腹腔镜钬激光治疗高龄胆石病的体会

目的：总结分析腹腔镜、纤维胆道镜联合钬激光治疗高龄胆石病患者的临床经验。方法2011年1月－2013年12月,对38例高龄胆石病患者行腹腔镜、纤维胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗。其中胆囊结石9例,原发性胆总管结石7例,胆囊结石并继发性胆总管结石12例,肝内外胆管结石10例。结果38例手术均成功完成,无中转开腹,无死亡。术后并发症7例：切口感染2例,肺部感染3例,胆漏2例,均治愈。术后随访6个月～3年,平均18个月,其中26例＞12个月,无胆道残余结石。结论腹腔镜、纤维胆道镜联合钬激光碎石对于高龄胆石病患者的治疗是安全、有效的、创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快,拓展了外科手术患者的年龄,扩大了手术人群。     

腹腔镜胆管探查术在老年胆石症中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆管探查术在老年胆石症中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2003年7月至2009年7月应用腹腔镜胆管探查处理103例老年胆石症病人的临床资料。结果103例经积极术前处理合并疾病,均安全度过围手术期。其中直接切开胆管探查93例,经胆囊管探查胆管6例,中转开腹4例。行T管引流22例,一期缝合77例,一期缝合术后39例发生胆漏,无胆管残余结石及胆管狭窄发生。结论选择合适病例,腹腔镜胆管探查微创治疗老年胆石症安全、有效。     

Advantages and characteristics of the laparoscopic approach in the elderly

Both the age of the population and anesthetic and surgical techniques are advancing. Currently, 40% of surgical activity is performed in patients older than 65 years, who present a higher surgical risk than younger patients. The aim of treatment in the elderly is to provide the best possible quality of life, even though this represents a surgical challenge because of associated comorbidity and reduced cardiopulmonary reserve. From the moment at which laparotomy becomes an increased stress in the elderly, laparoscopic surgery can be particularly advantageous in this population. Therefore, minimally invasive surgery may have a greater impact in these individuals than in younger patients in reducing postoperative pain, cardiorespiratory complications, hospital stay, and recovery time before resuming physical activity. The recent advances in anesthesia, together with improved patient selection and perioperative cardiac care, and the general adoption of minimally invasive access have enabled more complex gastrointestinal procedures to be performed in the elderly. The factors that could influence the development of this type of approach in the elderly, as well as the precautions that should be taken, should be further analyzed.     

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的术式选择

目的比较经腹腹膜前补片植入术(TAPP)和全腹膜外补片植入术(TEP)的安全性和有效性,探讨腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的术式选择。方法回顾性分析1997年1月至2005年1月行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的235例(274例次)患者的临床资料,其中TAPP 139例(163例次),TEP 96例(111例次),随访时间6～24个月(中位时间15个月)。结果手术无中转,TAPP和TEP在手术时间、术后住院天数、术后疼痛分数VAS、2周以内恢复非限制性活动人数上差异无统计学意义(均 P>0．05);TAPP和TEP的复发率分别为1．8％和0．9％(P=0．524),总并发症率分别为15．3％和 10．8％(P=0．282),前3位并发症依次为血清肿(5．5％比4．5％,P=0．707),暂时性神经感觉异常 (5．5％比3．6％,P=0．464)和尿潴留(3．1％比2．7％,P=1．000);TAPP住院费用高于TEP(P= 0．000)。结论 TAPP和TEP都是安全有效的无张力手术,外科医生的临床经验比术式选择更为重要。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床分析

目的:探讨为老年急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性及临床效果。方法:回顾分析为40例老年急性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料,总结手术成功率。结果:36例(90%)成功施行LC,4例(10%)中转开腹;手术时间平均(75±10.56)min,平均住院(5.7±1.81)d,患者均痊愈出院。结论:LC是治疗老年急性胆囊炎患者较成熟的术式之一,手术治疗应遵循个体化原则,视患者具体情况决定。     

小切口胆囊切除术治疗老年人胆石症

目的　探讨老年人胆囊切除手术时机及手术方式的选择。　方法　手术治疗 6 5岁以上老年人胆石症 1395例 ,其中 135 6例采用 (4～ 6 )cm小切口胆囊切除术治疗。　结果　 135 6例小切口胆囊切除术成功 ,占本组手术 97.2 %。手术并发症为 2 .6 % ,无死亡 ,平均术后 6 .2天出院。　结论　老年人胆石症应尽早手术为宜。小切口胆囊切除术创伤小、术后恢复快 ,可作为首选术式。     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the treatment of cholelithiasis

BACKGROUND: We performed this study to assess the outcome of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) before laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for symptomatic gallbladder and suspected duct stones. METHODS: We performed prospective study of 310 patients with symptomatic gallstones and suspected choledocholithiasis managed by preoperative ERC with endoscopic extraction (ESE) and LC. The presence of one or more of the following criteria at hospital admission led to preoperative ERC because of suspected choledocholithiasis: jaundice for more than 72 h, ultrasonography measurement of the common bile duct > 8 mm, cholestasis, and acute biliary pancreatitis. RESULTS: ERC for suspected choledocholithiasis was performed in 310 patients. The rate of successful cannulation for ERC was 96.8%. Duct stones were found in 86%. Twelve patients had impacted duct stones cleared at open common duct exploration. The failure rate of ERC was 4.5%, and the rate of unnecessary ERC was 13.5%. LC was performed in 298 of 310 patients. Morbidity rates were 2.2% and 1.5% after ESE and LC, respectively. CONCLUSION: A total of 95.5% of patients with symptomatic gallbladder and ductal stones could be successfully managed by ERC prior to LC with a low morbidity rate.     

老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除的临床评价与风险防范

目的 :评价老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)的安全性及可行性 ,探讨防范风险的应对措施。方法 :比较、分析 6 0岁以上老年人LC组 (n =74 )、开腹胆囊切除 (OC)组 (n =36 )及中青年LC组 (n =2 82 )的临床资料。结果 :老年人LC及OC组并存病显著高于中青年LC组 (P <0 0 0 1 )。LC组患者术后恢复良好 ,未发生严重并发症 ;平均手术时间 ,平均术后住院天数及中转开腹率两组差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;而OC组平均手术用时、平均术后住院天数均显著延长 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,且并发症多 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :只要高度重视围手术期的处理 ,正确评估麻醉与手术的风险 ,把握手术时机及技巧 ,对老年患者施行LC不仅安全可行 ,而且更能凸现微创的优越性     

腹腔镜联合手术的临床分析

目的：探讨妇科与普外科联合腹腔镜手术的临床特点和应用前景。方法：选择因妇科疾病合并普外科疾病行联合手术的患者26例作为观察组,选取同期因单一妇科疾病行腹腔镜手术的患者26例为对照组,对两组患者的术后并发症发生情况、平均手术时间、肠功能恢复时间和术后平均住院时间等指标进行分析比较。结果：两组手术均获成功,无中转开腹,无严重并发症发生。观察组、对照组的平均手术时间分别为（115±82）min、（90±70）min,两组差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;术后肠功能恢复时间及术后平均住院时间观察组分别为（18±9）h、（4.6±1.8）d,对照组分别为（17±8）h、（4.2±1.6）d,两组差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论：妇科与普外科联合腹腔镜手术是安全有效的,且在一定程度上拓宽了单科手术的领域,具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

老年结直肠癌患者腹腔镜手术与开放手术的临床对比研究

目的:通过对老年结直肠癌患者腹腔镜手术与开放手术各项临床指标的对比研究,探讨老年结直肠癌患者行腹腔镜手术的安全性和可行性。方法:回顾分析2006年1月至2009年12月为117例≥60岁结直肠癌患者行肿瘤根治术的临床资料,其中腹腔镜辅助结直肠癌根治术(A组)55例,传统开腹结直肠癌根治术(B组)62例。对比分析两组的一般情况(ASA评分)、手术病理分级(Dukes分期)、手术时间、手术出血量、术前及术后心肺功能、术中气道压力、酸碱平衡、术后胃肠道功能恢复时间、术后并发症、标本淋巴结阳性率等围手术期情况。结果:两组患者术前ASA评分、合并症、病理分级及手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术中患者心功能指标心脏指数、射血分数、肺功能指标动脉血PaCO2、pH值腹腔镜组均有所增高(P0.05),但术后1d再测指标差异无统计学意义。气道压力腹腔镜组明显增高,可通过麻醉改变呼吸指数调整。腹腔镜组胃肠恢复排气时间、术后住院时间显著短于开腹组(P0.05);术中出血、术后相应并发症腹腔镜组明显少于开腹组(P0.05);死亡率、术后淋巴结获取数、阳性率及直肠癌环周切缘阳性率两组差异无统计学意义。结论:为老年结直肠癌患者行腹腔镜辅助根治术具有良好的安全性及可行性,具有出血少、康复快、并发症少、住院时间短等优势。     

经腹腹膜前疝修补术与Lichtenstein术治疗老年嵌顿性腹股沟疝的临床疗效对比

目的对比评价经腹腹膜前疝修补术（TAPP）与Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术治疗老年嵌顿性腹股沟疝的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年1月天津市人民医院和天津市第三中心医院收治的95例老年嵌顿性腹股沟疝患者,依据手术方式不同分为腹腔镜组（TAPP）和开放组（Lichtenstein）,对比2组患者一般资料、手术时间、住院时间、首次通便时间、术后并发症发生率及复发率等指标。 结果腹腔镜组患者平均手术时间（65.45±9.72）min,平均住院时间（6.86±1.12）d,首次通便时间平均（2.60±0.70）d。开放组患者平均手术时间（63.13±11.05）min,平均住院时间（7.52±1.36）d,首次通便时间平均（2.80±1.03）d,2组患者手术时间、住院时间及首次通便时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。腹腔镜组患者术后并发症发生率及复发率明显低于开放组（P<0.05) 。 结论腹腔镜手术治疗老年嵌顿性腹股沟疝更加安全有效,在满足手术适应证条件下,应首选腹腔镜手术治疗。     

The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis

Background: There has been a debate about the cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), as well as a concern regarding its possible overutilization and changes in the indication for surgery. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all cholecystectomies performed at UCDMC from 1988 to 1994 was done. The annual rate of cholecystectomy increased by 50% in 1990 when LC was introduced but has since stabilized at a rate 11% higher than the rate before LC. The disease status and severity did not change. Results: The incidence of nonelective surgery remained stable at 31.2% to 37.5%. Elective cholecystectomy had lower mortality (0.16% vs 1.8%, P=0.029), morbidity (2.6% vs 11.2%, P=0.0001), and conversion rate (2.6% vs 16%, P=0.0001) and a shorter length of stay (2.1 days vs 5.4 days), compared with nonelective procedure. Conclusions: The indication for surgery in cholelithiasis has not changed since the introduction of LC. In patients with symptomatic gallstones, early elective surgery is recommended and may be more cost-effective.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Orlando, FL, March 12–14, 1995     

The operative risk factors of cholelithiasis in the elderly

A total 725 patients with cholelithiasis were divided into three groups according to age, and the risk factors and morbidity rates compared. Group 1 consisted of those aged younger than 49 years, group 2 of those aged between 50 to 69 years, and group 3 of those aged over 70 years. In group 3, the incidence of caliculi in the common bile duct was significantly higher than in the other two groups (p<0.05), and therefore, choledochotomy accompanying cholecystectomy was performed more often in this group (p<0.01). The rate of complications related to calculi and the presence of underlying disease were also higher in this group than in the two younger groups (p<0.05), as were preoperative abnormal liver or renal function tests, anemia and hypoproteinemia (p<0.05). The rate of positive bile cultures in group 3 was 75.6 per cent which was again significantly higher than in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01). Postoperative complications appeared in 14.3 per cent of the group 3 patients, which was not statistically higher than in group 2 (9.7 per cent), but the percentages of both groups 2 and 3 were high compared to the 4.3 per cent of group 1 (p<0.01). The rates of complications directly attributable to the surgical procedures were 2.0 per cent in group 1, 4.8 per cent in group 2, and 5.1 per cent in group 3 with no significant differences between the three groups. There was no increase in the technical problems associated with the surgical procedures performed on the elderly patients and thus, if the operative risks are precisely evaluated and treated cautiously elderly patients should tolerate surgery for cholelithiasis well.     

Minimally invasive treatment of cholelithiasis in the elderly]

BACKGROUND: As cholelithiasis has an incidence which is proportional to the age of the patient, it is often detected in the elderly, who have a higher operative risk. Therefore the therapeutic approach should involve low risk and low invasive techniques. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of combined laparoscopic and endoscopic treatment in biliary tract lithiasis and gallstones. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-seven patients over 60 years old affected by cholelithiasis have been treated with minimally invasive techniques. Mean age was 68+/-5.9 years (range 60-85) and male/female ratio was 1:1.5. All the patients underwent a preoperative screening (abdominal ultrasound, liver functional tests) to evaluate the risk of choledocholithiasis associated to cholelithiasis. An ultrasound examination was performed postoperatively after 15 days and then after 6 months. RESULTS: No death due to cholecystectomy or endoscopic sphincterotomy was registered, while morbility was 5.7%. Mean hospital stay was 2+/-1.67 days which reached 5.3+/-0.7 days in case of endoscopic sphincterotomy with ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: Cholecystectomy and endoscopic sphincterotomy revealed to be low risk techniques and therefore they will to become the gold-standard treatment of cholelithiasis in the elderly.     

New laparoscopic approach to the pudendal nerve for neuromodulation based on an anatomic study

AIMS

The aim was to develop a new laparoscopic technique for placement of a pudendal lead.

METHODS

Development of a direct, feasible and reliable minimal‐invasive laparoscopic approach to the pudendal nerve (PN). Thirty‐one embalmed human specimens were dissected for the relevant anatomic structures of the pelvis. Step‐by‐step documentation and analysis of the laparoscopic approach in order to locate the PN directly in its course around the medial part of the sacrospinous ligament and test this approach for feasibility. Landmarks for intraoperative navigation towards the PN as well as the possible position of an lead were selected and demonstrated.

RESULTS

The visible medial umbilical fold, the intrapelvine part of the internal pudendal artery, the coccygeus muscle and the sacrospinous ligament are the main landmarks. The PN traverses the medial part of the sacrospinous ligament dorsally, medially to the internal pudendal artery. The medial part of the sacrospinous ligament has to be exposed in order to display the nerve. An lead can be placed ventrally on the nerve or around it, depending on the lead type or shape.

CONCLUSIONS

A precise and reliable identification of the PN by means of laparoscopy is feasible with an easy four‐step approach: (1) identification of the medial umbilical fold; (2) identification of the internal iliac artery; (3) identification of the internal pudendal artery and incision of the coccygeus muscle (‘white line’, arcuated line); and (4) exposition of the medial part of the sacrospinous ligament to display the PN.     

感染性胰腺坏死分区与腹腔镜手术入路选择临床研究

目的 分析感染性胰腺坏死（IPN）的分布特点及微创治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年12月首都医科大学宣武医院普通外科治疗的IPN病人的临床资料,分析感染积液区域的分布特点,提出分区分型。根据不同分型采用不同微创手术入路,观察手术疗效。结果 共纳入233例IPN病人,其坏死积液区分布为：Ⅰ区45例（19.3%）,Ⅱa区21例（9.0%）,Ⅰ+Ⅱa区82例（35.2%）,Ⅲ区6例（2.6%）,Ⅰ+Ⅱa+Ⅱb区51例（21.9%）,Ⅰ+Ⅲ区11例（4.7%）,Ⅰ+Ⅱa+Ⅱb+Ⅲ区17例（7.3%）。177例病人接受腹腔镜手术治疗,其中正中入路手术49例,左侧腹膜后入路77例,正中联合左侧腹膜后入路23例,正中联合右侧腹膜后入路6例,右侧腹膜后入路4例,双侧腹膜后入路8例,正中联合双侧腹膜后入路6例,经胃入路4例。病人总体病死率6.9%。接受手术病人初次手术时间为（73.5±16.2）min,估计出血量为25（10~600）mL,留置引流管数量为（3.2±1.6）个,手术次数（2.0±1.6）次。术后Clavien-Dindo 分级≥Ⅲ级并发症发生率为23.1%,手术后病死率为7.9%。结论 胰周及左侧腹膜后是IPN最常见的分布区域。根据坏死感染分布范围的不同,选择不同入路行腹腔镜辅助胰腺坏死组织清除可安全、有效治疗IPN。     

腹腔镜腹部手术患者体位的探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜腹部手术患者体位设置的重要性。方法:通过临床实践,明确腹腔镜腹部手术对体位的要求。结果:腹腔镜腹部手术的体位需随病情的要求随时调整,尤其是联合手术。结论:病情复杂的腹腔镜手术有时要多种体位配合,特别是联合手术。术前手术室护士应多方设计患者的体位,这不仅能提高手术效果,而且可以预防相关的并发症。     

ZEUS机器人系统行肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床研究

目的评价ZEUS机器人系统行肾上腺肿瘤切除术的方法和临床应用价值。方法2004年6月至2005年4月,采用ZEUS机器人系统行肾上腺腺瘤摘除术21例。男9例,女12例,年龄30~53岁。肿瘤大小1.2 cm×1.2 cm×1.8 cm~3.3 cm×3.6 cm×5.1 cm。结果21例手术时间(150.3±19.0)m in,出血量(122.0±31.0)m l,均未输血。未出现手术并发症。切口引流管术后48 h内拔除,术后住院时间(5.9±1.2)d。随访1~9个月,肿瘤无复发。结论ZEUS机器人系统行肾上腺腺瘤切除术具有创伤小、术中出血少、术后恢复时间短等优点,具有广泛的应用前景。     

遵义地区胆石病临床流行病学调查分析

目的 探讨影响胆石病临床流行病学的相关因素,为临床决策提供科学依据。方法收集遵义医学院附属医院2000年1月至2009年12月收治的经手术治疗的胆石病患者5136例病历资料,制定胆石病临床调查表进行逐项填写,经计算机整理后用SPSS 13.0软件包进行统计,并将统计结果进行比较分析。结果胆石病男女比例1∶1.78,高峰年龄为41岁～及51岁～两个阶段;胆囊结石(4456例,占86.76％)和肝外胆管结石(554例,占10.79％)构成比例均较国内为高。结论胆囊结石是遵义地区胆石病的重要临床类型,且发病趋于年轻化;性别、饮食、职业与该地区胆石病的临床发病密切相关。     

History of surgery for cholelithiasis: from the era of cholecystostomy to laparoscopic surgery

Since Stalpert von der Wiel first incised the abdominal wall for bile drainage in a patient with an intraabdominal abscess due to gangrenous cholecystitis with calculi in 1684, the problems inherent in the treatment of cholelithisiasis have received attention from surgeons working in this field. However, the major event was the development of the technique of cholecystectomy by Langenbuch in 1882 opening a new era in surgery for cholelithiasis. Subsequently numerous advances were made in cholecystectomy, choledochotomy, choledochoenterostomy, and sphincteroplasty associated with progress in the diagnostic techniques and instrumentation necessary to perform surgery for cholelithiasis. However, the outcomes of these methods were criticized, and they were gradually abandoned due to development of minimally invasive endoscopic or laparoscopic surgery. The development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy revolutionized the history of biliary surgery. In the 21st century, the best treatment will be available to all patients with the use of ultramodern technologies such as telesurgery and robotic surgery.