Chronic maxillary sinusitis. Energy metabolism in sinus mucosa and secretion

The energy metabolism in maxillary sinus mucosa and secretion from 41 patients with, in most cases, recurrent or chronic sinusitis was studied and compared with that in mucosal samples from patients with no previous history of sinus abnormality or infection. In freeze-dried samples, glucose and lactate were measured by enzymatic assays and adenine nucleotides by HPLC. In chronic sinusitis the lactate concentration in the mucosa was increased, probably as a result of increased glycolysis or of impaired diffusion within the mucosa. The lactate concentrations in purulent and non-purulent secretions were 16.3 and 1.1 mmol x kg-1 w.w., respectively. The higher concentration in the purulent secretion was due mainly to leucocyte metabolism. The adenine nucleotide contents in the mucosa were similar in all groups studied. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated only in secretions with a high lactate concentration.     

家兔急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜病理改变

目的 观察家兔实验性鼻源性急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构及黏液纤毛传输功能的改变.方法 健康成年雄性新西兰白兔15只,随机分为实验组(10只)和空白对照组(5只).将3 mm×5 mm×25 mm大小Merocel(R)高分子膨胀海绵置入实验组兔右侧鼻腔,并向高分子膨胀海绵中注射植入1 mlⅢ型肺炎链球菌悬液.2周后,用印度墨汁法测定上颌窦黏液纤毛传输速度.然后处死动物,取右上颌窦黏膜通过透射电镜观察其超微结构改变.结果 实验组家兔上颌窦黏液纤毛传输速度明显低于空白对照组,有极显著统计学差异(P＜0.01).实验组上颌窦黏膜在透射电镜下观察到纤毛变性、脱落,排列紊乱,可见复合纤毛、微管动力臂缺陷、胞质突起、内质网扩张、线粒体肿胀、胞浆水肿及黏膜下层淋巴细胞浸润等超微的结构改变.结论 急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构明显改变,黏液纤毛传输速度减慢,结构改变导致功能下降.     

实验性急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构观察

目的:观察家兔急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构的动态改变。方法:25只家兔随机分为实验组(20只)和空白对照组(5只),先建立急性鼻窦炎鼻源性模型。建模后第1、2、3、4周每周随机选取实验组家兔5只处死,解剖并从右上颌窦腔取0.3 cm×0.3 cm大小新鲜黏膜组织用透射电镜观察其超微结构。对照组在第1周开始实验。结果:透射电镜观察,对照组家兔上颌窦黏膜纤毛排列整齐,无丢失,上皮细胞内线粒体无肿胀,内质网未见扩张;实验组家兔上颌窦黏膜纤毛变性,排列紊乱,部分纤毛丢失,出现复合纤毛、胞质突起、内质扩张、线粒体肿胀及黏膜下淋巴细胞浸润伴成纤维细胞增生等病理改变,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组家兔第1～4周,复合纤毛数量逐渐增多,第3、4周与第1周比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。内质网扩张和线粒体肿胀程度在第2周最明显,第4周后逐渐减轻,第2周与第4周比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:窦口阻塞及细菌感染导致上颌窦黏膜超微结构改变,是急性鼻窦炎病理演变过程的一个重要环节。     

家兔实验性急性化脓性鼻窦炎模型的建立

目的探讨应用金黄色葡萄球菌建立家兔急性化脓性鼻窦炎模型的方法. 方法家兔40只,其中空白组10只,单纯手术组10只,余为模型组,在全麻下行上颌窦造口术,塞入棉绒,注入金黄色葡萄球菌0.3ml.造模后7天时观察其炎症反应和鼻黏液纤毛输送功能的变化. 结果实验性急性化脓性鼻窦炎家兔7天病程时白细胞(WBC)计数及中性粒细胞(N)百分比增加,血清C-反应蛋白浓度显著升高,窦腔分泌物细菌分离培养阳性,鼻黏液纤毛传输时间延长,光镜、电镜下窦腔及窦口黏膜充血、水肿、纤毛脱落等. 结论应用金黄色葡萄球菌,采取上颌窦造口术可以建立稳定的家兔急性化脓性鼻窦炎模型.     

Blood flow in the rabbit maxillary sinus mucosa during experimentally induced acute sinusitis

The blood flow in the maxillary sinus mucosa was studied in 35 New Zealand White rabbits. The blood flow measurements were made by two methods, one with use of Rb86Cl and the other with 15 microns Sn113-labelled microspheres. With the Rb86Cl method the blood flow of the infected sinus mucosa was about 0.8 ml x min-1 x g-1 when correction was made for radioactivity in the secretion. The radioactivity found in the secretion probably reflects an increase both in vascular and mucosal permeability and in blood flow. When microspheres labelled with Sn113 were used, the mean mucosal blood flow in the presence of sinusitis was found to be 0.83 +/- 0.56 ml x min-1 x g-1. This blood flow was significantly higher than on the control side. In a control series, mere blocking of the ostium did not significantly alter the blood flow in the sinus mucosa.     

表皮生长因子在急性鼻窦炎黏膜修复过程中的作用及机制

目的观察表皮生长因子（Epidermal Growth Factor,EGF）对实验动物急性鼻窦炎鼻窦黏膜的愈合作用,以及其受体在鼻窦黏膜愈合过程中的表达变化。方法在鼻窦炎动物模型建立后将兔麻醉,打开上颌窦前壁,在内镜下于上颌窦底做一黏膜缺损区。左侧上颌窦为对照组,每天用生理盐水处理窦腔;右侧上颌窦为实验组,每天应用含EGF的生理盐水进行窦腔处理。并取未经任何处理的兔子作为正常组。在实验开始后1、2、3、4周,各随机处死6只动物,比较观察两侧上颌窦黏膜创面愈合情况,以及表皮生长因子受体表达情况。结果实验组EGF可有效促进鼻窦黏膜创面愈合,创面上皮化明显高于对照组,并且局部创缘表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）表达显著高于对照组。结论EGF可通过刺激局部组织EGFR的表达从而促进鼻窦黏膜上皮化。     

Experimental sinusitis in nasally catheterised rabbits

AIM: The aim of the study was to create an experimental rabbit model for investigating the effects of nasal catheterization on rhinosinus mucosa, bacterial flora and observing the development of bacterial sinusitis. METHODS: Healthy adult white rabbits of either sex and with body weights of 2.5-3 kg were used. Rabbits were randomly separated into two groups; the first group was catheterized by 12 French and the second group was catheterized by 8 French catheters blindly and the non-catheterized left sides were accepted as control. Three randomly chosen rabbits from each group were examined by computerized tomography scans (CT) and sacrified in the first, second and the fourth week of the study. Microbiological and histopathological examinations were performed. RESULTS: In both study groups after the first week of nasal catheterization, opacity or air-fluid level was detected in maxillary sinuses by CT scans, which was significant in group 1. Inflammation spread by the prolongation of nasal catheterization and rapidly development of sinusitis was observed by thicker catheters' usage. CONCLUSION: In this study, the role of nasal catheterization as a predisposing factor in the development of sinusitis and the increase of sinusitis development risk in relation with the catheterization period and the catheters' thickness was shown.     

Amoxicillin concentrations in nasal secretions of patients with acute uncomplicated sinusitis and in paranasal sinus mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis

In this prospective randomized clinical study a total of 59 patients of both sexes (above 18 years of age) were enrolled. Thirty patients with acute sinusitis were randomly allocated to two treatment groups, one group receiving 1000 mg amoxicillin every 12h for 10 days and the other group receiving 500 mg amoxicillin every 8 h for 10 days. The median concentration of amoxicillin in nasal secretions was 2.34 µg/ml in the 12-h administration group and 1.95 µg/ml in the 8-h administration group. Median bioavailability of antibiotic at 8-24h did not show any statistical differences between the two treatment schemes [probability (Z) = 0.2]. Twenty-nine patients with chronic sinusitis were then randomly allocated to three groups, with patients receiving 1000 mg amoxicillin at 12, 8 or 6 h before nasal and/or sinus surgery was carried out. The mean amoxicillin concentrations in mucosal tissues removed intraoperatively ranged from 0.69 to 0.99 µ/g sample. Statistical evaluation by analysis of variance did not show any statistically significant differences among the three treatment groups [probability (F) = 0.1705]. In all cases of acute and chronic sinusitis, amoxicillin concentrations exceeded minimum inhibitory concentration values for pathogens common in sinusitis. Our results indicate that 1000 mg amoxicillin administered twice daily produces tissue concentrations high enough to be clinically effective in patients with either acute or chronic sinusitis.     

Lysozyme and lactoferrin in human maxillary sinus mucosa during chronic sinusitis

Summary Immunohistochemistry was used to study the localization of lysozyme (LZ) and lactoferrin (LF) in the human sinus mucosa during recurrent and chronic sinusitis. Serous cells of submucosal mixed glands and polymorphonuclear leukocytes both displayed a strongly positive staining reaction to both LZ and LF in the normal mucosa. A positive though weak staining for LZ and LF could also be found occasionally within goblet cells. In the mucosa from patients with recurrent or chronic sinusitis, the staining reaction to LZ appeared to intensify in goblet cells. Furthermore, an increased immunoreactivity of glands vis-à-vis LZ and LF was also noted occasionally. Atypical glands were frequently found in mucosa from patients with chronic sinusitis. The epithelium of these latter glands often showed an intense staining reaction to LF, but a rather weak reaction to LZ. The results of the present study suggest that the observed increase in LZ and LF secreting activity of goblet cells, epithelial cells and newly formed atypical glands may play a part in the defense mechanism of the sinus mucosa during the course of chronic sinusitis. Correspondence to: M. Fukami     

Normalization of maxillary sinus mucosa after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in pediatric chronic sinusitis

OBJECTIVES: To observe the recovery of maxillary sinus mucosa after endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was used to perform a middle meatal antrostomy, leaving the antral mucosa intact for later observation. METHODS: Between January 1998 and December 2003, 43 children with chronic sinusitis were enrolled in the study. Pre-operative patient profiles, including a history of symptoms, signs and allergies, were collected. Phidiatap test was used to check allergy. Saccharine transit time tests were performed for each side of the nasal cavity. Under endoscopic observation, the antral mucosa was macroscopically divided into edematous and polypoid types. RESULTS: Sixty-four (76.2%) of the 84 antrums had edematous type mucosa in which 73.4% (48/64) of cases were found to have returned to normal within 8 weeks. The polypoid antral mucosa exhibited a slower recovery with 80% (16/20) returning to normal within 4 months. The preoperative saccharine transit time significantly correlated with recovery of the antral mucosa (p < 0.05), but allergy did not (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The antral mucosa in children with chronic maxillary sinusitis was predominantly of the edematous type. Most recovered within 2 months of having FESS. The prolonged saccharine transit time and polypoid type antral mucosa were associated with delayed mucosal recovery, warranting follow-up of more than 4 months.     

Na/K-ATPase in rabbit paranasal sinus mucosa during induced sinusitis

Summary Sinusitis was produced in rabbits, after which animals were separated into three groups: allergic sinusitis, induced purulent sinusitis, and spontaneous purulent sinusitis. Mucosal specimens were taken from these animals and normal controls. Na/K-ATPase was localized cytochemically and its activity studied in order to define the energy metabolism of secretion. The Na/K-ATPase reaction was unable to be clearly distinguished in either the allergic sinusitis specimens or the normal mucosa. In both purulent sinusitis groups, an intensive reaction was observed in the subepithelial glands and a weak reaction was found in the goblet cells. The Na/K-ATPase activity in the purulent sinusitis groups was significantly higher than that in the normal control group. The increased Na/K-ATPase activity may be an affect of hyperactivity of the secretory cells. Offprint requests to: M. Miyaguchi, Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa Medical School, 1750-1 Miki-cho Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-07, Japan     

Tissue-specific immunoglobulin E in maxillary sinus mucosa of allergic fungal sinusitis

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this prospective study were to analyze the specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) in maxillary sinus mucosa and to determine the importance of local tissue sIgE in the patients with allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS). METHODS: We investigated tissue-specific IgE in the maxillary sinus mucosa. Thirty-four patients with rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups--AFS, fungal sinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The sIgE profile of the maxillary sinus mucosa was studied by the CAP method. Other parameters, such as allergic symptoms, presence of fungi hyphae and eosinophilic mucin in the sinus cavities as well as computed tomography (CT) scanning findings were also evaluated in all groups. RESULTS: All patients in the AFS group had allergic symptoms, and the serum IgE test was positive to mites or house dust, but none had a positive serum IgE response to Aspergillus. However, 85.7% of this group had tissue sIgE to Aspergillus. CONCLUSIONS: The local tissue sIgE profile is more specific than the systemic sIgE profile in determining the allergic status of AFS patients. Tissue sIgE for fungi may be considered as a part of AFS diagnostic criteria.     

Frontal sinus carcinoma presenting as acute sinusitis

Primary carcinoma of the frontal sinus is extremely rare. The aetiology of the tumour remains obscure, and even with rapid diagnosis and radical surgery the prognosis remains very poor.     

慢性上颌窦炎窦粘膜的免疫组化研究

目的：探讨慢性鼻窦炎局部粘膜中免疫活性细胞和分泌免疫成分在防御炎症过程中的作用。方法：采用免疫组化染色法对两型鼻突炎粘膜的９种免疫活性细胞和４种分泌免疫成分进行检测。结果：鼻窦炎Ⅰ型中Ｔ淋巴细胞、Ｔ４细胞亚群、Ｂ细胞、巨噬细胞明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;鼻窦炎Ⅱ型中Ｔ淋巴细胞、Ｔ８细胞亚群、Ｂ细胞、肥大细胞、嗜酸性细胞明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;两型中的Ｔ４／Ｔ８细胞比值有明显差异     

The vascular arrangement of the sinus mucosa. A study in rabbits

Seventy-seven New Zealand White rabbits, with an average weight of 3 kg, were used in studies on the paranasal sinus. Replica moulds of the sinus revealed a sinus cavity composed of three compartments with a total volume of 2-3 ml. The sinus cavity was connected with the nasal cavity through an ostium. By intravascular injection of silicone rubber for dissection and of methacrylate for production of corrosion casts, the vascular bed and the vessels passing to and from the sinus cavity were studied. The main arterial supply and venous drainage takes place through the ostium, which is surrounded by a dense venous plexus. Compared with the nasal mucosa, the number of vessels per volume unit is about the same in the sinus mucosa. Many vessels perforating through the osseous walls, both arteries and veins, were found, however, indicating that the blood supply is not derived exclusively from vessels coming through the ostium.     

慢性鼻窦炎患者上颌窦粘膜微循环观察

目的:探讨慢性鼻窦炎患者上颌窦粘膜微循环血流量的变化。方法:在鼻窦内窥镜引导下应用激光多普勒血流计检测10例慢性单纯性鼻窦炎患者(慢性单纯性鼻窦炎组),10例慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者(慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉组)及10例健康者(正常对照组)上颌窦粘膜微循环血流量的状况。结果:慢性单纯性鼻窦炎组和慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉组上颌窦粘膜的微循环血流量均下降,分别与正常对照组相比较,其差异均有显著性意义(分别为P<0.05和P<0.01),但两组间比较,其差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:慢性鼻窦炎患者上颌窦粘膜微循环血流量明显减少。     

Mucociliary activity and ultrastructural abnormalities of regenerated sinus mucosa in rabbits

The purpose of this study was to observe histologic findings in the regenerated maxillary sinus mucosa and restoration of ciliary activity by measuring the speed of mucociliary transport after complete surgical removal of the maxillary sinus mucosa. The maxillary sinuses of 32 rabbits were opened anteriorly and one side of the sinus mucosa of each animal was completely removed. In 16 animals, the natural ostia were widened, and, in another 16 animals, the natural ostia were left undisturbed. The contralateral, sham-operated sinus was used as a control for each animal. The animals of each group were reanesthetized and the maxillary sinuses were reopened at planned intervals. The speed of mucociliary transport toward the maxillary ostium, determined by India ink particle movement, was reduced to 6.4 mm/min, whereas it was 10.8 mm/min in the control side. Beating cilia were observed in 16% by dark-field microscopy, in contrast to 66% in the control sinus. Pseudostratified columnar epithelia without cilia were present in 12%, with the remaining consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia (88%). Light microscopic examination showed increase in submucosal fibrotic proliferation, decrease in submucosal glands, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Under transmission electron microscopy, abnormal cilia such as compound cilia or edematous cilia were frequently found in the regenerated specimens. These observations suggest that mucociliary clearance of the regenerated sinus mucosa may be significantly diminished compared with that of the original mucosa.