冠状动脉搭桥术中桥血流测量方法的演进

心脏搭桥手术中 ,血管桥的通畅是手术矫治成功的关键 ,外科医生一直都在寻找一种简便准确的术中判断血管桥的通畅性的方法 ,本文对搭桥手术中常用的八种血管桥流量测量方法进行综述。     

吸烟及戒烟对冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期结果的影响

目的:研究吸烟及戒烟对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后早期结果的影响.方法:回顾性分析我院2004-01至2005-12行CABG 2 570例患者资料,其中有吸烟情况记录者共2 486例,按照术前吸烟情况分为吸烟组(1 457例)和不吸烟组(1 029例),其中吸烟组根据术前1个月是否戒烟分为戒烟者(409例)及未戒烟者(1 048例),采用Logistic多因素回归分析吸烟及戒烟与住院期间术后早期并发症及死亡率的关系.结果:与不吸烟组相比,吸烟组接受CABG时年龄较小,男性患者占比例更高,体重指数较高,心肌梗死史高,合并慢性阻塞性肺病史高,较少合并高血压病及高脂血症,合并二尖瓣反流史低,射血分数低,较少应用体外循环,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001-0.05).吸烟组与不吸烟组比较术后肺部并发症发生率高(3.2%vs 1.6%),呼吸机辅助时间增加(8 h vs 6 h),差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).多因素回归分析表明吸烟组(包括术前戒烟和未戒烟患者)发生肺部并发症的风险为不吸烟组的1.91倍(95%可信区间1.03-3.56);未戒烟者发生肺部并发症的风险为不吸烟组的2.30倍(95%可信区间1.19-4.46),差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);其他术后早期并发症的发生吸烟组与不吸烟组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).结论:吸烟组患者术后肺部并发症明显增加,呼吸机辅助时间延长,术前未戒烟患者术后并发症显著增加.应鼓励患者及早戒烟,戒烟有助于减少CABG后并发症的发生.     

非体外循环与体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期脑损伤的比较研究

目的 :通过测量血浆S10 0蛋白浓度的变化 ,比较非体外循环和体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期脑损伤的程度。方法 :首次冠状动脉旁路移植术患者 40例被随机分为两组 :①A组 :非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路移植术 ;②B组 :体外循环心脏停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植术。两组患者年龄、性别、射血分数和吻合口数等无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。从术前到术后 48h共 8个时间点内测定血浆S10 0蛋白浓度。结果 :两组患者术后均无死亡及明显脑损伤。A组术后血浆S10 0蛋白浓度轻微升高 ,而B组体外循环中血浆S10 0蛋白浓度明显升高 ,直到术后 6h恢复到正常水平。B组血浆S10 0蛋白峰值浓度是A组的 3倍 (2 .17μg/L和 0 .74μg/L ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :血浆S10 0蛋白浓度变化显示非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后脑和 (或 )血脑屏障损伤的程度比体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术轻微。     

Effectiveness of Bi-atrial Pacing for Reducing Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common after cardiac surgery and adds significant cost and morbidity. The use of prophylactic pacing strategies to prevent post-operative AF has been controversial. We previously performed a pilot study which suggested that the combination of beta-blockers and bi-atrial pacing (BAP) may reduce AF after cardiac surgery.We prospectively randomized 118 patients to continuous BAP for up to 96 hours post-operatively versus standard therapy. All patients were treated with beta-blockers as tolerated. Patients were paced in the AAI mode at a rate of 100 pulses per minute. The primary endpoint of the study was the occurrence of sustained AF (>10 minutes).There was a significant reduction in the incidence of AF in the BAP group among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with or without aortic valve replacement (35% vs. 19% AF; OR=0.38, 95% CI 0.15, 0.93; p <0.05). Including patients undergoing isolated aortic valve surgery (n=7), there remained a strong trend toward a reduction of AF with pacing (no atrial pacing [NAP] vs. BAP; 35% vs. 21% AF; OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.21, 1.11; p=0.08). Patients age 70 or greater benefited most from pacing (NAP vs. BAP; 55 vs. 25% AF; p<0.05), while those less than 70 years of age did not (17 vs. 18% p=NS). There was a significant reduction in the amount of time spent in the intensive care unit among patients receiving BAP (50±40 vs. 37±25[emsp4 ]h; p<0.05).BAP together with beta-blockade after coronary artery bypass graft surgery reduces the incidence of post-operative atrial AF. Elderly patients (age 70 or greater) appear to benefit most, and may be a group to whom this therapy should be targeted.     

乌司他丁对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者内皮功能的影响

目的:观察非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)患者围术期内皮功能的变化及乌司他丁对此的影响。方法:采取随机、双盲、对照的方法将24例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者分为对照组和乌司他丁组,每组12例。乌司他丁组:麻醉诱导后开始恒速静脉泵入乌司他丁6000 U/kg,30 min输完,然后以1000 U/(kg·h)的速度持续静脉泵入至手术结束;对照组:给予同样容积的生理盐水。分别在术前、冠状动脉血管吻合后0.5 h、术后2h、术后6h、术后18h采集患者血清测定一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素-1(ET-1)值,并记录患者一般临床资料。结果:对照组NO值在术后2h、6h和18h均较术前显著降低(P<0.05～0.01),而乌司他丁组NO值从血管吻合结束后0.5 h至术后18h各时间点均较术前无显著变化(P>0.05)。对照组ET-1值在血管吻合后0.5h至术后18h各时点均较术前无显著变化(P>0.05),而乌司他丁组ET-1值在上述时点均较术前显著降低(P<0.01)。组间比较,乌司他丁组ET-1值在血管吻合后0.5h至术后18h各时点均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05～0.01)。结论:非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围术期存在内皮功能损伤,乌司他丁可降低血浆ET-1浓度,具有一定的内皮功能保护作用。     

Health-related Quality of Life Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Post-menopausal Women

Objectives  To describe the impact of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on health related quality of life (HRQOL) in post-menopausal women. Design  Prospective cohort study. Setting  Women enrolled in the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Participants  One hundred and thirty-seven women (mean age 66.6) who had CABG surgery while enrolled in HERS. Measurements  Physical function was assessed using the 12-item Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), energy-fatigue with the four-item RAND scale, and mental health with the RAND mental health inventory each year. We defined baseline HRQOL from the interview that preceded the CABG (mean 4.6 months pre-CABG). To assess post-CABG HRQOL, we used the first interview that was obtained at least 6 months following the CABG (mean 11.5 months post-CABG). Results  For all three measures of HRQOL, mean scores post-CABG were virtually identical to mean scores pre-CABG (mean pre and post scores were 20.8, 20.4 for physical function, 49.3, 49.2 for energy-fatigue, and 71.9 and 72.3 for mental health). After adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics and the expected temporal change in HRQOL, differences between pre and post-operative HRQOL remained minimal. However, on an individual patient level, there was significant variability in HRQOL outcomes. For example, while mean physical function scores changed little, 32% of women were at least moderately better (scores improved by at least 0.5 standard deviations) following surgery, while 26% were at least moderately worse (scores declined by at least 0.5 standard deviations). Conclusion  Following CABG surgery in post-menopausal women, on average, HRQOL is virtually identical to the pre-operative baseline. However, there is significant variability, as substantial numbers of women are significantly better or significantly worse.     

Comparison of Four Risk Scores for Contemporary Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

BackgroundEuroSCORE and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ (STS) Score have been the most widely used risk scores for cardiac surgery. The revised EuroSCORE II and the AusSCORE, based on an Australasian population, were recently developed. We compared the prognostic utility of these four scores for mortality as well as morbidity in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).MethodsThe scores were retrospectively calculated for isolated CABG patients at Auckland City Hospital during July 2010-June 2012. Discrimination and calibration of outcomes were assessed.Results818 patients were followed for 1.6+/-0.6 years. Mortality at 30 days was 1.6% and 2.9% on follow up. Median predicted 30 day mortality (Interquartile range) for EuroSCORE I were 2.8% (1.6%, 5.2%), EuroSCORE II 1.6% (1.0%, 2.8%), STS Score 2.3% (1.3%, 4.5%) and AusSCORE 0.5% (0.2%, 1.1%). C-statistics and Hosmer-Lemeshow test p-values for these scores for 30-day mortality were Euro score I 0.675 (95%CI 0.531-0.819)/0.061, EuroSCORE II 0.642 (0.503-0.780)/0.150, STS Score 0.641 (0.507-0.775)/0.243 and AusSCORE 0.661 (0.516-0.807)/0.420.Only EuroSCORE I and STS scores were significant for predicting mortality at follow-up (c = 0.639 and 0.666). All scores predicted composite morbidity. C-statistics were EuroSCORE I 0.678, EuroSCORE II 0.634, STS score 0.584 and AusSCORE 0.645.ConclusionEuroSCORE II, STS Score and AusSCORE had slightly improved calibration but similar discrimination for 30-day mortality compared to EuroSCORE I.Revision of risk models to fit contemporary surgical outcomes is important, but there may only be modest room for improvement in discrimination.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后ST-T改变的临床意义及评价

目的:探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后ST-T改变的临床意义. 方法:对2001年12月～2002年7月500例CABG患者术后进行心电图检测,每天1次,连续3天.如果有心电图改变,则每天两次,连续3天,并记录出院时的心电图.术后4～6小时,术后第1天上午7点,检查心肌酶谱和肌钙蛋白T(cTnT),如果有不正常,则连续检查3天,每天1次.结果:在500例患者中心电图出现ST-T改变有37例,同时cTnT阳性有10例.ST段抬高合并QRS波群改变5例中4例有cTnT阳性,ST段抬高合并高尖T波8例,2例cTnT阳性.右束支阻滞2例,都有cTnT阳性改变,ST段下移1例,广泛ST段抬高1例.肌酸激酶MB同工酶高于正常3倍只有5例,其中ST段抬高合并QRS波群改变3例,ST段下移1例,右束支阻滞1例.异常T波8例,单纯ST段抬高都不合并cTnT改变.ST段抬高合并QRS波群改变5例中3例进行了再次手术并应用了主动脉球囊反搏(IABP),这3例出院时心电图表现为陈旧性心肌梗死.广泛ST段抬高2例证实有急性心包积液,在出院时,ST段恢复到基线.结论:CABG后ST-T改变需综合分析,心电图的动态表现和心肌坏死的血清心肌标记物浓度的动态变化可诊断围手术期心肌梗死.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后发生心房颤动的相关因素分析

目的：分析国人冠状动脉旁路移植（ＣＡＢＧ）术后心房颤动（ＡＦ）的高危因素。　　方法：回顾我院近３ 年在体外循环下进行ＣＡＢＧ术患者６８６ 例,对可能与术后ＡＦ发生有关的诸因素进行卡方检验和Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ多因素回归分析,以找出与ＣＡＢＧ术后ＡＦ发生相关的高危因素。　　结果：６８６例患者中,１４０ 例（２０．４％ ）并发了ＣＡＢＧ术后ＡＦ。ＡＦ的发生与年龄,术前ＡＦ史及术前心房早搏关系密切（Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归Ｐ＝ ０．００３,０．００１,０．０４６）。而与性别,心肌梗塞,体外循环时间,阻断时间,术前术后射血分数等诸因素无关（卡方检验及Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。　　结论：ＡＦ同样是国人ＣＡＢＧ术后常见并发症。高龄、术前ＡＦ史及术前心房早搏是其高危因素     

应用内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因转染冠状动脉旁路移植血管桥的研究进展

冠状动脉旁路移植术后血管桥再狭窄一直困扰着冠状动脉外科的发展,许多研究表明血管桥再狭窄的发生与一氧化氮的功能异常相关,用转基因方法转移重组内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因,重建内源性一氧化氮功能,是冠状动脉旁路移植术后血管桥再狭窄治疗的新策略,本文就血管桥转基因一氧化氮合酶同工酶的选择、靶细胞的选择、转基因载体、就转基因的检测及应用等国内外研究进展作一综述。     

胸腔镜辅助下微创冠状动脉旁路移植术--附7例临床报道

目的 :探讨胸腔镜辅助下的冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术方法。　　方法 :胸腔镜辅助下的冠状动脉旁路移植术 7例 ,5例患者为单支左前降支病变 ,2例为双支病变。在胸腔镜—电视系统监视下游离内乳动脉 ,经 4～ 6 cm的胸壁小切口非体外循环直视下完成内乳动脉和左前降支的吻合 ,其中 2例双支病变的患者围术期施行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术处理另外血管的病变。　　结果 :游离内乳动脉的平均时间为 5 5分 ,手术均顺利完成 ,无死亡 ,1例二次开胸止血 ,余 6例胸液量均少于 2 0 ml,术后气管插管时间均少于 5小时 ,其中 3例在手术室拔除气管插管 ,除上述 1例二次开胸止血外 ,其他均于术后 7～ 10天顺利恢复出院。　　结论 :胸腔镜辅助下的冠状动脉旁路移植术是一项安全、有效的术式 ,值得推广。     

即时血流测量技术在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的应用即时血流测量技术术中评估冠状动脉桥的通畅性.方法对80例行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者(共186根桥)术中应用即时血流测量技术进行流量测量,将血流量及血流波形存储在即时血流测量仪中进行分析.同时记录每根桥远端血管情况,冠状动脉病变弥漫程度,围手术期状况以及心电图变化.结果80例中67根应用乳内动脉进行前降支旁路移植,平均流量25.0±18.0ml/min,应用大隐静脉旁路移植119根,其中对角支22根,平均血流量36.8±18.6ml/min,钝缘支38根,平均血流量40.3±25.0ml/min.右冠状动脉50根,平均血流量38.0±14.7ml/min,后降支9根,平均血流量25.5±14.7ml/min.平均搏动指数2.76±1.57.远端血管细,且病变弥漫的冠状动脉血管平均血流量低.通畅的乳内动脉血流为舒张期灌注血流,通畅的静脉桥血流为收缩、舒张期双重灌注血流,舒张期灌注血流为主.2根桥(2/188,1.1%)由于血流量及血流波形不满意,拆除后进行了再次旁路移植,血流量及血流波形改善.结论即时血流测量技术是一种简单、易行的判断冠状动脉桥通畅性的方法.血流波形及搏动指数是判断桥通畅的重要指标.