肛门内镜下11O例直肠肿瘤切除术

目的 探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)治疗直肠肿瘤的效果.方法 总结2006年4月至2009年8月接受TEM的110例直肠肿瘤患者的临床资料,分析TEM在直肠肿瘤治疗中的应用效果.结果 患者病灶直径0.5～5.5 cm,平均直径为(1.7±0.8)cm.病灶距肛缘4～20 cm,平均距离为(7.4±2.6)cm.病灶在直肠内的部位:前壁40例,后壁29例,左侧壁22例,右侧壁19例.手术方式:肠壁全层切除98例,黏膜下及肌层部分切除12例.手术时间25～180 min,平均(73.5 ±31.0)min;术中失血3～60 ml,平均失血(10.8±7.8)ml.术后病理学检查:直肠腺瘤41例,直肠腺瘤癌变和直肠癌35例(其中Tis期21例,T1期6例,T2期8例),直肠类癌14例,直肠间质瘤1例,直肠平滑肌瘤1例,炎性息肉等18例.所有标本切缘均为阴性.术后并发肛门出血2例,肺部和泌尿系感染各1例,并发症发生率为3.6%(4/110).术后住院日2～8 d,平均住院日(3.4±1. 3)d.术后平均随访12.5个月,未发现肿瘤复发和转移.结论 TEM治疗直肠肿瘤具有手术损伤小,出血少、疗效好、恢复快等优点,是目前直肠局限性肿瘤局部切除的首选方法.     

39例直肠间质瘤局部切除的临床效果分析

目的探讨经肛门内镜切除直肠间质瘤的可行性与安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年12月经肛门内镜胃肠手术(TEM)技术切除直肠间质瘤患者资料,其中男性患者24例,女性患者15例,平均年龄(57.3±13.1)岁。39例患者均由统一手术团队进行手术及围术期管理,随访8~68个月。结果39例直肠间质瘤患者在TEM下均成功切除病灶,无输血无中转开腹。术中平均出血量(10.4±3.7)ml,平均手术时间(50.3±9.8)min,无严重并发症发生。切除肿瘤平均大小(3.3±1.4)cm,术后病理证实为间质瘤,平均住院时间(7.9±2.3)d。随访期间复发1例(2.6%),转移3例(7.7%)。1例(2.6%)复发患者再次行TEM术后目前并且稳定;2例(5.1%)患者肝转移,1例(2.6%)发生骨转移,其中2例(5.1%)死亡。结论经TEM治疗直肠间质瘤安全可行,具有术中出血少、手术时间短、住院时间短等优点。     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗32例直肠腺瘤

目的 评估经肛门内镜微创手术（TEM）治疗直肠腺瘤临床应用的安全性及疗效.方法 2006年9月至2010年2月共32例术前诊断为直肠腺瘤的患者接受TEM治疗,总结其治疗结果.结果 全组患者肿瘤直径0.6～10.0（2.31.2）cm.手术时间为20～180（平均70）min,术中平均出血量小于10 ml,无中转开腹手术.22例（68.8%）行创面缝合,其中全层切除14例;有2例上段直肠肿瘤行全层切除时切穿至腹膜腔,予腔内连续缝合修补破损,术后均未发生肠漏.R0切除31例（96.9%）.术后病理示单纯腺瘤12例;腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变10例;腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变5例;腺瘤局灶癌变5例,均为T1期.术后并发肛门出血、急性尿潴留和肺部感染各1例.术后平均住院时间为4.5（3～8）d;平均随访23（2～43）个月,2例出现复发.结论 TEM手术创伤小、切除精确,是一种对直肠较大腺瘤安全有效的微创手术方法.     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤

目的探讨经肛门内镜显微手术(TEM)直肠全层切除治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院2006年12月至2015年12月间74例采用TEM治疗的直肠神经内分泌肿瘤患者。收集患者的一般资料、肿瘤特点、手术情况、术后病理及随访结果。结果其中50例患者行原发病灶切除,24例患者因结肠镜下切除后标本切缘不清或阳性行二次手术。肿瘤直径平均(1.02±0.43)cm,距离肛缘(7.9±1.7)cm。平均手术时间(58.7±12.1)min,平均术中出血量(13.1±5.0)ml。所有标本基底和侧切缘均阴性。平均随访3.6年,无肿瘤复发。结论 TEM可以作为直径较小的中上段直肠神经内分泌肿瘤手术治疗的首选。     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗直肠占位的临床体会(附53例报告)

目的:探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)治疗直肠占位性病变的应用效果。方法:总结2013年2月至2016年12月接受TEM治疗的53例直肠占位患者的临床资料,分析TEM在直肠占位性病变治疗中的应用效果。结果:本组53例均成功施行TEM,其中49例行直肠壁全层切除,4例行黏膜下及肌层部分切除。手术时间20~100 min,平均(42.8±14.3)min;术中出血量5~45 ml,平均(8.2±4.4)ml。术中2例中上段直肠前壁肿瘤行全层切除时切入腹腔,立即行腹腔镜下一期修补成功,术后未发生腹腔及盆腔感染。本组均无围手术期死亡病例,术后4例(7.5%)发生并发症,其中1例术后出血、1例尿潴留、1例肺部感染、1例直肠创面感染,均保守治疗痊愈。术后住院1~13 d,平均(4.5±2.6)d。术后随访5~52个月,平均(23.4±7.3)个月,均未发现肿瘤复发、转移及控便、排便功能障碍。结论:TEM是安全的,其微创性、疗效均优于传统经肛直肠肿瘤切除术,可作为适合局部切除直肠病灶的首选治疗方法。     

经肛门微创系统治疗45例直肠肿瘤的临床分析以及经肛门内镜微创手术的进展

目的探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(TEM)治疗直肠肿瘤的安全性、疗效及预后,评价其临床应用价值及文献复习。方法回顾性分析2014年8月至2017年2月期间于佛山市第一人民医院行TEM治疗的45例直肠肿瘤患者的临床资料,总结其临床效果。结果所有患者的肿瘤病灶均完整切除,肿物直径为1.8±0.8 cm(1.0~4.0 cm),肿瘤距离肛缘为7.6±2.8 cm(6~17 cm);切缘行病理学检查均为阴性,其中全层切除18例,粘膜下及肌层部分切除27例;手术时间为72.7±18.1 min(40~120min),术中失血量的中位数为16.6 m L(5~200 m L);术后住院时间为4.9±1.7 d(4~7 d)。术后病理学检查示单纯直肠腺瘤13例,绒毛管状腺瘤13例,腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变5例,腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变7例,腺瘤癌变5例,均为Tis~T1期;另直肠类癌2例。术后发生创面大出血3例,均经保守治疗治愈;5例肛管及内痔损伤出血术中需加缝肛管创面;无大便失禁及肠穿孔情况。39例患者包括5例癌变患者术后常规随访,随访时间的中位数为15个月(2~30个月),随访期间均未出现肿瘤局部复发,未发生大便失禁和排便功能障碍。结论我们的结果与文献报道结果相近。TEM具有直视下操作、术野暴露清晰、切除范围准确、手术创伤小、复发率低等优点,是一种可用于治疗直肠肿瘤有效的、安全的微创手术方法,应在有条件的医院开展。     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌31例

目的探讨经肛门内镜显微手术（transanal endoscopicmic rosurgery，TEM）治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌的疗效。方法1995年11月～2003年12月，我院行TEM治疗直肠肿瘤31例。全麻下根据肿瘤位置选择合适的体位，经肛门插入特殊的手术直肠镜，保持CO2充气状态，在立体视镜和腔镜系统下，采用针形电刀或5mm超声刀将直肠肿瘤完整切除（黏膜下或全层切除），手术创口在腔内连续缝合。结果31例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除，切缘均阴性。手术时间45～220min，平均95min；术中出血量0～180ml，平均40ml。手术并发症：暂时性排气失控2例，急性尿潴留1例，慢性阻塞性气道疾病急性发作1例，因服用阿斯匹林而出现继发性出血1例。术后病理分期：pT0期16例，pTis期2例，pT1期7例，pT2和pT3期各3例。31例随访2～92个月，平均23个月，肿瘤无原位复发。结论TEM是治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌的一种安全、有效的微创手术方法。     

经肛门内镜显微手术在直肠肿瘤局部切除术中的应用

目的初步评价经肛门内镜显微手术(transanalendoscopicmicrosurgery,TEM)在直肠肿瘤局部切除术中的应用。方法2006年4月至9月对8例直肠肿瘤患者采用TEM行局部切除术。术前根据直肠腔内超声肿瘤分期uT0期6例,uTis期和uT1期各1例。肿瘤距肛缘距离平均7(4~9)cm;肿瘤直径平均1.5(1~2.5)cm;肿瘤占据肠腔周径比例平均20%(10%~30%)。结果8例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除(粘膜下切除3例,全层切除5例),各切缘均阴性。手术时间平均50(40~60)min;术中平均出血量30(10~50)ml。术后住院天数平均5(2~7)d。无一例出现手术并发症。术后病理分期pT0期5例,pTis期、pT1期和pT2期各1例。8例术后随访平均3(1~5)个月,肿瘤无局部复发。结论TEM显露良好、切除精确,手术安全、创伤小,经严格选择病例可用于良性直肠肿瘤和早期直肠癌的彻底切除。     

经肛门内窥镜下微创治疗直肠肿瘤40例初步经验

目的 评价经肛门内窥镜微创外科技术(TEM)治疗直肠宽基腺瘤和早期直肠癌临床效果.方法 分析2005年5月至2007年4月40例TEM手术的临床效果,结果 40例肿瘤直径中位值2.3 cm,肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离为(8.2±3.2)cm,肿瘤侵犯直肠周径范围为(32.3±18.5)%.平均手术时间为(90±43)min.平均住院4.8 d.无围手术期死亡.切缘瘤细胞均为阴性.病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤24例、直肠腺癌10例、直肠类癌6例,10例腺癌中pTis2例,PT16例和pT22例.平均随访11个月,所有病例无局部复发.结论 TEM手术创伤小、保留肛门括约肌、缩短住院时间;既可作为直肠宽基腺瘤和pT1期直肠癌的治愈性手术,也可作为pT2直肠癌的姑息性治疗手段.     

腔镜辅助下经肛门手术治疗直肠肿瘤24例

目的探讨腔镜辅助下经肛门手术治疗早期直肠癌和直肠腺瘤的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2015年2月~2017年2月腹腔镜辅助下经肛门直肠肿瘤切除术24例患者的临床资料。肿瘤距齿状线平均(6.2±2.5)cm,肿瘤直径(1.5±0.9)cm。结果本组24例均成功完成腔镜辅助下经肛门直肠肿瘤切除术,其中直肠腺瘤12例,直肠高级别上皮内瘤变6例,直肠癌6例(包括T0期4例,T1期1例,T2期1例)。术中出血(20.5±8.8)ml,手术时间(35.2±15.5)min,术后住院3~9 d。1例T1期侵及黏膜下层外1/3,再次入院行腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除术。1例T2期侵及黏膜肌层,拒绝再次手术后失访。23例平均随访(18±6)个月,均未发现肿瘤复发或转移。结论腔镜辅助下经肛门手术治疗直肠肿瘤操作简单,手术难度小,在合理选择适应证的前提下可以获得良好的治疗效果。     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for carcinoma of the rectum

Background The authors present their experience with rectal cancers managed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Methods This prospective study investigated patients undergoing primary TEM excision for definitive treatment of rectal cancer between January 1996 and December 2003 by a single surgeon in a tertiary referral colorectal surgical unit. Results For this study, 52 patients (30 men and 22 women) underwent TEM excision of a rectal cancer. Their mean age was 74.3 years (range, 48–93 years). The median diameter of the lesions was 3.44 cm (range, 1.6–8.5 cm). The median distance of the lesions from the anal verge was 8.8 cm (range, 3–15 cm), with the tumor more than 10 cm from the anal verge in 36 patients. The median operating time was 90 min (range, 20–150 min), and the median postoperative stay was 2 days. All patients underwent full-thickness excisions. There were 11 minor complications, 2 major complications, and no deaths. The mean follow-up period was 40 months (range, 22–82 months). None of the pT1 rectal cancers received adjuvant therapy. Eight patients with pT2 rectal cancer and two patients with pT3 rectal cancer received postoperative adjuvant therapy. The overall local rate of recurrence was 14%, and involved cases of T2 and T3 lesions, with no recurrence after excision of T1 cancers. Three patients died during the follow-up period, but no cancer-specific deaths occurred. Conclusions The findings warrant the conclusion that TEM is a safe, effective treatment for selected cases of rectal cancer, with low morbidity and no mortality. The TEM procedure broadens the range of lesions suitable for local resection to include early cancers (pTis and pT1) and more advanced cancers only in frail people.     

Use of a SILS port in transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the setting of a community hospital

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a well-known technique for the removal of rectal lesions. This operation poses several advantages over traditional anal excision, which include better visibility of the rectum, more precise border excision, and a lower recurrence rate of benign and stage T1 malignant neoplasms. Introducing a SILS? port (Covidien) into the anal canal (originally developed for single-incision laparoscopic surgery), instead of the TEM proctoscope, may further enhance the technique. We performed excisions of rectal lesions in 3 patients using a SILS port in TEM. In all cases, it was easy to maintain the rectum insufflated, and the visibility was excellent. The rectal lesions were successfully resected without significant intraoperative complications. Postoperative recovery was uneventful in both cases. TEM with a SILS port is a promising technique that may provide several advantages over the traditional TEM, including cost-effectiveness, and can be easily implemented in the setting of a community hospital.     

Preoperative staging of patients with rectal tumors suitable for transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM): comparison of endorectal ultrasound and histopathologic findings

Background  Accurate preoperative staging is the key to correct selection of rectal tumors for local excision. This study aims to assess the accuracy of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) at our institution. Patients and methods  Retrospective analysis was carried out of patients treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) from 1996 to 2008. TEM was considered the treatment of choice for uT0-1/N0 lesions located between 2 and 12 cm from the anal verge. It was also proposed in selected uT2-3 patients. Preoperative staging was compared with histopathologic findings. Results  Eighty-one patients (46 males, mean age 66 years) underwent TEM. Mean distance of the tumor from the anal verge was 6.6 cm (range 2–12 cm). ERUS staged 15 of 27 adenomas (55%) as uT1. Of 54 carcinomas, 5 were pT0 because TEM was performed to remove resection margins of a malign polyp already snared. Five of 19 pTis (26%) were overstaged uT1, while 7 of 17 pT1 (41%) were understaged. Overall, ERUS enabled distinction between early and advanced rectal lesion with 96% sensitivity and 85% specificity, giving accuracy of 94% (65/67). Thirteen patients had advanced lesions (eight pT2 and five pT3). Only in two of them (15%) was depth of invasion underestimated by ERUS (one uT0, one uT1) and thus was subsequent salvage surgery necessary. Conclusions  ERUS is useful to confirm the diagnosis of adenoma and predict depth of mural invasion in early rectal cancer. Differentiation between T0/is and T1 lesions remains challenging, however this does not usually influence surgical strategy.     

直肠癌经肛门内镜显微手术疗效及复发危险因素分析

目的 分析直肠癌经肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）疗效及复发危险因素,以探讨直肠癌TEM适应证.方法 对2006年6月至2009年6月间山东省千佛山医院胃肠外科收治的60例行TEM的直肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组直肠癌pTis期12例,pT1期38例 pT2期10例.全部病灶均一次性全层整块切除,标本切缘均阴性.手术时间30～190（65.0±36.5）min,术中失血量9～75（10.5±5.8）ml,住院时间3～9（4.5±2.7）d,无手术死亡和严重并发症出现.随访时间12～48（平均28.5）个月,无一例死亡.pTis患者均未现复发 38例pT1期患者中1例（2.6%）出现局部复发 10例pT2期患者中有4例（40.0%）出现局部复发,显著高于pT1期患者（P＜0.05）.肿瘤直径大于3 cm的21例患者中有4例复发,显著高于肿瘤直径小于3 cm者（1/39,P＜0.05）.多因素复发危险因素分析证实,浸润深度和肿瘤大小是TEM术后复发的独立风险因素.结论 对pTis、pT1期及肿瘤小于3 cm的早期直肠癌患者,TEM安全有效,值得推广.     

Minimally invasive treatment of synchronous colorectal tumours

In patients with colorectal cancers synchronous neoplastic lesions are an increasingly frequent finding at preoperative staging; 3% of the cases are other cancers while 33-35% of the synchronous lesions are villous adenomas. The treatment of most colorectal adenomas can be performed by endoscopic poplypectomy. In 5% of cases there are synchronous colorectal lesions also requiring surgical treatment. From January 1995 to June 2007 we treated 5 patients with rectal lesions by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) together with a laparoscopic colectomy for the presence of synchronous lesions at the "Clinica Chirurgica Generale e d'Urgenza" of the University of Perugia,. Surgical timing involved performing a sequential exeresis characterised by a cancer resection, followed by resection of the voluminous adenoma: TEM for rectal cancer followed by a laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis for a voluminous villous adenoma (1 patient) and laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis for cancer followed by TEM for a voluminous villous adenoma (2 patients). One patient with left colon cancer associated with a voluminous villous rectal adenoma first underwent TEM for the rectal adenoma and then a left laparoscopic hemicolectomy with an extracorporeal anastomosis in order to ease the transit of the circular mechanical stapler. Another patient with rectal and right colon adenomas first underwent TEM for a voluminous rectal sessile adenoma and later a right hemicolectomy. The use of this minimally invasive approach allowed rectum preservation and less invasive surgery.