Osteoporosis Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Colorectal Adenoma and High-Risk Adenoma: A Retrospective,Multicenter, Cross-Sectional,Case-Control Study

Background/AimsThe protective effects of vitamin D and calcium on colorectal neoplasms are known. Bone mineral density (BMD) may be a reliable biomarker that reflects the long-term anticancer effect of vitamin D and calcium. This study aimed to evaluate the association between BMD and colorectal adenomas including high-risk adenoma.MethodsA multicenter, cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted among participants with average risk of colorectal cancer who underwent BMD and screening colonoscopy between 2015 and 2019. The main outcome was the detection of colorectal neoplasms. The variable under consideration was low BMD (osteopenia/osteoporosis). The logistic regression model included baseline demographics, components of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease status, and aspirin and multivitamin use.ResultsA total of 2,109 subjects were enrolled. The mean age was 52.1±10.8 years and 42.6% were male. The adenoma detection rate was 43%. Colorectal adenoma and high-risk adenoma were both more prevalent in subjects with low BMD than those with normal BMD (48.2% vs 38.8% and 12.1% vs 9.1%). In the univariate analysis, old age, male sex, smoking, metabolic components, fatty liver, and osteoporosis were significantly associated with the risk of adenoma and high-risk adenoma. In the multivariate analysis, osteoporosis was independently associated with risk of colorectal adenoma (odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 2.46; p=0.014) and high-risk adenoma (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.29; p=0.014).ConclusionsOsteoporosis is an independent risk factor of colorectal adenoma and high-risk adenoma.     

吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性和脂代谢的影响

目的观察吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性和脂代谢的影响。方法选择我院20例2型糖尿病患者，单纯饮食控制或口服磺脲类药物血糖控制不良时加用吡格列酮。开始剂量为15mg／d，2周后视空腹血糖情况调整剂量为15—30mg／d，治疗12周。结果患者治疗前、后FBG、FINS、IAI、2hPG、2hPINS、TG、LDL—C、HDL—C间差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病可显著增加患者的胰岛素敏感性且改善脂代谢。     

Thiazolidinediones and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Among Patients with Diabetes and Coronary Disease

Background

We sought to determine whether insulin-sensitizing therapy (thiazolidinediones or metformin) decreased the risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared with insulin-providing therapy (insulin, sulfonylurea, or a meglitinide). Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers that also decrease the inflammatory response. Because inflammation is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, we hypothesized that treating diabetes with thiazolidinediones might decrease the risk of developing atrial fibrillation.

Effect of Aprotinin on Insulin Sensitivity in Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

It has been suggested that kallikrein-kinin system may influence carbohydrate metabolism via a kinin-mediated increment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. To evaluate the effect of acute inhibition of the kallikrein-kinin system on insulin sensitivity, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was performed in 15 male non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. After basal evaluation of insulin sensitivity with a 2-h euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (40 mU m⁻² min⁻¹), patients were infused either with aprotinin (200 000 U.I.C. as intravenous bolus injection) or placebo (10 ml isotonic saline) in a cross-over fashion, at 1 week intervals. After both saline and aprotinin infusions, insulin sensitivity was reassessed by continuing the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp for a further 1 h. Resulting data showed that aprotinin significantly improved total glucose uptake (from 16.2 ± 2.9 μmol kg min⁻¹ to 20.6 ± 4.9 μmol kg min⁻¹, p<0.01), and decreased metabolic clearance rate of insulin (from 586 ± 57 ml m⁻² min⁻¹ to 442 ± 155 ml m⁻² min⁻¹, p<0.05). Thus, in spite of the suggested positive effects of kinins on insulin-mediated glucose uptake, acute inhibition of the kallikrein-kinin system resulted in a paradoxical increment of insulin sensitivity, which was probably mediated by the reduced metabolic clearance rate of insulin.     

Effect of Insulin on Airway Responsiveness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cohort Study

Background. The correlation between low insulin levels and a decreased sensitivity of the muscarinic receptor has been shown on induced-diabetes animal models. We designed a cohort study with the aim of evaluating the effects of insulin therapy on airway responsiveness (AR) in human patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods. We enrolled 92 patients with type 2 diabetes who had switched from oral anti-diabetic therapy to treatment by insulin subcutaneous injection. Patients were administered the methacholine challenge test (MCT) at time 0 (pre-insulin therapy) and at intervals of 15, 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after insulin treatment. The decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁)% from baseline (Δ FEV₁) in response to inhaled methacholine (MCH) was determined to assess airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Results. A total of 81 patients (18 women and 63 men) completed the study. Their mean age was 58 ± 7 years and the mean duration of disease was 13.5 ± 7.7 years. The mean decrease of FEV₁ at pre-insulin assessment was 2.96 ± 2.6%. Compared with the pre-insulin value, a significant increase of Δ FEV₁ was observed at 15, 30, and 90 days after treatment (6.25%, CI 95% 5.4 to 7.2, p = 0.0005; 7.64%, CI 95% 6.6 to 8.1, p < 0.001; 6.45%, CI 95% 5.5 to 7.3, p = 0.0004, respectively), while after 180 and 360 days AR was similar to pre-insulin values (Δ FEV₁, 3.62%, CI 95% 2.7 to 3.5 and 3.11%, CI 95% 7.9 to 9.3, respectively). Conclusions. The finding of an increased AR in patients with type 2 diabetes during the first 3 months of insulin therapy may underline the importance of monitoring pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in patients switching from oral anti-diabetic drugs to insulin therapy, especially in the subset of individuals with respiratory disorders.     

Effect of Sulphonylurea Therapy on Plasma Insulin,Intact and 32/33 Split Proinsulin in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This study was undertaken to clarify the effect of sulphonylurea therapy on beta cell function in 27 subjects with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plasma glucose, insulin, intact and 32/33 split proinsulin were measured at diagnostic OGTT. After 8–12 weeks on a conventional diet, subjects with a fasting glucose > 9 mmol I^?1 (n = 12) were commenced on sulphonylurea therapy. At diagnosis, the sulphonylurea requiring group were more hyperglycaemic (p < 0.0001), less obese (p<0.05) and more insulin deficient with a lower 30 min insulin (p < 0.0002) than the diet group. Following dietary intervention in the sulphonylurea group, weight remained unchanged but there was a reduction in fasting glucose (p < 0.009). Fasting insulin, intact proinsulin, and 32/33 split proinsulin remained unchanged. After 12 weeks of sulphonylurea therapy there was a weight gain of 1.5 kg (p < 0.01), but a reduction in fasting glucose (p < 0.0001). Fasting insulin and intact proinsulin increased (p < 0.004) but 32/33 split proinsulin remained unchanged. There was a significant increase in both the fasting insulin to glucose ratio (p < 0.005), and the intact to 32/33 split proinsulin ratio (p < 0.02). Final fasting glucose following sulphonylurea therapy was positively correlated with the initial intact and 32/33 split proinsulin and the fasting glucose following dietary treatment. It is clear from this work that sulphonylureas have a complex effect on beta cell physiology and as well as stimulating release of insulin they increase the release of intact proinsulin but not that of 32/33 split proinsulin, hence they increase the intact to 32/33 split proinsulin ratio.     

Elevated HbA1c Is an Independent Predictor of Aggressive Clinical Behavior in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study

AIM: The aim of this study was to seek an association between the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as determined by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, and the outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients with T2DM who had CRC diagnosed between 1997 and 2001. We defined well-controlled T2DM as HbA1c < 7.5% and poorly controlled T2DM as HbA1c > or = 7.5%. A group of age- and gender-matched patients who had CRC without T2DM were used as controls. Forty clinical factors were reviewed, and those associated with poor clinical outcome in each group were examined by univariate analysis (UA) and by the maximum likelihood analysis of logistic regression to determine the independent predictors of cancer outcome. RESULTS: We identified 155 patients with T2DM and CRC, and 114 control patients who had CRC without T2DM. We found no significant differences in any clinical factor by UA between the patients with well-controlled T2DM and the patients who had CRC without T2DM. Compared to both of those patients groups, in contrast, the patients with poorly controlled T2DM had more right-sided CRCs (P = 0.04, OR = 2, 95% CI = 1-4.1), more advanced CRCs (P = 0.02, OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1-4.4), a younger age of presentation (P = 0.05), greater use of exogenous insulin (P = 0.002), and a poorer 5-year survival (P = 0.001) by UA. Logistic regression showed that poorly controlled T2DM independently predicted the early onset of CRC, a more advanced stage at the time of presentation, poorer 5-year survival, and an increased incidence of right-sided CRCs. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with T2DM who have CRC, poor glycemic control is associated with a clinically aggressive course for the cancer.     

硝酸甘油对2型糖尿病患者动脉弹性功能的影响

目的　观察大动脉弹性指数C1与小动脉弹性指数C2在 2型糖尿病患者中的变化及硝酸甘油对它们影响。方法　采用CVProfilerDO - 2 0 2 0动脉功能检测仪测定 4 4例 2型糖尿病患者和 5 2名健康人的C1、C2 ,并观察糖尿病患者舌下含服硝酸甘油后C1和C2的变化。结果　糖尿病患者的C2显著低于健康人 (3 4 8± 1 6 5vs 6 70± 2 6 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,C1无明显降低 (14 4± 5 2vs 15 2± 3 8,P >0 0 5 ) ;含服硝酸甘油后糖尿病患者的C2明显升高 (4 97± 2 5 8vs 3 4 8± 1 6 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,但C1无明显变化 (15 8± 5 5vs 14 4± 5 2 ,P >0 0 5 )。结论　 2型糖尿病患者的小动脉弹性功能 (C2 )显著降低 ,硝酸甘油可有效逆转这一变化。动脉内皮功能障碍可能是 2型糖尿病患者小动脉弹性功能下降的主要原因     

胰岛素强化治疗在初发2型糖尿病患者中临床应用的效果分析

目的 探究胰岛素强化治疗在初发2型糖尿病患者中临床应用效果.方法 选择2018年5月—2019年12月该院收治的100例初发2型糖尿病患者,按入院的先后顺序分为实验组和对照组,每组50例.对照组采用口服降糖药治疗,实验组采用胰岛素强化治疗,对比两组患者的血糖指标,治疗效果以及空腹胰岛素(Fins),胰岛β细胞功能指数(...     

A Strategy for Arterial Risk Assessment and Management in Type 2 (Non-insulin-dependent) Diabetes Mellitus

People with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus die mainly from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Furthermore, the major burden of their symptoms arise from arterial disease, including peripheral vascular disease. However, management guidelines for Type 2 diabetes continue to focus on blood glucose control, which is only one of a number of arterial risk factors found with this type of diabetes. Clinically it is evident that blood glucose control continues to occupy centre-stage in the management of Type 2 diabetes as practised by many physicians. Even when arterial risk factors such as smoking or raised serum triglycerides are noted, their management is often relatively neglected. As part of the St Vincent Declaration Action Programme, a working group has sought consensus on the number and relative importance of arterial risk factors requiring management in quality diabetes care. The group seeks to assist those devising protocols and guidelines, records and quality systems, and those charged with directly advising and educating people with diabetes. Arterial risk factors that can be routinely identified and monitored, and modified by application of management protocols, include high blood pressure, high serum total and LDL cholesterol, low serum HDL cholesterol and raised serum triglycerides, poor blood glucose control, smoking, high body mass index and body fat distribution. Aspirin can modify hypercoagulability, but this is not easily monitored. Arterial risk factors that cannot be modified, but which have an impact on the intensity of management of other factors, include ethnic group, gender, and family history of arterial disease. Raised albumin excretion is an arterial risk factor and can be modified, but it is not clear whether this reduces cardiovascular risk. For many of the risk factors, levels of high, medium, and low risk can be set. These can be used, in consultation with the patient, to determine appropriate interventions and provide feedback on risk reduction resulting from successful management. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

糖尿病患者食管运动功能的研究

采用国产SGY-3型多功能消化道检测仪对63例糖尿病患者进行食管测压研究,并以200例正常人作对照。结果显示:(1)糖尿病病人食管上、下括约肌功能均正常,食管蠕动波压力为5.5l±0.91kPa,明显低于正常组(6.00±1.43 kPa)(P<0.01);食管蠕动波持续时间为4.78±2.12s,明显延长(P<0.01);双峰波、节段收缩波和自发收缩波发生率则分别为68.26％、7.94％和20.63％.明显高于正常组(10％、0、0)(P<0.01)。(2)糖尿病人食管运动异常与病程、空腹血糖、周围神经病变呈正相关,但与年龄、性别无关。(3)糖尿病病人食管障碍先于症状出现,食管测压术可能对早期诊断糖尿病植物神经病变有意义。     

Insulin Loss at the Injection Site in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A simple filter paper technique is described for demonstrating and measuring insulin loss at the injection site in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Using this technique in a cohort of 19 children during a 7-day period, measurable fluid was demonstrated at the injection site in 68% of children at least once and was present following 23% of all injections. In nearly 80% of cases the insulin loss probably represented less than 1 unit but could on occasions be 2 units or more or up to 18% of the injected dose. Insulin losses were observed following injections given by children themselves and by parents. There was no significant relationship between insulin dose and insulin loss. Insulin losses at the injection site are frequent and, although usually small in amount, are a potential source of blood glucose variability.     

老年2型糖尿病患者轻度认知功能障碍及危险因素研究

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2-DM)患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的特点及相关危险因素分析。方法选取智能精神状态检查量表筛查>25分者,其中单纯T2-DM老年患者(DM组)62例,年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的健康体检者(N组)35例。选用蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表作为认知功能的测评工具。检测入选病例的糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(PBG)及血脂水平。结果 DM组与N组相比,HbA1c、FBG、PBG、三酰甘油(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05);而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)显著降低(P<0.01)。DM组的MoCA总分明显低于N组(P<0.01)。DM组MoCA评分与HbA1c、PBG、TG、年龄、受教育年限及LDL-C呈负相关(r=-0.40、-0.37、-0.34、-0.32、-0.29、-0.26,P<0.01或P<0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,HbA1c是影响MoCA评分的风险因素。结论老年T2-DM患者认知功能减退,血糖控制不良、血脂紊乱、年龄和受教育程度等因素与MCI相关。     

甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍在改善2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能中的应用

目的分析甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍在改善2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能中的应用效果。方法 2017年3月-2018年8月在该中心遴选84例2型糖尿病患者,随机分为治疗组(n=42例)和对照组(n=42例),分别应用甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗、单独的甘精胰岛素治疗。比较两组疗效,观察空腹血糖等血糖指标和空腹胰岛素等胰岛功能指标的变化,记录不良反应。结果治疗组的总有效率为92.86%,比对照组的76.19%效率更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组的不良反应发生率为11.9%,对照组为16.67%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍在改善2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能中的应用临床效果显著。     

Short and Long-Term Outcomes of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Autoimmune Pancreatitis after Steroid Therapy

Background/Aims

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is frequently associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study evaluated the effect of steroid therapy on the course of DM in AIP.

Methods

Glucose tolerance was examined in 69 patients with AIP. DM onset was classified as either a simultaneous onset with AIP or an exacerbation of pre-existing DM. Based on the changes in the HbA1c levels and insulin dose, the responses of DM to steroids were classified as improved, no change, or worsened.

Results

Thirty (46%) patients were diagnosed as having DM (simultaneous onset, n=17; pre-existing, n=13). Three months after starting the steroid treatment, the DM improved in 13 (54%) of 24 DM patients. The DM improved in 55%, had no change in 36%, and worsened in 9% of the 11 simultaneous onset DM patients, and it improved in 54%, had no change in 31%, and worsened in 15% of the 13 pre-existing DM patients. At approximately 3 years after starting the steroid treatment, the DM improved in 10 (63%) of 16 patients. The pancreatic exocrine function improved in parallel with the changes in the DM in seven patients.

Conclusions

Because approximately 60% of DM associated with AIP is responsive to steroids in the short- and long-terms, marked DM associated with AIP appears to be an indication for steroid therapy.     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死56例临床分析

目的探讨2型糖尿患者合并脑梗死的特点。方法113例脑梗死患者分为治疗组56例,为糖尿病合并脑梗死患者,对照组57例为非糖尿病的脑梗死患者,两组患者入院后均采用综合治疗措施,控制血压、扩血管、降低颅内压、抗血小板聚集,改善循环,营养神经及对症治疗。同时治疗组通过饮食控制,口服降糖药或胰岛素治疗,将空腹血糖控制在6—8mmol／L,餐后2h血糖控制在10mmol／L以下。两组患者均测定血压（BP）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血清总胆固醇（TCH）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）及低密度脂蛋白（LDL）对比并分析其与病情、预后的关系。结果2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者组的脑神经损伤程度高于与非糖尿病脑梗死患者组（P〈0．05）。2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者组血压、血糖水平、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂均高于非糖尿病脑梗死患者组（P〈0．05）。2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者组的治疗效果低于非糖尿病脑梗死患者组,病死率高于非糖尿病脑梗死患者（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病合并脑梗死致残率高,糖尿病为急性脑血管病重要的独立危险因素,严格控制血糖、控制血压和纠正血脂是预防糖尿病合并脑梗死的重要手段。