胆管内支架引流治疗良恶性胆管梗阻

我院于2000年10月对2003年5月对36例胆管梗阻患者采取胆管内支架引流，取得较好效果，报告如下。     

经内镜置入胆管内支架引流治疗良恶性胆管梗阻

目的 观察经内镜下胆管内引流术治疗良恶性胆管梗阻病人的效果.方法 经内镜下逆行胆管造影,根据胆管狭窄的情况放置不同的胆管支架.术后观察病人的黄疸、腹痛和发热等症状,并复查肝功能等.结果 36例良恶性胆管梗阻,塑料支架置入成功率为96.4%,金属支架成功率为100%,无支架术相关死亡者.结论 经内镜下逆行胆管内引流手术要求的条件低,创伤小,引流效果好,是治疗胆管梗阻的首选引流方法 ,值得进一步推广.     

晚期壶腹周围癌的胆胰管双支架治疗

目的探讨晚期壶腹周围癌患者胆管和胰管双支架治疗的临床价值。方法36例经病理学和（或）临床诊断为晚期壶腹周围癌患者,影像学表现为胰管和胆管均有狭窄,经内镜先在胰管内置入Teflon塑料支架,然后胆道内置可膨胀式金属支架,不成功者改经皮经肝胆管内置入金属支架进行引流。观察支架置放前后患者的血清肝生化指标、胰酶水平和临床表现。结果36例置入胰管塑料支架均顺利,29例内镜置人金属胆道支架成功,7例（2例Billroth1I术后）因导丝插入胆管困难改为经皮经肝胆管内支架置入。支架置放后肝ALT、AST、ALP、r-谷氨酰转肽酶以及总胆红素、直接胆红素均有明显的下降;15例出现血淀粉酶和血脂肪酶的升高,但经过治疗后均恢复正常;腹痛缓解率82．4％（28／34）,腹泻改善有效率达88．2％（15／17）。结论胆、胰管联合支架可以解除壶腹周围癌患者的胆、胰管恶性狭窄与梗阻,安全有效。     

内镜双支架引流术治疗晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的疗效评价

目的评价内镜下双支架引流术治疗晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻的疗效。方法2007年1月至2010年12月接受内镜下双支架引流治疗的晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻患者28例（双支架组）,男15例、女13例,年龄44—88岁,中位年龄66．4岁,其中BismuthII型9例,Ⅲa型8例,IIIb型5例,Ⅳ型6例;同期接受内镜下单支架引流治疗的晚期肝门部胆管恶性梗阻患者23例（单支架组）作为对照,男11例、女12例,年龄42～83岁,中位年龄65．8岁,其中Bismuth11型7例,IIa型5例,IIIb型6例,Ⅳ型5例。对2组引流成功率、并发症发生率、平均支架通畅时间及平均生存时间进行对比分析。结果2组支架均成功置入,无死亡病例。引流有效率、并发症发生率双支架组分别为96．4％（27／28）和17．9％（5／28）,单支架组分别为87．0％（20／23）和13．0％（3／23）,2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。双支架组失访5例,随访率82．1％（23／28）;单支架组失访4例,随访率82．6％（19／23）。双支架组随访的23例患者的平均支架通畅时间、平均生存时间分别为（129±48．5）d和（187±94．5）d,单支架组随访的19例患者的平均支架通畅时间、平均生存时间分别为（102±37．8）d和（103±98．5）d,双支架组均明显优于单支架组（P〈0．05）。结论BismuthII型以上的肝门部胆管恶性梗阻行内镜下双支架引流是安全可行的,其平均支架通畅时间和平均生存时间均优于内镜下单支架引流。     

慢性胰腺炎胆胰管狭窄的支架治疗

慢性胰腺炎为各种因素所致的胰腺反复发作性或持续性炎性病变，导致胰腺腺泡和胰岛组织萎缩、胰腺纤维化等，进而引起胰腺内外分泌功能不足。酒精是最常见的致病原因。CP患者常伴有胰管和（或）胆管狭窄和梗阻，引起管内液体引流不畅，管内压力升高，常引起腹痛等症状。胆总管梗阻还可以导致胆汁淤积、黄疸和胆管炎。外科手术虽然对CP及其并发症的治疗有较好的疗效，     

晚期恶性胆管梗阻经内镜胆管支架引流

恶性胆管梗阻发病隐匿,早期无明显症状,患者就诊时大多为中晚期,手术切除率低,故对晚期不能手术切除患者的减黄治疗尤为重要。近年来,以ERCP为代表的内镜技术已在晚期胆胰恶性肿瘤引起的胆管梗阻临床治疗广泛应用,其缓解梗阻性黄疸疗效不逊传统的胆肠旁路手术,经内镜胆管引流术因其痛苦少、创伤小,最符合机体的状态,     

良、恶性胰胆管梗阻经内镜内置管引流临床研究

目的分析胰胆管内支架引流疗效,探讨影响因素与提高疗效手段.方法回顾性分析治疗随访资料.结果 1995-02/1999-03采用塑料、金属胆道支架,塑料胰管支架经内镜主乳头置入胰胆管引流良恶性胰胆管梗阻148例,其中男83例,女65例,平均57.1岁.塑料胆道支架组:成功率94.7%,良、恶性梗阻引流有效率分别为89.3%与79.3%(P＜0.05).金属胆道支架与塑料胰管支架组:成功率与有效率均为100%.术后早期并发症包括:高淀粉酶血症,轻度ERCP术后胰腺炎、术后早期胆管炎,无严重相关并发症与相关死亡发生.结论胰胆管梗阻内置管引流术是一种安全有效的治疗手段,合理选择病例,采用不同手段力求导丝通过狭窄、双支架引流等方法可改善疗效.     

内镜下胆管引流术治疗恶性胆管梗阻

目的 探讨经内镜放置胆管内支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻的效果.方法 采用胆管内支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻.结果 置管成功率91.83%,引流总有效率93.75%,并发症为8.33%.结论 内镜下置入胆管支架是解除胆管恶性梗阻的一种安全、有效、成功率高及并发症少的治疗方法.     

内镜取净胆总管结石后应用胰管支架行胆管引流的临床价值

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）取净胆总管结石后需要行胆管引流时,利用胰管支架取代常规胆管支架的临床价值。 方法 回顾性纳入2016年1月至2017年9月期间复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心行ERCP后予内镜下胆道支架置入术（ERBD）治疗的396例胆总管结石患者的临床资料。根据胆管引流支架的种类分为胰管支架组（5 Fr,n=36）,胆管支架组（7 Fr,n=27;8.5 Fr,n=313;10 Fr, n=20）。比较两组患者术后3～6个月支架脱落、支架取出等情况,并观察术后急性胰腺炎、胆系感染、出血等并发症的发生情况。 结果 胰管支架组支架脱落率为86.11%（31/36）,胆管支架组为19.17%（69/360）,其中7 Fr支架为37.04%（10/27）,8.5 Fr支架为17.57%（55/313）,10 Fr支架为20.00%（4/20）,使用不同直径的支架脱落率差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）,且胰管支架组支架脱落率显著高于胆管支架组（P <0.001）。ERCP后支架置入术后的并发症共发生28例（7.07%,28/396）,其中胰管支架组2例（5.56%,2/36）,胆管支架组26例（7.22%,26/360）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.975）。 结论 应用5 Fr胰管塑料支架取代常规的胆管支架行胆管内引流,可提高支架的自行脱落率,无需再次ERCP取出支架,且安全有效。     

恶性胆管梗阻内支架置入后再梗阻的研究现状

通过内镜置入胆道内支架引流是目前治疗恶性胆管梗阻的首选措施,然而内支架再梗阻却是当前困扰临床的主要问题.近年来,国内外在探讨支架阻塞的机制,通过多种方法防治以延长引流时间等方面进行了广泛而深入的研究,此文就此作一综述.     

Endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary and pancreatic duct interventions

When endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatog-raphy fails to decompress the pancreatic or biliary system, alternative interventions are required. In this situation, endosonography guided cholangio-pancrea-tography(ESCP), percutaneous radiological therapy or surgery can be considered. Small case series reporting the initial experience with ESCP have been superseded by comprehensive reports of large cohorts. Although these reports are predominantly retrospective, they demonstrate that endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) guided biliary and pancreatic interventions are associated with high levels of technical and clinical success. The proce-dural complication rates are lower than those seen with percutaneous therapy or surgery. This article describes and discusses data published in the last five years relat-ing to EUS-guided biliary and pancreatic intervention.     

内镜下抽线式金属支架取出胰管结石——附3例报告

目的设计抽线式胰管金属支架,以利于取出胰管结石。方法收集3例确诊胰管结石并胰管远端狭窄,且ERCP取石失败者,应用十二指肠镜在主胰管置入抽线式金属支架,24～48h后再次ERCP取石。结果3例患者主胰管结石直径1～1.5cm,造影显示胰管远端狭窄。先置入抽线式胰管金属支架,24～48h后金属支架完全膨胀,插入气囊顺利取出全部结石,再将金属支架抽成丝样经活检孔取出。术后无出血、嵌顿、胰腺炎等并发症发生。结论内镜下胰管内置入抽线式金属支架取石,安全、有效,费用低廉,增加了胰管取石的成功率。     

Clinical significance of main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography： Single and double duct dilation

AIM: To study the patients with main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography (CT) and thereby to provide the predictive criteria to identify patients at high risk of significant diseases, such as pancreatic cancer, and to avoid unnecessary work up for patients at low risk of such diseases. METHODS: Patients with dilation of the main pancreatic duct on CT at Emory University Hospital in 2002 were identified by computer search. Clinical course and ultimate diagnosis were obtained in all the identified patients by abstraction of their computer database records. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were identified in this study. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer were the most common causes of the main pancreatic duct dilation on CT. Although the majority of patients with isolated dilation of the main pancreatic duct (single duct dilation) had chronic pancreatitis, one-third of patients with single duct dilation but without chronic pancreatitis had pancreatic malignancies, whereas most of patients with concomitant biliary duct dilation (double duct dilation) had pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSION: Patients with pancreatic double duct dilation need extensive work up and careful followup since a majority of these patients are ultimately diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Patients with single duct dilation, especially such patients without any evidence of chronic pancreatitis, also need careful follow-up since the possibility of pancreatic malignancy, including adenocarcinoma and intraductal papillary mucinous tumors, is still high.     

Biliary and pancreatic obstruction during gallstone migration

Summary A prospective study on biliary and pancreatic obstruction during gallstone migration was performed in patients without acute pancreatitis. From January to October 1986, 125 patients with upper abdominal pain due to cholelithiasis were admitted to the hospital. Ultrasonography performed in all patients at admission demonstrated a distal bile duct measuring 7 mm or more in 39 patients, who were monitored for diameter changes of the biliary and pancreatic duct every 24 h and their stools screened for gallstones. Patients underwent surgery at least 8 days after admission. Gallstone migration was found preoperatively in 10 patients, of whom 6 had total serum bilirubin values lower than 2 mg/100 ml. Migration time was accurately determined by the sudden decrease in bile duct caliber. Simultaneous dilatation of biliary and pancreatic duct was found in 4 out of 10 patients with migrating gallstones and in 7 out of 23 patients without gallstone migration, though differences proved non-significant. Acute pancreatitis developed in 2 patients with lithiasis of the distal bile duct who ingested a fatty meal against medical advice. Gallstone migration, even of small stones, was preceded by a period of biliary obstruction. Pain and jaundice before migration were not as frequent as expected. Presented at the II Annual Meeting of the Club del Pancreas, Republica Argentina, Buenos Aires, November 6, 1986.     

New 14-mm diameter Niti-S biliary uncovered metal stent for unresectable distal biliary malignant obstruction

AIM To investigate whether an uncovered self-expandable metal stent(UCSEMS) with a large diameter could prevent recurrent biliary obstruction(RBO).METHODS Thirty-eight patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent treatment with an UCSEMS with a 14-mm diameter(Niti-S 14). Retrospectively, we evaluated technical and functional success rate, RBO rate, time to RBO, survival time, and adverse events in these patients.RESULTS Stent placement success and functional success were achieved in all patients. Two patients(5.3%) had RBO due to tumor ingrowth or overgrowth. The median time to RBO was 190(range, 164-215) d. The median survival time was 120(range, 18-502) d. The 6-mo non-RBO rate was 91%. Other adverse events other than RBO occurred as follows: Acute cholecystitis, post-ERCP pancreatitis, hemobilia, and fever without exacerbation of liver injury, and liver abscess in 4(10.3%), 3(7.9%), 2(5.3%), 1(2.6%), and 1(2.6%), respectively. Migration of the stents was not observed.CONCLUSION Niti-S 14 is considered to be a preferable metal stent because of a low rate of RBO with no migration.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻64例

目的：总结经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的经验，探讨其临床疗效及价值。方法：64例患者均采用X线透视下经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疽。根据梗阻部位的不同解剖决定放置支架的方式。结果：64例患者中，50例植入单支支架于肝总管或(和)胆总管，14例植入2支以上支架于总管和分支胆管，其中2例肝内胆管支架的桥接通过肝实质。58例患者2周内血清胆红素降低75％以上。结论：经皮肝穿刺刺内支架植入是治疗恶性胆道梗阻性的有效方法。     

Diagnostic dilemma in an unusual case of common bile duct obstruction

Biliary obstructions are rarely caused by a foreign body and have received sparse attention. We present an unusual case with pruritis and abdominal pain caused by impacted full length surgical gauze within the common bile duct. The patient had previously undergone an open cholecystectomy. Radiological investigations were inconclusive and suggestive of either a calculus or a cholangiocarcinoma. Surgical exploration revealed full length surgical gauze within the common bile duct. Because imaging modalities are often non-determinant, the possibility of biliary tract obstruction from a foreign body should be borne in mind for patients with unusual presentations, especially those who have previously undergone surgery.