电针对抑郁大鼠海马组织CREB/BDNF/TrkB信号通路的影响

目的：探讨电针对抑郁大鼠海马组织CREB/BDNF/TrkB信号通路的影响。方法：采用孤养结合慢性不可预知应激（CUMS）方法建立抑郁大鼠模型，随机分为空白组、模型组、电针组、氟西汀组，每组10只。电针组选取“百会”、“神庭”、“合谷”、“太冲”，每日造模前1 h针刺，留针20 min,1次/d，持续21 d；氟西汀组：每日造模前1 h氟西汀（10 mg/kg, 1 mg/mL）灌胃给药，持续21 d。观察大鼠的体质量变化、旷场实验的站立次数和运动距离、强迫游泳实验的不动时间，ELISA法检测血清5-HT、DA、NE的含量；Western blot检测海马组织中BDNF、CREB、TrkB的表达；实时荧光定量PCR检测海马组织中BDNF、CREB mRNA的表达。结果：造模干预后：与空白组比较，模型组大鼠体质量、站立次数、运动距离、血清5-HT、DA、NE的含量、海马组织中BDNF、CREB、TrkB的表达显著下降（均P<0.01），不动时间显著升高（P<0.01）；与模型组比较，电针组、氟西汀组大鼠体质量、站立次数、运动距离、血清5-HT、DA、NE的含量、海马组织中BD...     

犬尿氨酸通路代谢产物与产后抑郁关联研究

目的：研究产后抑郁患者血浆犬尿氨酸(kynurenine,KYN)通路代谢产物变化情况。方法：收集2014年2 月1日至2017年12月31日在中南大学湘雅三医院择期行剖宫产手术的产妇726例,采用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale,EPDS)在产后第42天对产后抑郁(postpartum depression,PPD)的发生情况进行评估,≥13 评定为PPD。测定并比较PPD组24例和对照组48例产妇血浆KYN,喹啉酸(quinolinic acid,QUIN)和犬尿喹啉酸 (kynurenic acid,KYNA)的血浆浓度。结果：PPD发生率7.99%,PPD产妇相比非PPD产妇产前1 d血浆KYN浓度明显升 高(P<0.05),产后第3天血浆QUIN浓度明显升高(P<0.05),KYNA浓度明显降低(P<0.05),产后第3天KYNA/QUIN比值 明显降低(P<0.01)。结论：产妇围产期血浆KYN,QUIN和KYNA浓度变化与PPD的发病密切相关,纠正血浆KYNA/ QUIN比例失衡可能有利于防治PPD。     

电针对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠额叶皮层及海马Caspase-3基因表达的影响

目的 观察电针对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠额叶皮层及海马半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-3,Caspase-3)表达的影响,探讨电针治疗抑郁症的作用机理.方法 将Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠48只随机数字表法分为4组:空白组、模型组、模型+电针组(电针组)、模型+阳性药组(帕罗西汀组),12只/组;采用旷场实验进行行为学评价;采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)方法检测大鼠额叶皮层及海马Caspase-3 mRNA含量.结果 ①旷场实验:与空白组大鼠[分别为水平(66±13)格、竖立(10±2)次]相比,模型组大鼠水平穿越格数[(29±7)格]、竖立次数[(6±2)次]均有减少(P＜0.05、P＞0.05).与模型组相比,电针组大鼠水平穿越格数[(61±9)格]、竖立次数[(13±1)次]均明显提高(P＜0.01);帕罗西汀组大鼠水平穿越格数[(39±10)格]、竖立次数[(8±1)次]有所增加,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②RT-PCR:与空白组相比,模型组大鼠额叶皮层、海马Caspase-3 mRNA含量明显升高(P＜0.05).与模型组相比,电针组与帕罗西汀组大鼠额叶皮层Caspase-3 mRNA含量明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);电针组与帕罗西汀组大鼠海马Caspase-3 mRNA含量有下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠额叶皮层及海马Caspase-3 mRNA含量增加,电针可以从基因水平下调其表达,这可能是电针发挥抗抑郁治疗作用的途径之一.     

氟西汀和噻萘普汀对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马Bcl-2表达的影响

 目的 研究抗抑郁药物氟西汀与噻萘普汀对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。方法 将大鼠随机分为抑郁模型组、氟西汀组、噻萘普汀组和对照组。模型组、氟西汀组和噻萘普汀组给予21 d的应激刺激,此期间对照组正常饲养,刺激期间氟西汀组每天灌胃氟西汀（10 mg/kg）,噻萘普汀组每天灌胃噻萘普汀（50 mg/kg）,模型组和对照组每天灌胃等体积的生理盐水。行为学检测应用开场法和液体消耗实验。采用Western-blot法检测各组大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2蛋白的表达情况。结果 应激后模型组水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数、糖水消耗百分比均显著低于对照组（P0.05）。在Western-blot检测中,慢性应激后模型组大鼠海马Bcl-2的表达水平显著低于对照组（P0.05）;噻萘普汀组大鼠海马Bcl-2的表达水平高于模型组（P0.05）。结论 慢性应激可能导致大鼠海马Bcl-2表达降低,氟西汀和噻奈普汀可能逆转慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马中Bcl-2表达的降低。     

电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学及海马谷氨酸含量影响的研究

目的探讨电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学的影响及对海马谷氨酸含量的调节作用。方法采用应激刺激作用于SD大鼠制成慢性应激模型,电针“百会”“印堂”穴,每天1次,每次20min;百优解于每日刺激前1h灌胃给药,共21d。通过开野实验及游泳实验进行行为学检测,运用放免法(RIA)检测下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)、垂体促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、肾上腺及海马皮质酶(CORT)含量,比色法测定海马内谷氨酸(Glu)含量,与空白组、模型组、百优解组做比较。结果与空白组相比,模型组开野实验的水平运动次数和垂直运动次数明显减少,强迫游泳不动时间明显增加,下丘脑CRF、垂体ACTH、肾上腺及海马CORT、海马内Glu含量明显升高;电针组和百优解组开野实验的运动次数明显增加,强迫游泳不动时间明显减少,下丘脑CRF、垂体ACTH、肾上腺及海马CORT、海马Glu含量降低。结论慢性应激引起大鼠的活动性降低,探究行为减少,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴亢进并引起大鼠海马内CORT、Glu含量升高,电针可能通过调整HPA轴相关激素水平纠正海马内CORT、Glu含量,从而改善慢性应激大鼠的行为表现。     

电针对慢性复合应激抑郁模型大鼠行为及对海马内单胺类递质含量的影响

目的观察电针对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学和海马单胺类神经递质的影响,探讨电针治疗抑郁可能存在的神经调节机制。方法将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组,电针组、百优解组,每组各10只,应用分养和长期不可预见性中等强度应激造成抑郁症模型,造模同时电针和百优解治疗。以蔗糖水试与体重测定、Open-field法对照研究针刺对慢性应激诱导的抑郁症模型大鼠行为学的改变;应用RP-HPLC碳光检测法对照研究针刺对模型大鼠海马单胺类神经递质的改变。结果行为学测定,与正常对照组比较,模型组开野实验的水平运动次数和垂直运动次数、糖水的摄入量与体重变化量均显著减少（“P〈0．01或0．05”）。而用盐酸氟西汀与电针治疗后大鼠的水平活动、垂直活动次数、糖水的摄入量以及体重变化量虽然较正常组减少,但较模型组改善（“p〈0．05”）。海马内单胺类神经递质含量测定发现,与正常组相比,模型组大鼠海马5-HT、DA和NE含量均显著降低（“P〈0.05”）。与模型组相比,电针组和百优解组模型大鼠海马内5-HT、DA和NE含量显著升高（“P〈0.05”）;但百优解组NE含量与正常组相比差异仍有显著性意义（“P〈0.05”）。而中电针组各单胺类测量值略低于正常组水平,但无统计学差异。结论脑卒中后抑郁症动物模型脑内单胺类神经递质含量降低;行为学表明活动减少,兴趣、快感缺乏。电针与盐酸氟西汀均可以改善抑郁大鼠的行为及脑内单胺类神经递质水平。而电针的优势在于整体调整,安全可靠,无毒副作用及成瘾性。因此,是一种较好的治疗抑郁症的方法。     

培元解郁方对糖皮质激素诱导大鼠抑郁模型TRP-KYN代谢的影响及神经元可塑性调节机制

目的研究培元解郁方对糖皮质激素诱导大鼠抑郁模型的抗抑郁作用,对色氨酸-犬尿氨酸(TRP-KYN)代谢的影响以及对海马和皮层神经元可塑性的影响。方法将70只雄性大鼠随机分为7组,每组10只,分别为空白组、模型组、氟西汀组、天丝饮组、四逆散组和培元解郁方中、高剂量组,糖皮质激素注射28 d建立大鼠抑郁模型,造模结束后进行敞箱测试和糖水消耗测试;采用HPLC-MS/MS技术检测血清色氨酸(TRP)、犬尿氨酸(KYN)、犬尿烯酸(KA)、喹啉酸(Q)含量,RT-PCR检测海马和皮层神经元内N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NR)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达水平。结果糖皮质激素注射28 d后,与空白组比较模型组大鼠糖水消耗量、敞箱活动的总得分显著降低(P0.05),KYN/TRP、KYN/KA比值显著升高(P0.05),海马BDNF mRNA表达显著降低(P0.05),皮层NR mRNA表达显著升高(P0.05)。培元解郁方可显著提高大鼠糖水消耗量(P0.05),敞箱活动总得分(P0.05),降低KYN/TRP、KYN/KA比值(P0.05),升高KYN/Q比值(P0.05),升高海马BDNF mRNA表达水平(P0.05),降低皮层NR mRNA表达(P0.05)。结论培元解郁方可以通过下调TRP-KYN代谢,抑制神经毒性,提高神经保护;通过促进皮层和海马尤其是皮层的神经元可塑性发挥抗抑郁作用。     

合欢花水提物对抑郁症大鼠行为学及海马神经元损伤的影响研究

目的 探究合欢花水提物对抑郁症大鼠行为学及海马神经元损伤的影响及机制。方法 50只SPF级、SD雄性大鼠，采用随机数字表法分为空白组、模型组、氟西汀组、合欢花水提物低、高剂量组（每组10只），其中模型组、氟西汀组及合欢花水提物低、高剂量组大鼠采用慢性不可预见性温和应激（CUMS）法复制抑郁模型，且每日进行应激刺激前1 h，合欢花水提物低、高剂量组及氟西汀组分别给予0.15 g/kg、0.90 g/kg合欢花水提物、1.8 mg/kg氟西汀溶液灌胃处理（1次/d，连续21 d），而空白组、模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。比较各组大鼠行为学改变，各组大鼠海马组织病理学变化、神经元细胞凋亡情况及海马组织中Janus激酶（JAK2）、p-JAK2、转录激活因子3(STAT3)、p-STAT3蛋白表达。结果 对照组、模型组、合欢花水提物高、低剂量组及氟西汀组模型复制前1d、模型复制第22天的水平穿越格数、直立次数、糖水偏爱值比较，采用重复测量设计的方差分析，结果：不同时间点水平穿越格数、直立次数、糖水偏爱值有差异（P <0.05）；各组穿越格数、直立次数、糖水偏爱值有差异（P <0.05...     

电针对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马CXCR4和IP-10蛋白表达的影响

目的基于抗体蛋白芯片技术观察电针对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马组织趋化因子受体-4(CXCR4)和趋化因子10(IP-10)表达的影响,探究电针抗抑郁的机制。方法将40只SD大鼠随机平均分为正常组、模型组、电针组和氟西汀组。电针组于每日给予应激前1 h电针"百会"和"印堂"穴,氟西汀组于每日给予应激前1 h药物灌胃,均连续28 d。应用抗体蛋白芯片技术检测大鼠海马CXCR4和IP-10蛋白表达的变化,以倍数变化(fold change)来判断蛋白的差异表达。结果与正常组比较,慢性不可预知性温和应激可使模型组大鼠海马CXCR4和趋化因子IP-10表达上调(fold change分别为1.21、1.50);电针和氟西汀可逆转模型大鼠海马CXCR4和IP-10的上调表达(电针组fold change分别为0.65、0.72;氟西汀组fold change分为0.57、0.62)。结论电针对慢性应激抑郁状态的改善作用可能是通过调节海马CXCR4和IP-10的表达来实现的。     

抗抑郁药物对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马蛋白激酶C表达的干预作用

目的探讨氟西汀与噻奈普汀对慢性应激模型大鼠海马蛋白激酶C(PKC)表达的影响。方法将60只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为抑郁模型组、氟西汀组、噻奈普汀组和正常对照组,各15只。模型组、氟西汀组和噻奈普汀组大鼠给予21 d的应激刺激,此期间正常对照组正常饲养,刺激期间氟西汀组每天灌胃氟西汀(10 mg/kg),噻奈普汀组每天灌胃噻奈普汀(50 mg/kg),模型组和正常对照组大鼠每天灌胃等体积的0.9%氯化钠注射液。行为学检测应用开场法和液体消耗实验。采用Western-blotting法检测各组大鼠海马PKC的表达情况。结果应激后,模型组大鼠水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数、糖水消耗百分比均显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01);氟西汀组水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数和糖水消耗百分比均显著高于模型组(P<0.05);噻奈普汀组糖水消耗百分比显著高于模型组(P<0.05)。在Western-blotting法检测中,模型组大鼠海马PKC的表达水平显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01);氟西汀组大鼠海马PKC的表达水平显著高于模型组(P<0.01),与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);噻奈普汀组大鼠海马PKC的表达水平显著高于模型组(P<0.01),但仍显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论氟西汀可以逆转慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马中PKC表达的降低;噻奈普汀可以部分逆转慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马中PKC表达的降低。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.