产科紧急子宫切除术手术指征及时机

难治性产后出血是产科紧急子宫切除术的主要原因。文章主要就产科紧急子宫切除术的指征及手术时机因素进行分析,并进一步阐述改善围产期结局的临床诊治进展。     

Risk factors for peripartum hysterectomy following uterine rupture

Abstract

Objective: To investigate risk factors for hysterectomy following uterine rupture.

Methods: A population-based study comparing all uterine ruptures with and without hysterectomy between 1988 and 2011 was conducted. Stratified analysis was performed using a multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results: Peripartum hysterectomy complicated 20.7% (n?=?34) of uterine ruptures during the study period (n?=?164). Independent risk factors for hysterectomy following uterine rupture, from a multivariable logistic regression model, were relaparotomy (OR?=?32.2, 95% CI?=?2.5–421.9), extended tears involving the uterine cervix (OR?=?6.1, 95% CI?=?1.5–24.7), severe bleeding requiring packed cells transfusions (OR?=?13.7, 95% CI?=?3.2–58.5) and grand multiparity (≥5 deliveries, OR?=?11.4 95% CI?=?2.7–47.1).

Conclusion: Hysterectomy is not common following uterine rupture. Independent risk factors for hysterectomy include relaparotomy, extended tears involving the uterine cervix, severe bleeding requiring packed cells transfusions and grand multiparity. Trained obstetricians should be involved in cases of uterine rupture and the possibility for conducting hysterectomy should be emphasized.     

Indication of emergency peripartum hysterectomy: review of 17 cases

OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine the incidence, indications, associated risk factors and complications with emergency peripartum hysterectomy at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 17 cases of emergency peripartum hysterectomy done from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 2002. RESULTS: Seventeen patients of emergency peripartum hysterectomy were identified among 34,379 deliveries and the incidence rate was 0.5 per 1,000. Uterine atony 11 (64.7%, 9 without previa and 2 with previa) and followed by morbid adherent placenta with previa 6 (35.3%, 1 complete placenta accreta and 5 partial adherent placenta) was the most common indication of hysterectomy. Of the atonic group, 3 were primigravidae, 2 of 3 induced and 1 placenta previa. In morbid adherent placenta group the gravidity, previous abortions and prior cesarean deliveries were higher compared to the atonic group and were statistically significant. Conservative surgery performed in 6 (35.3%) patients before proceeding to hysterectomies, 3 (17.7%) patients had uterine artery ligation and 3 (17.7%) internal iliac ligation. Eight (47.1%) hysterectomies were subtotal. Nine (53%) patients developed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) and one case (6%) had bilateral ureteric ligation and bladder injury. No maternal deaths occurred. CONCLUSION: Uterine atony still is the leading cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage and the main indications of emergency peripartum hysterectomy. The combination of high parity, cesarean section, prior cesarean delivery and current placenta previa were identified as risk factors, and should alert the obstetrician that an emergency peripartum hysterectomy may needed. Although no maternal mortality occurred morbidity remained high.     

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy

Purpose  

To determine the incidence, indications, risk factors and complications of peripartum hysterectomy in a tertiary teaching hospital.     

Predicting factors for emergency peripartum hysterectomy in women with placenta previa

Purpose  

The aim of the study was to identify predictive factors for peripartum hysterectomy in women with placenta previa.     

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy.

A total of 54 166 mothers delivered at the Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital between 1990 and 1997, including 6119 (11.3%) caesarean sections. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy for obstetric haemorrhage was carried out in 16 cases (0.3/1000 deliveries). The operation followed major degrees of placenta praevia in 12 (75%) cases and atonic postpartum haemorrhage in four (25%). All patients required blood transfusion. There was one neonatal death and no maternal deaths. Although the operation was straightforward, bladder injury occurred in five (31%) cases which was repaired with no residual damage. Placenta accreta was confirmed histologically in 12 (75%) patients. In conclusion, all obstetricians should be aware of the strong association between a scarred uterus, placenta praevia and placenta accreta which can be very adherent and difficult to remove causing bleeding and necessitating hysterectomy. The operation should be performed by an experienced obstetrician before the patient's condition is extreme.     

Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: current issues and recommendations for future research

Background. An increasing body of research shows that a proportion of women experience significant symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following childbirth.

Aims and method. An international group of researchers, clinicians, and user-group representatives met in 2006 to discuss the research to date into PTSD following childbirth, issues and debates within the field, and recommendations for future research. This paper reports the content of four discussions on (1) prevalence and comorbidity, (2) screening and treatment, (3) diagnostic and conceptual issues, and (4) theoretical issues.

Conclusions. Current knowledge from the perspectives of the researchers is summarized, dilemmas are articulated and recommendations for future research into PTSD following childbirth are made. In addition, methodological and conceptual issues are considered.     

Old and novel insights into emergency peripartum hysterectomy: a time-trend analysis

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics - To assess changing trends, role of the triad patient–pregnancy–health professionals and health care cost in emergency peripartum hysterectomy...     

Cesarean delivery and peripartum hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the national incidence of peripartum hysterectomy and quantify the risk associated with cesarean deliveries and other factors. METHODS: A population-based, matched case-control study using the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System, including 318 women in the United Kingdom who underwent peripartum hysterectomy between February 2005 and February 2006 and 614 matched control women. RESULTS: The incidence of peripartum hysterectomy was 4.1 cases per 10,000 births (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6-4.5). Maternal mortality was 0.6% (95% CI 0-1.5%). Previous cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR] 3.52, 95% CI 2.35-5.26), maternal age over 35 years (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.66-3.58), parity of three or greater (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.26-4.18), previous manual placental removal (OR 12.5, 95% CI 1.17-133.0), previous myomectomy (OR 14.0, 95% CI 1.31-149.3), and twin pregnancy (OR 6.30, 95% CI 1.73-23.0) were all risk factors for peripartum hysterectomy. The risk associated with previous cesarean delivery was higher with increasing numbers of previous cesarean deliveries (OR 2.14 with one previous delivery [95% CI 1.37-3.33], 18.6 with two or more [95% CI 7.67-45.4]). Women undergoing a first cesarean delivery in the current pregnancy were also at increased risk (OR 7.13, 95% CI 3.71-13.7). CONCLUSION: Peripartum hysterectomy is strongly associated with previous cesarean delivery, and the risk rises with increasing number of previous cesarean deliveries, maternal age over 35 years, and parity greater than 3. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.     

Post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with gynecologic cancers

We present three cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that occurred in patients with gynecologic cancers. Case 1 and 2 had ovarian cancer and case 3 had endometrial cancer. The patients developed anxiety, difficulty in sleeping, and complaints of various discomforts after their diagnosis. On consulting with psychiatrists, PTSD was diagnosed based upon the DSM-IV classification. In cases 1 and 2, the symptoms worsened during the patients' primary treatment and interfered with their ability to continue the treatment. Psychiatric interventions were provided making it possible to complete their treatment. In case 3, the patient needed psychiatric intervention because of her psychological distress during her treatment. She was finally diagnosed as having PTSD. There are few reports regarding PTSD occurring in gynecologic cancer patients. However, attention should be given to the symptoms of these disorders so that patients may complete their standard therapies.     

Incidence and determinants of peripartum hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: Most studies of peripartum hysterectomy are conducted in single institutions, limiting the ability to provide national incidence estimates and examine risk factors. The objective of this study was to provide a national estimate of the incidence of peripartum hysterectomy and to examine factors associated with the procedure. METHODS: We used data for 1998-2003 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample, an annual nationally representative survey of inpatient hospitalizations. Peripartum hysterectomy was defined as a hysterectomy and delivery occurring during the same hospitalization. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for maternal and hospital characteristics using logistic regression. RESULTS: During 1998-2003, an estimated 18,339 peripartum hysterectomies occurred in the United States (0.77 per 1,000 deliveries). Compared with vaginal delivery without a previous cesarean delivery, the ORs of peripartum hysterectomy for other delivery types were as follows: repeat cesarean, 8.90 (95% CI 8.09-9.79); primary cesarean, 6.54 (95% CI 5.95-7.18); and vaginal birth after cesarean, 2.70 (95% CI 2.23-3.26). Multiple births were associated with an increased risk compared with singleton births (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.16-1.71). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that vaginal birth after cesarean, primary and repeat cesarean deliveries, and multiple births are independently associated with an increased risk for peripartum hysterectomy. These findings may be of concern, given the increasing rate of both cesarean deliveries and multiple births in the United States. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.     

围产期子宫切除术后再次行腹腔探查术患者的临床特点分析

目的 探讨产后出血围产期子宫切除术后再次腹腔探查手术的原因及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2009年7月广州市重症孕产妇救治中心收治的88例产后出血致围产期子宫切除病例,其中14例为再次探查手术组,74例为非再次探查手术组.比较两组的如下各项指标:分娩方式、子宫切除指征及方式、再次探查手术的间隔时间及手术方式、并发症、失血量、输血量、格拉斯哥评分、呼吸机辅助呼吸率、重症监护病房入住率、重症监护病房入住时间、住院时间及结局等.结果 88例围产期子宫切除患者中再次探查手术者14例,发生率为15.91%,均因子宫切除后腹腔内出血行再次探查手术.再次探查手术组患者并发弥漫性血管内凝血的比例显著高于非再次探查手术组(92.9%与43.2%,x2=11.598,P=0.001),同时羊水栓塞比例也显著增高(28.6%与2.7%,x2=8.663,P=0.003).再次探查手术止血方式:宫颈残端切除(5例),残端缝扎止血(8例)和右附件切除及腹膜后血肿清除(1例).再次探查手术组比非再次探查手术组患者具有更高的出血量、输血量、重症监护病房入住率及呼吸机辅助呼吸率[(8752.9±4593.0)ml与(3742.4±2689.9)ml,P=0.000;(8163.6±3903.1)ml与(2958.8±2323.0)ml,P=0.000;100.0%与41.9%,P=0.000;100.0%与24.3%,P=0.000];同时格拉斯哥评分≤8分比例及多器官功能障碍综合征比例显著增高(71.4%与25.7%,x2=9.179,P=0.002;71.4%与14.9%,x2=17.735,P=0.000);且ICU入住时间及住院时间明显延长[ICU入住时间:(11.4±10.0)d与(1.3±2.3)d;住院时间:(24.0±13.1)d与(12.7±7.0)d,P均=0.000].14例患者均临床痊愈出院.结论 围产期子宫切除术后再次探查手术的发生率不低,腹腔内出血是再次探查手术的主要原因.再次探查手术可能与凝血功能障碍及子宫切除方式选择不当等有关.再次探查手术患者并发症严重.

Abstract：

Objective To analyse the causes and clinical characteristics of re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage. Methods Clinical data was analysed retrospectively including 88 critically ill obstetric patients who underwent peripartum hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage in the Obstetric Critical Care Center of Guangzhou from January 1999 to July 2009, which were divided into re-explored group (n= 14) and non-re-explored group (n=74)depending on whether the patient underwent re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy. The main demographic data and clinical details were compared between the two groups, including mode of delivery, indication and type of hysterectomy, interval from hysterectomy to re-exploration, surgical intervention, complications, blood loss, blood transfusion,Glasgow Coma Score(GCS), the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay and hospital stay. Results Fourteen out of the 88 (15.91%) patients underwent re-exploration due to internal bleeding after peripartum hysterectomy.Removal of cervical stump was performed in five patients and stump hemostasis in eight cases.Significant difference was found between the re-exploration and non-re-explored group on thepercentage of patients complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation(92.9% vs 43.2%,x2=11.598,P=0.001) and amniotic fluid embolism (28.6% vs 2.7%, x2 =8.663, P=0.003).0.000], blood transfusion [(8163.6± 3903.1 ) ml vs (2958.8± 2323.0) ml, P = 0.000], intensive care unit admission rate (100.0% vs 41.9%, x2 = 15.909, P= 0.000), the need for mechanical ventilation (100.0% vs 24.3%,P=0.000), the number of patients with GCS≤8 score (71.4% vs 25.7% ,x2 = 9.179, P = 0.002 ), the number of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ( 71.4% vs 14.9%, x2 = 17.735, P = 0.000), intensive care unit stay [ ( 11.4 ± 10.0 ) d vs ( 1.3 ± 2.3 ) d, P =0.000] and hospital stay[(24.0±13.1) d vs (12.7±7.0) d, P=0.000]. Allof the 14 cases were clinical recovered before discharge. Conclusions The rate of re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy is not low, and internal bleeding is the most common causes. The re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy might be associated with coagulopathy and the mode of hysterectomy, and patients may experience more severe complications.     

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: a comparison of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, indications, outcomes, and complications of emergency hysterectomy performed after cesarean deliveries (cesarean hysterectomy) and vaginal deliveries (postpartum hysterectomy).

Study design

We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 1990 to 2002 of patients who had peripartum hysterectomies at a single tertiary hospital. Comparisons were made between cesarean and postpartum hysterectomies.

Results

There were 55 cases of emergency peripartum hysterectomy (38 cesarean hysterectomies, and 17 postpartum hysterectomies), for a rate of 0.8 per 1000 deliveries. Overall, the most common indication for hysterectomy was uterine atony (56.4%), followed by placenta accreta (20.0%). Average estimated blood loss was 3325.6±1839.2 mL, average operating time was 157.1±75.4 minutes, average time from delivery to completing the hysterectomy was 333.8±275.7 minutes, and the average length of hospitalization was 11.0±7.9 days. The cesarean delivery rate at Grady Memorial Hospital during the study period was 14.2%. There were no statistically significant differences between variables examined when comparisons were made by cesarean vs postpartum hysterectomy.

Conclusion

Uterine atony is the leading indication for emergency hysterectomy performed following cesarean and vaginal deliveries.