胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤治疗探讨

目的 分析胫骨平台骨折术后随访病例膝关节稳定性的变化，探讨胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤的发生率及早期诊断和处理措施。方法 对2000年1月～2003年6月期间在我院治疗的不同类型胫骨平台骨折进行回顾，对有随访的57例良好复位的平台骨折病例膝关节稳定度进行分析。结果 随访6个月～2.5年，平均15个月，未见明显膝关节不稳现象，总结出本组病例膝关节稳定性良好的原因：①胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤发生率低；②胫骨平台骨折合并韧带损伤程度轻；③解剖复位及坚强内固定；④术后良好制动及正确的康复训练指导。结论 胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带完全断裂的发生率较低，韧带不全损伤非手术治疗可获得良好疗效。     

经后侧入路支持钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折

目的探讨经膝关节后侧入路支持钢板固定治疗单纯胫骨平台后侧骨折的临床效果。方法对16例单纯胫骨平台后侧骨折患者经膝关节后侧切口暴露骨折后直视下复位,支持钢板固定。术后对患者骨折愈合情况、功能恢复程度和治疗结果满意度定期随访。结果 16例均获得随访,时间12～24个月。术后1年时行Rasmussen膝关节功能评分:优10例,良4例,中2例。结论膝关节后侧入路能够充分暴露单纯胫骨平台后侧骨折,骨折容易达到解剖复位,支持钢板固定稳定可靠,但术中要熟悉腘窝区解剖结构。正确掌握手术适应证,可获得良好的临床疗效。     

经前、后侧联合入路治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨经前、后侧联合入路钢板内固定加植骨治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法对25例胫骨平台后侧骨折患者经膝关节前、后侧联合入路暴露骨折后直视下复位并植骨,前、后侧支持钢板固定。对患者骨折愈合情况、功能恢复程度和手术效果满意度定期随访。结果 25例均获随访,时间12～24个月。术后1年时行Rasmussen膝关节功能评分:优13例,良8例,中4例。手术效果满意度评分:非常满意9例,满意13例,一般3例。结论前、后侧联合入路能够充分暴露胫骨平台的各骨折块,骨折容易达到解剖复位,支持钢板固定稳定可靠,正确掌握手术适应证,可获得良好的临床疗效。     

不同手术方式治疗不同类型胫骨髁骨折疗效分析

目的探讨不同的手术方式在治疗不同类型的胫骨髁骨折的疗效。方法2002年1月至2006年6月,利用膝关节镜监视下复位、内固定治疗胫髁间隆突骨折及胫骨平台单髁骨折：手术切开整复钢板内固定胫骨平台复杂型骨折;观察比较各种手术方式治疗病例临床疗效及恢复情况。结果10例胫骨隆突骨折及23例胫骨平台单髁骨折经关节镜治疗。均于6周内获得骨折临床愈合,骨折对位良好,膝关节功能恢复满意。53例手术切开内固定患者42例获得随访,随访时间3～6个月（平均4个凡）,膝关节功能根据Hohl膝关节功能评分优30例,良3例,可5例,差4例。结论针对不同类型及部位的胫骨髁骨折,选用不同手术方式可达到良好的疗效。关节镜进行微创的手术治疗方式可减少手术创伤,降低手术并发症,使膝关节功能获得最大限度的恢复。     

开窗植骨复位法治疗21例胫骨平台骨折

目的 合理选择胫骨平台骨折的手术方案。方法 对21例胫骨平台骨折开窗植骨复位，分析治疗效果。结果 21例病人均取得良好的效果。结论 膝关节是下肢主要负重关节，大多数胫骨平台骨折改变了膝关节的解剖形态及膝关节的轴向对线，所以要求手术治疗恢复其精确的解剖关系，良好的复位，内固定及术后早期功能锻炼是恢复膝关节功能的关键。     

锁定钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效

目的 观察锁定钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效,为临床提供治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的最佳方案.方法 2006年6月至2011年6月采用锁定钢板内固定治疗的26例复杂胫骨平台骨折患者.男19例,女7例;年龄33～65岁,平均42.6岁.结果 术后X线片显示所有骨折均达到解剖复位或接近解剖复位.经过1～3年(平均1.5年)随访,维持解剖复位者24例.术后1年膝关节功能根据Merchant标准评定,优1 6例,良22例,一般4例,优良率84.62％.结论 锁定钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折能有效避免复位后的再丢失,维持胫骨平台的力学稳定,临床效果良好.     

胫骨平台双髁骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨胫骨平台双髁骨折的手术方法及其疗效评价。方法回顾性分析近年来对胫骨平台双髁骨折手术治疗方法的病例,根据Rasmussen评分标准,对膝关节的功能恢复进行评价。结果本组46例获得随访,平均随访21个月,全部骨折愈合,满意率达91.3%。结论胫骨平台双髁骨折的粉碎及移位是影响膝关节功能恢复的重要因素。尽早进行手术治疗、恰当的手术入路方式、术中良好的解剖复位、牢固的双钢板内固定及术后早期的功能锻炼是提高疗效的关键。     

三钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨三钢板手术治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的方法 及临床疗效.方法 骨折类型按Schatzker分型,均为Ⅵ型.以完全解剖复位和坚强内固定为目的,用三钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折18例,术后早期功能锻炼.于术后1、3、6、12、18、36个月复查X线片,了解骨折愈合及膝关节功能恢复情况.结果 18例患者均获随访,随访时间18～49个月.骨折全部愈合,愈合时间14～24周,膝关节功能恢复满意.参照Rasmussen膝关节功能评分标准:优15例,良3例.结论 复杂的胫骨平台骨折如能在术中做到完全解剖复位和坚强的内固定,患者术后的骨折愈合及膝关节功能多能达到非常满意的效果.     

胫骨平台骨折的治疗方式与疗效分析

[目的]探讨不同类型胫骨平台骨折的治疗方法及其疗效.[方法]自2005年1月～2009年6月共收治胫骨平台骨折66例,男43例,女23例.其中闭合性损伤54例,开放性损伤12例.按Schatzker分类,非手术治疗5例;手术治疗:经皮松质骨螺钉固定12例,切开复位解剖钢板固定并植骨49例.[结果]术后随访12～48个月,平均22个月.根据Hohl膝关节功能评分方法进行综合评分:优34例,良26例,可5例,差1例,总优良率91%.[结论]关节面的解剖复位是治疗的主要目的,坚强内固定是次要的;术后积极的无负重下膝关节功能锻炼是获得良好临床效果的关键.     

后侧正中入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折

目的探讨后侧正中入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折的手术方法与临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-11—2018-03采用后侧正中入路钢板内固定治疗的18例胫骨平台后外侧骨折,术后采用Rasmussen骨折复位解剖学评分标准来评价骨折复位质量,采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分评价膝关节功能,同时观察并记录术后并发症的发生情况。结果 18例均获得随访,随访时间10～36(17.8±0.6)个月。术后Rasmussen复位评分15～18(16.9±0.4)分;末次随访时HSS膝关节功能评分平均80～96(90.7±3.8)分。术后有1例出现膝后切口浅表感染,未发现神经血管损伤病例。有2例膝关节屈伸活动度受限,经锻炼后明显好转。结论后侧正中入路能很好地显露整个胫骨平台后柱,有利于解剖复位骨折端并置入内固定物,未发生明显并发症,膝关节功能优良,可获得良好的近期疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.