胆总管6例（33.3 %），胆囊管汇入胆总管部2例（11.1 %），右肝管2例(11.1 %)，副肝管1例（5.6 %）。术中发现损伤8例，术后发现损伤10例。11例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术，6例行再次或多次手术，手术后围手术期死亡1例。14例获平均4年3个月的随防，效果良好10例，较差3例，并发胆汁性肝硬化1例。结论:术中仔细辨别三管关系是防止医源性胆道损伤的关键；胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是最重要的手术方法。     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治与预防(附48例报告)

目的 总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。方法 对过去30年间医源性胆道损伤的48例病人进行回顾性分析。结果 单纯胆囊切除术所致40例(83．3％)，胃大部切除术所致2例(4．2％)。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处30例(62．5％)，肝总管、胆总管各6例(12．5％)，胆管完全性损伤26例(54．2％)，部分性损伤22例(45．8％)。所有病例最终均需手术处理．手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的时间具体决定，以胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的疗效最佳。结论 除解剖变异、病理变化外，手术者的责任心与技术因素是引起医源性胆道损伤的主要原因。     

医源性胆道损伤防治的探讨

<正> 医源性胆道损伤在临床上时有发生,处理不当,可引起一些并发症,给患者造成精神痛苦和加重经济负担。为探讨其防治措施,本文对8例医源性胆道损伤作一回顾性总结分析。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料:本组8例中男3例,女5例,年龄30～70岁,平均42岁。急诊手术2例,择期手术6例,8例中6例为胆囊切除术,2例为胆囊切除加胆总管切开取石术。损伤类型:胆总管损伤6例,肝总管损伤1例,副肝管损伤1例。     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治

目的 总结医源性胆道损伤的诊治经验。方法 对解放军第153中心医院22年间医源性胆道损伤的20例患者进行回顾分析。结果 经腹胆囊切除术损伤6例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术损伤10例,胆总管探查术损伤4例。损害部位:肝总管6例,胆总管1例,本组病例最终均需手术治疗,手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的具体时间决定,但以规范的胆肠Roux-en-y吻合术疗效最满意。结论 术者的责任心与技术因素是引起医源性胆道损伤的重要原因。     

医源性胆道损伤的防治(附12例报告)

医源性胆道损伤是胆囊切除的灾难性并发症。为了防止医源性胆道损伤,提高手术的疗效,我们回顾性分析了1990年3月-2001年10月我科行胆囊切除术致医源性胆道损伤12例。1 一般资料 1990年3月-2001年10月,我科胆囊切除致医源性胆道损伤12例,男性2例,女性10例,平均年龄44.6岁。其中开腹胆囊切除10例,电视腹腔镜胆囊切除2例。 损伤部位及方式:胆总管5例,肝总管3例,汇合部1例,右肝管3例;其中横断伤4例,部分性损伤7例,钳夹伤1例。 治疗及结果:术中发现,一期处理10例,其中单纯缝合、腹腔引流4例,端端吻合修补。“T”管支撑引流6例;二期处理2例,行右肝管空肠袢式引流。12例均获随访,除1例二期手术病人有症状外,其余效果好。     

11例医源性胆道损伤防治

收集 1986～ 1997年医源性胆道损伤 11例报告于下。手术修复 10例 ,死亡 1例。全组男 4例 ,女 7例 ,年龄 32～ 6 6岁。致伤原因除 1例行胃大部切除术外 ,其余 10例均为择期胆囊切除术。胆总管横断伤 1例 ,肝总管横断伤 2例 ,胆总管 (或肝总管 )部分损伤 7例 ,胆总管部分损伤合并门静脉损伤 1例。术中发现 10例。处理 :修复胆道损伤行端端吻合 3例 ,局部缝合修补 5例 ,带蒂胆囊瓣修补 1例 ,合并门静脉损伤 1例术中死于失血性休克。急性胃大部分切除术合并胆总管部分损伤 ,术后腹腔引流管引流出胆汁 1例 ,经保守治疗胆漏停止。一次手术修复成…     

胆囊切除及胆总管探查致医源性胆道损伤12例

总结12例医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。回顾分析2002年1月—2015年1月因手术导致肝外胆管横断4例,血管钳洞穿胆管3例,胆总管探查时胆道探子通过胆总管下端损伤5例。其中肝外胆管横断4例中的3例经胆肠吻合后恢复好,1例出现肝胆管结石;血管钳洞穿肝总管3例均术中修补缝合,术后无胆道狭窄及胆漏发生;胆道探子损伤5例中4例为术中发现,及时修补,愈合好,另1例术后发现腹膜后脓肿形成,经彩超引导脓肿穿刺置管引流后痊愈。医源性胆道损伤重在预防,出现损伤应慎重对待,术中发现损伤应及时修补并断端精细吻合,术后发现应个体化治疗。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆道解剖异常的防范

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中肝外胆道异常的诊断及处理。方法1999年10月～2008年6月1216例LC中，发现15例（1．2％）胆道解剖异常。3例胆囊管异常粗、短，开口在左右肝管汇合部；1例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿，胆总管较细，向上牵拉胆囊使胆总管走行移位；1例胆囊管与肝总管并行后低位开口，1例胆囊管在胆总管右侧回旋扭曲，开口于右肝管侧壁，2例胆囊壶腹部粘连严重，覆盖于胆总管及肝总管前方；3例在胆床附近见迷走胆管走行；3例在分离胆囊管时发现右后肝管开口于肝总管；1例Mirizzi综合征解剖不清。仔细分离，丝线结扎或上钛夹处理，解剖不清者中转开腹。结果13例顺利完成LC；2例（13．3％）中转开腹，其中1例副右肝管损伤，1例Mirizzi综合征。无腹腔内出血、腹腔感染、肠道损伤及死亡等严重并发症。15例随访3个月～4年，其中〉1年11例，无胆道狭窄及残余结石。结论LC术中精细解剖胆囊三角，确切辨认各管道关系，是预防胆道异常情况下肝外胆道损伤的关键。     

医源性胆管损伤的外科治疗

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的外科处理方法及其疗效。方法 1992年1月至2011年12月期间共行胆囊切除术3 714例,发生医源性胆管损伤39例,发生率1.05%。其中术中发现胆总管或肝管部分损伤6例,胆总管或肝管被横断1例,左右肝管汇合部以上损伤2例,右侧副肝管损伤1例;术后发现胆囊管漏14例,胆囊床小胆管漏7例,胆总管或肝管部分损伤2例,胆总管或肝管被横断2例,左右肝管汇合部以上损伤1例,胆管严重狭窄2例,右侧副肝管损伤1例。行胆管修补+T管支撑引流术4例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术12例,副肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,B超引导下腹腔穿刺置管引流7例,保留腹腔引流管引流14例,右侧副肝管缝扎1例。结果对术中解剖异常或操作困难的病例行术中胆道造影前后,医源性胆管损伤的发生率分别为2.37%(25/1 054)和0.53%(14/2 660),差异显著(P<0.05)。39例患者经外科治疗后均好转。术后出现的主要并发症为吻合口狭窄,共发生6例,其中术中发现损伤组3例,术后发现损伤组3例,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);其他并发症还包括:切口感染4例(术中发现损伤组2例,术后发现损伤组2例),腹腔脓肿3例(术中发现损伤组1例,术后发现损伤组2例)。术后发现组低于术中发现组,为24.1%(7/29)vs.60%(6/10),有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论医源性胆管损伤可防可治,具体外科治疗方法因病情而异,但总体来讲,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的预后较好。     

Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after combined bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of two cases

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injuries in combination with major vascular injuries may cause serious morbidity and may even require liver resection in some cases. We present two case studies of patients requiring right hepatic lobectomy after bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS: Two patients sustained combined major bile duct and hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical management consisted of immediate hepaticojejunostomy with reconstruction of the artery in one patient and hepaticojejunostomy alone in the other patient. In both cases the initial postoperative course was uncomplicated. RESULTS: After 4 and 6 months both patients suffered recurrent cholangitis due to anastomotic stricture. Both developed secondary biliary cirrhosis and required right hepatic lobectomy with left hepaticojejunostomy. The patients remain well 31 months and 4.5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of bile duct reconstruction may be worse in the presence of combined biliary and vascular injuries than in patients with an intact blood supply of the bile ducts. We recommend arterial reconstruction when possible in early recognized injuries to prevent late strictures. Short-term follow-up is most important for early recognition of postoperative strictures and to avoid further complications such as secondary biliary cirrhosis.     

胆囊切除术的高危因素与医源性胆管损伤(附12例临床分析)

目的分析胆囊切除术中易发生胆管损伤的高危因素,探讨损伤的原因及预防措施。方法统计１９８５年１月至１９９８年７月行胆囊切除术时发生的１２例医源性胆管损伤情况,分析与致伤有关的解剖病理因素。结果１３年中行胆囊切除４８５４例中,易致胆管损伤的高危因素有７种共４９３例,其中高位胆囊３５例损伤１例,左右肝管低位汇合４７例损伤１例,胆囊动脉变异４７例损伤１例,萎缩性胆囊炎８７例损伤１例,胆囊颈结石嵌顿１７３例损伤４例,Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征８９例损伤３例,伴门静脉高压症１５例损伤１例。结论在上述高危情况下,行胆囊切除术者易发生医源性胆管损伤。术者应保持警惕,仔细解剖清楚,术中造影、胆道探查以及逆行胆囊切除加胆囊颈部特殊处理等有助于减少医源性胆管损伤的发生。     

开腹胆囊切除术中右肝管变异与医源性胆管损伤的预防

目的　探讨开腹胆囊切除术中遇到右肝管变异时 ,医源性胆管损伤的预防措施。方法回顾性总结了 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年施行的 92 8例胆囊切除术中遇到的右肝管变异 16例 ,进行正确的外科处理。结果　 16个病例经手术治疗后无一例发生了医源性胆管损伤。结论　思想上高度认识右肝管变异 ,采取正确的处理方法 ,医源性胆管损伤是能够预防的。     

Extrahepatic Duct Injury in Blunt Trauma: Two Case Reports and a Literature Review

Traumatic injuries of the extrahepatic biliary tract are rare. Associated injuries are usually responsible for immediate indication for surgical treatment, the time when an injury to the extrahepatic biliary ducts may be diagnosed. However, missed injuries are often common. The primary aim of this paper is to describe the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of two patients with left hepatic duct injury after blunt abdominal trauma. As a secondary objective, a literature review is presented. The two cases presented in this study are as follows: (1) A young male, involved in a motor vehicle crash, was admitted with blunt hepatic trauma in a general hospital. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was conducted 3 weeks later and revealed a large leakage at the left hepatic duct. Exploratory laparotomy was performed 26 days after the initial traumatic event and identified a complete section of the left hepatic duct, treated with anastomosis. (2) A male fell from a height. On exploratory laparotomy, a 30 % partial injury of the left hepatic duct was found in addition to hemoperitoneum, liver injury, gallbladder detachment together with cystic duct rupture, retroperitoneal hematoma to the right, and cecum hematoma. A high level of suspicion is necessary to identify injuries to the hepatic ducts. Early diagnosis that occurs during laparotomy due to associated injuries is important to reduce complications.     

Preoperative evaluation of the extrahepatic bile duct structure for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background The incidence of aberrant bile duct injury associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has not yet been adequately examined. This study aimed to clarify the types of normal cystic ducts and the incidence of aberrant extrahepatic bile ducts, and to search for a method of avoiding injuries during LC. Methods Aberrant hepatic ducts were retrospectively categorized into five types according to the pattern of the cystic ducts and the accessory hepatic ducts by preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography or multidetector three-dimensional computed tomography using drip infusion cholangiography. The aberrant bile ducts were classified as type A (merging at the right side of the common bile duct), type B (merging at the anterior side), or type C (merging at the posterior left side). Results The intrahepatic bile ducts and cystic duct were clearly shown for 1,044 of the 1,278 patients who underwent LC. Secondary branches of aberrant cystic ducts were observed in 37 cases (3.5%), and accessory hepatic ducts were observed in 30 cases (2.9%). A comparison of the difficulties encountered with LC for each type based on the merging patterns of cystic ducts showed that type C needed a much longer operation time for LC than the other types. Conclusions A preoperative evaluation of the bile duct tract and the accessory hepatic duct before LC is important. Patients with a cystic duct merging normally into the posterior left side of the common hepatic duct (type C) experienced difficulty when undergoing LC. The authors have safely performed LC with the use of an endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube in type D cases (cystic duct merging with the right hepatic duct), in type IV cases (cystic duct merging with an accessory hepatic duct).     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右副肝管及右肝管损伤的预防及处理

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中防治右副肝管及右肝管损伤的经验. 方法回顾性分析21例腹腔镜胆囊切除术右副肝管或左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例资料.结果 通过术中解剖肝门及胆道造影相结合的方法,21例病例中发现右副肝管18例(I-V型),左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管3例(Ⅵ型).其中,18例具有右副肝管病例中,术中发现11例,保留副肝管未做处理3例;夹闭7例,术后皆无胆漏;术中缝合1例,术后出现胆漏,保守治疗成功.损伤右副肝管7例,2例术中夹闭损伤肝管;2例中转开腹端端吻合损伤肝管;3例术后出现胆漏,二次腹腔镜探查证实右副肝管夹闭损伤.3例左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例,其中术中发现2例;损伤1例,中转开腹行右肝管端端吻合.21例随访2年,皆无腹痛、黄疸、肝功能不良.结论 为防止在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中损伤右肝管及右副肝管,应熟悉胆管变异的各种类型、正确解剖胆囊三角、合理应用术中胆道造影、困难病例术后放置腹腔引流管及术后剖视胆囊等多种方法相结合.不同类型的胆道损伤处理上应分别对待.